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Die Natur hat sich gewandelt. Dieser Wandel, der wichtige Fragen bezüglich Wahrnehmung, Darstellung, Neuschöpfung und Übermittlung der Natur mit einschließt, wird auch von künstlerischer Seite reflektiert. Tatsächlich ist in den vergangenen Jahren erneut ein wachsendes Interesse seitens der Künstler am Thema Natur abzulesen. Dieser vorläufige Höhepunkt des Trends ist vor allem auf das Ende der 1990er Jahre zu datieren. Zu dieser Zeit setzten sich auch verstärkt Ausstellungen und Publikationen mit diesem Themenkomplex auseinander. Mit unterschiedlichen Schwerpunkten und Vorstellungen entwickelten Künstler darin eigene, ganz verschieden künstlerische Konzepte, analysieren, erforschen und kritisieren die Gesellschaft, die Umwelt und die Natur des Menschen. Ein Trend, der bis heute anhält. Die vorliegende Arbeit möchte anhand ausgesuchter Künstler und Arbeiten genauer untersuchen, wie Künstler gegenwärtig mit der Natur umgehen, wie sie das Verhältnis zur Natur definieren und auf welche Traditionen sie gegebenenfalls zurückgreifen. Alle vorgestellten künstlerischen Positionen werden thematisch oder hinsichtlich konkret fassbarer Probleme gegliedert und vorgestellt. Exkurse über historische Entwicklungen oder thematische Schwerpunkte begleiten die Übersicht. Ziel der vielfältigen Blickpunkte ist es, im Vergleich mit den einzelnen Positionen neue Standorte zwischen Natur und Kultur vorzustellen, neu zu definieren oder erst zu entwickeln.
This doctoral dissertation examines two authors of German descent who are representatives for the development of Canadian literature and its regional focus on the prairies: Frederick Philip Grove (1879-1948) and Robert Kroetsch (*1927). Kroetsch, in his essays and talks, has repeatedly referred to Grove as one of his "literary ancestors". Although there exist monographs and numerous articles on both authors, the present study is the first-ever comparative approach. This study's main access is provided by the motif of disguise and masquerade, which plays a central role in the authors' works. Even if critics have looked at the traditional motif (cf. Homer's Odyssey, or many Renaissance plays) in Kroetsch's writing sporadically, and have used it to examine Grove's biography, no approach has attempted a larger contextualization within/among both writers' oeuvres. According to Lloyd Davis, however, the motif can be seen as "representing the cultural dialogism, rather than any particular thesis, of selfhood" (Davis 16). Hence, it helps interrogate a topic that within Canada - the former colony and current multicultural immigrant society - had and has a specific relevance. As an analytical tool, the motif allows for highlighting both the similarities and the differences between the œuvres of Grove and Kroetsch as key-figures of a (post)colonial literature of Western Canada on the one hand, and for general questions pertaining to the characterisation of figures, the definition of narrative positions and even of genres on the other hand. Following the preface, two theoretical chapters outline conceptions of identity and their deducible forms and functions of disguise and masquerade, including a discussion of John Richardson's Wacousta (1832), which is the first Canadian example for the motif's constitutive use. The second major section sketches, in two separate chapters, the poetics and mentalities (Mentalitätsgeschichte) of each writer within the context of their complete works by looking at biographical data as well as the critics' assessments. After immigrating into Manitoba in 1912, Grove soon became the first representative of a literary prairie-realism. Before, he had faked his suicide in 1909 and stripped off his 'original' identity as the German translator (e.g., Wilde, Wells, Flaubert) as well as modestly successful poet and novelist Felix Paul Greve to leave behind debts and a notorious lover and to reinvent himself in the New World. The protean role-plays of 'FPG' - decoded only 23 years after his death - are manifested in his creation of literary characters, in a "collectivity of identities" (Cavell 12) or number of metonymic personae that keep his critics busy to this date. Providing a different story, Kroetsch's family of German background immigrated into Canada in the mid-19th-century. Kroetsch has been thematizing his native province, Alberta, just as much as general national dispositions or questings in the course of his literary career spanning five decades now. His progressive and experimental writing has earned him, for instance, the label of "Mr Canadian Postmodern" by Linda Hutcheon (Canadian Postmodern 183). Particularly important among his specifically postmodern instruments is the principle of archaeology as derived from Foucault and employed as both metaphor and method; further methodological tools are Barthes' theories on reading/writing as an erotic act, Bakhtin's notion of (the) carnival(ization of literature) and a great sensibility for the myths as well as oral traditions of the North American Natives. If the third section analyzes two of FPG's novels to illustrate his transfer, or literal translation, from a German to a Canadian cultural context, the fourth section represents this study's core with three one-to-one comparisons of the two writers' central prose texts. In spite of all affinities between both authors, however, this section already indicates what section five further underlines: Kroetsch clearly transcends Grove's achievements (which ultimately reduce all his characters and texts to nothing but his own will- and wishful projections and identity-configurations); on the level of narrativity, genre and gender, Kroetsch not only goes far beyond parodying Grove, but proves to be an innovator whose mis-en-scène of the motif of disguise provides both more psychological depth and relevance for socio-historical contexts. This comparative study has been informed by research in the Special Archives and Collections at the University of Manitoba (Grove Papers) and at the University of Calgary (Kroetsch Papers), by related talks at Lund, Belfast and Winnipeg as well as by an occasional quotation from an interview I conducted with Robert Kroetsch as early as 1996.
Untersuchung der Metamorphosen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Veränderung auf der metatextuellen, diachronistischen und hypertextuellen Ebene in Ted Hughes' Tales from Ovid; übersetzungstheoretische wie textpragmatische und literaturphilosophische Überlegungen führen zum Schluss, dass die Veränderung der Form und des Stils des Epos die einzig signifikatstreue Form der Konservierung des Geists der Metamorphosen sein kann.
Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht an dem Beispiel der Umsetzung der Vorschriften des § 301 SGB V - Datenaustausch zwischen stationären Einrichtungen und den Krankenkassen - zum einen die Probleme zum anderen aber auch die Lösungsmöglich-keiten eines Datenaustausches in einem sehr heterogenen Umfeld (-Krankenhäuser, Rehabilitationseinrichtungen und Kostenträgern) zu beschreiben. Ziel des Lösungsansatzes ist es gleichzeitig, neben der Erhebung und Weiterleitung der Daten von dem stationären Leistungserbringer an die jeweilige Krankenkasse (gesetzlicher Auftrag) die erhobenen Daten für weitere Analysen - intern wie extern - zu nutzen. Hierbei wird zum einen der Fokus auf die innerbetriebliche Nutzung der Daten gelegt - Kostenrechnung speziell Kostenträgerrechnung - zum anderen wird auch die Frage des externen Betriebsvergleiches (§ 5 BPflV) beleuchtet. Insgesamt wird gezeigt, dass für die weitere Entwicklung des Gesundheitswesens ein in sich einheitliches Datenmodell zwingend notwendig ist um die seit vielen Jahren immer wieder eingeforderte Transparenz des Gesundheitswesen herzustellen. Dies gilt insbesondere für die sektorenübergreifende - ambulant / stationär - Datenzusammenführung. Die Arbeit beschreibt die Fragen und Probleme sowohl der Informatik als auch der Gesundheitsökonomie und zeigt in Form des neu erarbeiteten Referenzmodells einen Lösungsansatz auf. Das Datenmodell enthält auch die notwendigen Informationen für ein DRG-System. Insofern ist eine Änderung des Datenmodells durch die aktuelle Einführung eines deutschen DRG - Systems nicht notwendig.
Cancer diagnosis prototypically represents a critical life event and, thus, requires extensive coping efforts by the patients which may be promoted by support received from their social network members. Quantity and quality of received support can be determined by the patients' self-presentation of their coping behavior ("coping-portrayal") and by their attempts at mobilizing support. Until now, research has indicated that a depressive and ruminative coping-portrayal may especially evoke negative emotional reactions in others. The quasi-experimental study presented here focused on the effects of a ruminative coping-portrayal on willingness of others in providing social support and investigated, in particular, if these effects may be counteracted by more or less direct attempts at support mobilization. A sample of 189 middle-aged subjects received fictitious descriptions of an encounter with a "former schoolmate" (protagonist) who discloses that he has recently been diagnosed with cancer. The protagonist's directness of support mobilization (explicit vs. implicit vs. no request of support) as well as his coping-portrayal (with vs. without rumination) were systematically manipulated. Action tendencies with regard to sustained support (e.g., high time-investment) and short-term encouragement as well as the intensity of specific emotions (e.g., sympathy; fear of one's own distress; joy at the other's trustfulness) were considered as dependent variables. Results showed that a ruminative coping-portrayal evoked less sympathy than a coping-portrayal without rumination; moreover, a ruminative way of presenting one's coping behavior induced action tendencies which were described by momentary encouragement rather than by sustained support endeavors. Explicit requests of support reduced subjects' fear of their own distress and mostly increased joy at the protagonist's trustfulness compared to implicit requests. Furthermore, the negative effects of a ruminative coping-portrayal on the subjects' willingness to provide sustained support were compensated by explicit requests for support provision. In general, these results quite convincingly show that the way of activating supportive actions from others can be crucial for support received when facing a critical life event.
Die Anpassung der Systeme der sozialen Sicherung an die gewandelten wirtschaftlichen, demographischen und sozialen Verhältnisse stellt für die europäische Sozialpolitik im allgemeinen und für die Alterssicherung im besonderen eine große Herausforderung dar. In den mittel- und osteuropäischen Staaten wurde der mühsame Prozeß der Anpassung der sozialen Sicherungssysteme an die veränderten Rahmenbedingungen zusätzlich erschwert durch die Notwendigkeit, wirtschaftliche Stärke und demokratische Institutionen gleichzeitig zu entwickeln. Die Möglichkeit, von anderen Ländern zu lernen, ist deshalb für die mittel- und osteuropäischen Staaten besonders wichtig. Dabei schließt der Prozeß des Lernens neben dem Aussuchen und Auswerten von Informationen auch Verhaltensänderungen ein, die für die erfolgreiche Durchführung von Reformen in diesen Ländern nützlich sein können. In der vorliegenden Studie wird untersucht, ob bei den Reformen im Bereich der Alterssicherung im Verhältnis von osteuropäischen und westeuropäischen Ländern ein Lernprozeß in Gang gesetzt worden ist und ob ein Austausch von Bearbeitungsansätzen stattgefunden hat. Dabei ist in keinem der untersuchten Länder - Deutschland, Großbritannien, Polen und Bulgarien " ein tatsächliches oder auch nur vorläufiges Ende des Reformprozesses festzustellen. In der Studie werden auch die kulturellen und sozialen Voraussetzungen für die Akzeptanz neuer Systeme der Alterssicherung in den mittel- und osteuropäischen Staaten untersucht, da der Erfolg der Reformen im Bereich der Alterssicherung von den langsamen und nur schwer steuerbaren Veränderungen der politischen Kultur und der Mentalität abhängig ist.
Today obesity has been recognized as a disease. Evidence suggests that obesity often has Genetic, environmental, psychological and other factors. Growing evidence points to heredity as a strong determining factor of obesity. The characterization of uncoupling proteins (UCP) represents a major breakthrough of genetic factors towards understanding the molecular basis for energy expenditure and therefore likely to have important implication for the cause and treatment of human obesity. UCPs as mitochondrial anion carriers which creates a pathway that allows dissipation of the proton electrochemical gradient therefore which when deregulated are key risk factors in the development of obesity and other eating disorders. In order to better understand the roles of both UCP2 and UCP3 which considered as prime candidate genes involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, this study elucidate (1) Genomic organization: The human UCP2 (3) gene spans over 8.7 kb (7.5 kb) distributed on 8 (7) exons. Three UCP genes may have evolved from a common ancestor or are the result from gene duplication events. Two mRNA transcripts are generated from hUCP3 gene, the long and short form of hUCP3 is differing by the presence or absence of 37 amino acid residues at the C-terminus. (2) Mutational analysis revealed a mutation in exon 4 of hUCP2 resulting in the substitution of an alanine by a valine at codon 55 and an insertion polymorphism in exon 8 consisted of a 45 bp repeat located 150 bp downstream of the stop codon in the 3'-UTR. The allele frequencies of both polymorphisms were not significantly elevated in a subgroup of children characterized by low Resting Metabolic Rates (RMR). (3) Promoter Analysis showed that the promoter region of hUCP2 lacks a classical TATA or CAAT box. Functional characterization of hUCP2 promoter showed that minimal promoter activity was observed within 65 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. 75 bp further upstream a strong cis-acting regulatory element was identified which significantly enhanced basal promoter activity. The regulation of human UCP2 gene expression involves complex interactions among positive and negative regulatory elements. the 5"-flanking region of the hUCP3 gene were characterized in which contains both TATA and CAAT boxes as well as consensus motifs for PPRE, TRE, CRE and muscle-specific MyoD and MEF2 sites. Functional characterization identified a cis-acting negative regulatory element between - 2983 and -982 while the region between -982 and -284 showed greatly increased basal promoter activity suggesting the presence of a strong enhancer element. Promoter activity was particularly enhanced in the murine skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 reflecting the tissue-selective expression pattern of UCP3.
Today, usage of complex circuit designs in computers, in multimedia applications and communication devices is widespread and still increasing. At the same time, due to Moore's Law we do not expect to see an end in the growth of the complexity of digital circuits. The decreasing ability of common validation techniques -- like simulation -- to assure correctness of a circuit design enlarges the need for formal verification techniques. Formal verification delivers a mathematical proof that a given implementation of a design fulfills its specification. One of the basic and during the last years widely used data structure in formal verification are the so called Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs) introduced by R. Bryant in 1986. The topic of this thesis is integration of structural high-level information in the OBDD-based formal verification of sequential systems. This work consist of three major parts, covering different layers of formal verification applications: At the application layer, an assertion checking methodology, integrated in the verification flow of the high-level design and verification tool Protocol Compiler is presented. At the algorithmic layer, new approaches for partitioning of transition relations of complex finite state machines, that significantly improve the performance of OBDD-based sequential verification are introduced. Finally, at the data structure level, dynamic variable reordering techniques that drastically reduce the time required for reordering without a trade-off in OBDD-size are described. Overall, this work demonstrates how a tighter integration of applications by using structural information can significantly improve the efficiency of formal verification applications in an industrial setting.
Hardware bugs can be extremely expensive, financially. Because microprocessors and integrated circuits have become omnipresent in our daily live and also because of their continously growing complexity, research is driven towards methods and tools that are supposed to provide higher reliability of hardware designs and their implementations. Over the last decade Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs) have been well proven to serve as a data structure for the representation of combinatorial or sequential circuits. Their conciseness and their efficient algorithmic properties are responsible for their huge success in formal verification. But, due to Shannon's counting argument, OBDDs can not always guarantee the concise representation of a given design. In this thesis, Parity Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams are presented, which are a true extension of OBDDs. In addition to the regular branching nodes of an OBDD, functional nodes representing a parity operation are integrated into the data structure, thus resulting in Parity-OBDDs. Parity-OBDDs are more powerful than OBDDs are, but, they are no longer a canonical representation. Besides theoretical aspects of Parity-OBDDs, algorithms for their efficient manipulation are the main focus of this thesis. Furthermore, an analysis on the factors that influence the Parity-OBDD representation size gives way for the development of heuristic algorithms for their minimization. The results of these analyses as well as the efficiency of the data structure are also supported by experiments. Finally, the algorithmic concept of Parity-OBDDs is extended to Mod-p-Decision Diagrams (Mod-p-DDs) for the representation of functions that are defined over an arbitrary finite domain.
Mobile computing poses different requirements on middleware than more traditional desktop systems interconnected by fixed networks. Not only the characteristics of mobile network technologies as for example lower bandwidth and unreliability demand for customized support. Moreover, the devices employed in mobile settings usually are less powerful than their desktop counterparts. Slow processors, a fairly limited amount of memory, and smaller displays are typical properties of mobile equipment, again requiring special treatment. Furthermore, user mobility results in additional requirements on appropriate middleware support. As opposed to the quite static environments dominating the world of desktop computing, dynamic aspects gain more importance. Suitable strategies and techniques for exploring the environment e.g. in order to discover services available locally are only one example. Managing resources in a fault-tolerant manner, reducing the impact ill-behaved clients have on system stability define yet another exemplary prerequisite. Most state of the art middleware has been designed for use in the realm of static, resource rich environments and hence is not immediately applicable in mobile settings as set forth above. The work described throughout this thesis aims at investigating the suitability of different middleware technologies with regard to application design, development, and deployment in the context of mobile networks. Mostly based upon prototypes, shortcomings of those technologies are identified and possible solutions are proposed and evaluated where appropriate. Besides tailoring middleware to specific communication and device characteristics, the cellular structure of current mobile networks may and shall be exploited in favor of more scalable and robust systems. Hence, an additional topic considered within this thesis is to point out and investigate suitable approaches permitting to benefit from such cellular infrastructures. In particular, a system architecture for the development of applications in the context of mobile networks will be proposed. An evaluation of this architecture employing mobile agents as flexible, network-side representatives for mobile terminals is performed, again based upon a prototype application. In summary, this thesis aims at providing several complementary approaches regarding middleware support tailored for mobile, cellular networks, a field considered to be of rising importance in a world where mobile communication and particularly data services emerge rapidly, augmenting the globally interconnecting, wired Internet.