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In sechs Primar- und zwei Sekundarschulen wurde eine dreimonatige leistungsmotivationsbezogene Intervention mit Schülerinnen und Schülern in sieben Jahrgangsstufen durchgeführt. Die Intervention umfasste 25,5 Zeitstunden und basierte auf einem Training, welches neben didaktischen Impulsen für Lehrpersonen vor allem die Stärkung der Schülerinnen und Schüler im Hinblick auf Selbstwahrnehmung, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen, Kausalattribuierung von Erfolgen bzw. Misserfolgen, soziale Beziehungen und Zielsetzung intendierte. Die beiden zugrundeliegenden Hypothesen der Studie formulieren die Erwartungen, dass nach Abschluss der Intervention erstens die Leistungsmotivation und zweitens auch das Wohlbefinden (Flourishing) der Schülerinnen und Schüler nachhaltig ansteigt. Es fanden Erhebungen zu drei Messzeitpunkten (Pre- und Posttest, Follow-Up sechs Monate nach Beendigung der Intervention) statt. Beide Hypothesen wurden in der empirischen Evaluation (RM-ANOVA) nicht bestätigt. Ergänzende explorative Untersuchungen (t-Tests und Clusteranalysen) zeigten vereinzelte Tendenzen in Richtung der Hypothesen, sind jedoch nicht aussagekräftig. Aufgrund dieser Befunde wurde im Anschluss an die Studie eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse des schriftlichen Feedbacks der beteiligten Lehrpersonen durchgeführt. Hierbei konnten fünf erfolgskritische Faktoren (Commitment der Lehrpersonen, Anstrengungsgrad, Rolle der Schülerinnen und Schüler, Projektorganisation, sowie Inhalt und Methodik der Intervention) identifiziert werden, deren Beachtung für das Gelingen von positiv-psychologischen Interventionen in Organisationen unerlässlich erscheinen. Die Befunde der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse führen schließlich zu der Annahme, dass aufgrund fehlender Programmintegrität keine Aussage über die tatsächliche Wirksamkeit des Trainings getroffen werden kann. Die Arbeit endet mit Empfehlungen zur optimalen Gestaltung positiv-psychologischer Interventionen in Bildungsorganisationen.
Erosion durch Regen und Wind schädigt fruchtbare Bodensubstanz irreversibel, verursacht weltweit riesige ökologische und sozio-ökonomische Schäden und ist eines der Hauptanliegen bezüglich Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Nahrungsmittelsicherheit. Die Quantifizierung von Abtragsraten ist immer noch höchst spekulativ, und fehlende empirische Daten führen zu großen Unsicherheiten von Risikoanalysemodellen. Als ein wesentlicher Grund für diese Unsicherheiten wird in dieser Arbeit die Prozesse der Beeinflussung von Wassererosion durch Wind und, im Speziellen, die Erosionsleistung von windbeeinflussten Regentropfen im Gegensatz zu windlosen Tropfen inklusive unterschiedlicher Oberflächenparameter beleuchtet. Der Forschungsansatz war experimentell-empirisch und beinhaltete die Entwicklung und Formulierung der Forschungshypothesen, die Konzeption und Durchführung von Experimenten mit einem mobilen Wind-Regenkanal, die Probenverarbeitung und Analyse sowie Interpretation der Daten. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in die Teile 1. "Bodenerosionsexperimente zu windbeeinflusstem Regen auf autochthonen und naturähnlichen Böden", 2. "Experimente zu Substratpartikeltransport durch windbeeinflussten Tropfenschlag" und 3. "Zusammenführung der Freiland- und Labortests". 1. Tests auf autochthonen degradierten Böden im semiariden Südspanien sowie auf kohäsionslosem sandigen Substrat wurden durchgeführt, um die relativen Auswirkungen von windbeeinflusstem Regen auf Oberflächenabflussbildung und Erosion zu untersuchen und zu quantifizieren. In der überwiegenden Anzahl der Versuche wurde klar eine Erhöhung der Erosionsraten festgestellt, was die Forschungshypothese, windbeeinflusster Regen sei erosiver als windloser Regen, deutlich bestätigte. Neben den stark erhöhten wurden auch niedrigere Abtragswerte gemessen, was zum einen die ausnehmende Relevanz der Oberflächenstrukturen und damit von in-situ- Experimenten belegte, zum anderen auf eine Erhöhung der Variabilität der Erosionsprozesse deutete. Diese Variabilität scheint zuzunehmen mit der Erhöhung der beteiligten Faktoren. 2. Ein sehr spezialisiertes Versuchsdesign wurde entwickelt und eingesetzt, um explizite Messungen der Tropfenschlagprozesse mit und ohne Windeinfluss durchzuführen. Getestet wurden die Erosionsagenzien Regen, Wind und windbeeinflusster Regen sowie drei Neigungen, drei Rauheiten und zwei Substrate. Alle Messergebnisse zeigten eine klare windinduzierte Erhöhung der Erosion um bis zu zwei Größenordnungen gegenüber windlosem Tropfenschlag und Wind. Windbeeinflusster Regen wird durch die gesteigerte Transportmenge und Weite als wesentlicher Erosionsfaktor bestätigt und ist damit ein Schlüsselparameter bei der Quantifizierung von globaler Bodenerosion, Erstellung von Sedimentbudgets und bei der Erforschung von Connectivity. Die Daten sind von hervorragender Qualität und sowohl für anspruchsvollere Analysemethoden (multivariate Statistik) als auch für Modellierungsansätze geeignet. 3. Eine Synthese aus Feld- und Laborversuchen (darunter auch ein bis dato unveröffentlichtes Versuchsset) inklusive einer statistischen Analyse bestätigt WDR als den herausragenden Faktor, der alle anderen Faktoren überlagert. Die Zusammenführung der beiden komplementären Experimentgruppen bringt die Forschungsreihe zu windbeeinflusstem Regen auf eine weiterführende Ebene, indem die Messergebnisse in einen ökologischen Zusammenhang gesetzt werden. Eine vorsichtige Projektion auf Landschaftsebene ermöglicht einen Einblick in die Risikobewertung von Bodenerosion durch windbeeinflussten Regen. Es wird deutlich, dass er sich gerade auch im Zusammenhang mit den durch den Klimawandel verstärkt auftretenden Regensturmereignissen katastrophal auf Bodenerosionsraten auszuwirken kann und dringend in die Bodenerosionsmodellierung integriert werden muss.
Die Arbeit geht von der These aus, dass zwischen Webers Konzept einer verstehenden Soziologie und der materialen Studie "Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus" (PE) eine Differenz in Form einer Mehrleistung auf Seiten der PE besteht. Diese Annahme fußt auf der Beobachtung, dass die PE verschiedene Perspektiven auf die Entstehung sinnhafter Handlungsorientierungen offeriert und sich gleichsam Strategien zu deren Plausibilisierung identifizieren lassen. Derartige Zusammenhänge wurden von Weber in den methodologischen Schriften scheinbar nur am Rande thematisiert und die entsprechenden Passagen erwecken den Eindruck, dass die Frage nach der Geschichtlichkeit der sinnhaften Handlungsorientierungen lediglich als Prämisse bzw. als Begründung für die Notwendigkeit einer verstehenden Sinnerfassung Beachtung findet. Diese Beobachtung bestimmt den weiteren Gang der Untersuchung und führte zu einem argumentativen Aufbau, welcher sich als Dreischritt beschreiben lässt: a) Eine Diskussion des Erklärungsprofils von Webers Konzept einer verstehenden Soziologie sowie Beispiele für vermutete Mehrleistungen auf Seiten der PE dienen zunächst der genaueren Explikation der identifizierten Problemstellung (vgl. Abschnitt I). Hierauf aufbauend erweisen sich mit Blick auf den aktuellen Forschungsstand b) jene Argumentationszusammenhänge der materialen Forschung als problematisch bzw. in ihrer logischen Beziehung zur Methodologie Webers als weiterhin ungeklärt, welche in Abschnitt I zunächst auf eine Mehrleistung auf Seiten der PE hindeuten. Hierbei zeigt eine gegenüberstellende Untersuchung von Vertretern von Einheitsthesen (vgl. Prewo 1979, Schluchter 1998, Collins 1986a) sowie Vertretern von Differenzthesen (vgl. v. Schelting 1934, Bendix 1964, Kalberg 2001), dass der aktuelle Diskussionsstand weiterhin durch offene Fragen und Unstimmigkeiten charakterisiert ist (vgl. Abschnitt II). Implizite Antworten auf diese Probleme des aktuellen Diskussionsstands lassen sich über c) einen erneuten rekonstruierenden Blick auf die in der PE enthaltenen Zusammenhänge und Plausibilisierungsstrategien gewinnen. Hier ist die Strategie doppelseitig angelegt: Für einen Teil der identifizierten Probleme ist es von besonderer Bedeutung, einen systematischen Einblick in die in der PE enthaltenen Zusammenhänge zu gewinnen (vgl. Abschnitt III). Die hierbei gewonnenen Erträge dienen als Grundlage zur adäquaten Rekonstruktion der methodischen Umsetzung und ermöglichen ein Verständnis davon, wie Weber die in den Fokus der Forschung gestellten Phänomene zu erklären suchte (vgl. Abschnitt IV).
Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Dissertation lag in der ausführlichen und systematischen Exploration, Deskription und Analyse von relational bedingten sozio-medialen Ungleichheiten zwischen jugendlichen Nutzern sozialer Netzwerkplattformen (WhatsApp, Facebook, Snapchat etc.). Im Rahmen der qualitativen Untersuchung wurden insgesamt sechs problemzentrierte Einzelinterviews und drei problemzentrierte Gruppendiskussionen mit Jugendlichen im Alter von 15 bis 20 Jahren sowie eine Gruppendiskussion mit pädagogischen Fachkräften durchgeführt und inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Bedingungen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Individualmerkmalen von jugendlichen Nutzern (Interessen, Motive, Nutzungsweisen, Kompetenzen) und ihren relationalen Merkmalen (Beziehungen in sozialen Onlinenetzwerken) sowie den daraus resultierenden sozialen Ressourcen und Risiken. Die relationalen Merkmale sind laut den Ergebnissen der Dissertation gleich in zweifacher Hinsicht an der Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheitsstrukturen beteiligt: Erstens nehmen sie Einfluss auf den Zugang zu und die Bewertung von medienvermittelten Informationen, da Informationen auf den Plattformen vorwiegend innerhalb des mediatisierten Beziehungsnetzwerkes kreisen. Zweitens bestimmen die relationalen Merkmale maßgeblich mit, welche Kompetenzen und Präferenzen Jugendliche im Umgang mit sozialen Netzwerkplattformen erwerben. Bezüglich der Mediennutzung und -wirkung können bei den Jugendlichen mit niedrigem Bildungsniveau folgende ungleichheitsrelevante Befunde konstatiert werden: verzögerte Adaption neuer Plattformen, intensivere Nutzung, geringere Nutzungskompetenzen, vermehrte Aufmerksamkeitserzeugung sowie eine primär unterhaltungsorientierte Nutzung. Zudem weisen sie überwiegend homogene Netzwerkstrukturen auf, was sich nachteilig auf ihren Zugang zu medienvermittelten Informationen und deren Bewertung auswirkt. Für Jugendliche mit hohem Bildungsniveau lassen sich hingegen deutlich positivere Verstärkungseffekte durch die Mediennutzung feststellen.
Dry tropical forests undergo massive conversion and degradation processes. This also holds true for the extensive Miombo forests that cover large parts of Southern Africa. While the largest proportional area can be found in Angola, the country still struggles with food shortages, insufficient medical and educational supplies, as well as the ongoing reconstruction of infrastructure after 27 years of civil war. Especially in rural areas, the local population is therefore still heavily dependent on the consumption of natural resources, as well as subsistence agriculture. This leads, on one hand, to large areas of Miombo forests being converted for cultivation purposes, but on the other hand, to degradation processes due to the selective use of forest resources. While forest conversion in south-central rural Angola has already been quantitatively described, information about forest degradation is not yet available. This is due to the history of conflicts and the therewith connected research difficulties, as well as the remote location of this area. We apply an annual time series approach using Landsat data in south-central Angola not only to assess the current degradation status of the Miombo forests, but also to derive past developments reaching back to times of armed conflicts. We use the Disturbance Index based on tasseled cap transformation to exclude external influences like inter-annual variation of rainfall. Based on this time series, linear regression is calculated for forest areas unaffected by conversion, but also for the pre-conversion period of those areas that were used for cultivation purposes during the observation time. Metrics derived from linear regression are used to classify the study area according to their dominant modification processes.rnWe compare our results to MODIS latent integral trends and to further products to derive information on underlying drivers. Around 13% of the Miombo forests are affected by degradation processes, especially along streets, in villages, and close to existing agriculture. However, areas in presumably remote and dense forest areas are also affected to a significant extent. A comparison with MODIS derived fire ignition data shows that they are most likely affected by recurring fires and less by selective timber extraction. We confirm that areas that are used for agriculture are more heavily disturbed by selective use beforehand than those that remain unaffected by conversion. The results can be substantiated by the MODIS latent integral trends and we also show that due to extent and location, the assessment of forest conversion is most likely not sufficient to provide good estimates for the loss of natural resources.
This study aims to estimate the cotton yield at the field and regional level via the APSIM/OZCOT crop model, using an optimization-based recalibration approach based on the state variable of the cotton canopy - the leaf area index (LAI), derived from atmospherically corrected Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing images in 2014. First, a local sensitivity and global analysis approach was employed to test the sensitivity of cultivar, soil and agronomic parameters to the dynamics of the LAI. After sensitivity analyses, a series of sensitive parameters were obtained. Then, the APSIM/OZCOT crop model was calibrated by observations over a two-year span (2006-2007) at the Aksu station, combined with these sensitive cultivar parameters and the current understanding of cotton cultivar parameters. Third, the relationship between the observed in-situ LAI and synchronous perpendicular vegetation indices derived from six Landsat-8 OLI images covering the entire growth stage was modelled to generate LAI maps in time and space. Finally, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and general-purpose optimization approach (based on Nelder-Mead algorithm) were used to recalibrate four sensitive agronomic parameters (row spacing, sowing density per row, irrigation amount and total fertilization) according to the minimization of the root-mean-square deviation (RMSE) between the simulated LAI from the APSIM/OZCOT model and retrieved LAI from Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing images. After the recalibration, the best simulated results compared with observed cotton yield were obtained. The results showed that: (1) FRUDD, FLAI and DDISQ were the major cultivar parameters suitable for calibrating the cotton cultivar. (2) After the calibration, the simulated LAI performed well with an RMSE and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.45 and 0.33, respectively, in 2006 and 0.46 and 0.41, respectively, in 2007. The coefficient of determination between the observed and simulated LAI was 0.83 and 0.97, respectively, in 2006 and 2007. The Pearson- correlation coefficient was 0.913 and 0.988 in 2006 and 2007, respectively, with a significant positive correlation between the simulated and observed LAI. The difference between the observed and simulated yield was 776.72 kg/ha and 259.98 kg/ha in 2006 and 2007, respectively. (3) Cotton cultivation in 2014 was obtained using three Landsat-8 OLI images - DOY136 (May), DOY 168 (June) and DOY 200 (July) - based on the phenological differences in cotton and other vegetation types. (4) The yield estimation after the assimilation closely approximated the field-observed values, and the coefficient of determination was as high as 0.82, after recalibration of the APSIM/OZCOT model for ten cotton fields. The difference between the observed and assimilated yields for the ten fields ranged from 18.2 to 939.7 kg/ha. The RMSE and MAE between the assimilated and observed yield was 417.5 and 303.1 kg/ha, respectively. These findings provide scientific evidence for the feasibility of coupled remote sensing and APSIM/OZCOT model at the field level. (5) Upscaling from field level to regional level, the assimilation algorithm and scheme are both especially important. Although the PSO method is very efficient, the computational efficiency is also the shortcoming of the assimilation strategy on a regional scale. Comparisons between the PSO and general-purpose optimization method (based on the Nelder-Mead algorithm) were implemented from the RSME, LAI curve and computational time. The general-purpose optimization method (based on the Nelder-Mead algorithm) was used for the regional assimilation between remote sensing and the APSIM/OZCOT model. Meanwhile, the basic unit for regional assimilation was also determined as cotton field rather than pixel. Moreover, the crop growth simulation was also divided into two phases (vegetative growth and reproductive growth) for regional assimilation. (6) The regional assimilation at the vegetative growth stage between the remote sensing derived and APSIM/OZCOT model-simulated LAI was implemented by adjusting two parameters: row spacing and sowing density per row. The results showed that the sowing density of cotton was higher in the southern part than in the northern part of the study area. The spatial pattern of cotton density was also consistent with the reclamation from 2001 to 2013. Cotton fields after early reclamation were mainly located in the southern part while the recent reclamation was located in the northern part. Poor soil quality, lack of irrigation facilities and woodland belts of cotton fields in the northern part caused the low density of cotton. Regarding the row spacing, the northern part was larger than the southern part due to the variation of two agronomic modes from military and private companies. (7) The irrigation and fertilization amount were both used as key parameters to be adjusted for regional assimilation during the reproductive growth period. The result showed that the irrigation per time ranged from 58.14 to 89.99 mm in the study area. The spatial distribution of the irrigation amount is higher in the northern part while lower in southern study area. The application of urea fertilization ranged from 500.35 to 1598.59 kg/ha in the study area. The spatial distribution of fertilization was lower in the northern part and higher in the southern part. More fertilization applied in the southern study area aims to increase the boll weight and number for pursuing higher yields of cotton. The frequency of the RSME during the second assimilation was mainly located in the range of 0.4-0.6 m2/m2. The estimated cotton yield ranged from 1489 to 8895 kg/ha. The spatial distribution of the estimated yield is also higher in the southern part than the northern study area.
DNA methylation, through 5-methyl- and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5mC and 5hmC) is considered to be one of the principal interfaces between the genome and our environment and it helps explain phenotypic variations in human populations. Initial reports of large differences in methylation level in genomic regulatory regions, coupled with clear gene expression data in both imprinted genes and malignant diseases provided easily dissected molecular mechanisms for switching genes on or off. However, a more subtle process is becoming evident, where small (<10%) changes to intermediate methylation levels were associated with complex disease phenotypes. This has resulted in two clear methylation paradigms. The latter "subtle change" paradigm is rapidly becoming the epigenetic hallmark of complex disease phenotypes, although we were currently hampered by a lack of data addressing the true biological significance and meaning of these small differences. The initial expectation of rapidly identifying mechanisms linking environmental exposure to a disease phenotype led to numerous observational/association studies being performed. Although this expectation remains unmet, there is now a growing body of literature on specific genes, suggesting wide ranging transcriptional and translational consequences of such subtle methylation changes. Data from the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) has shown that a complex interplay between DNA methylation, extensive 5"UTR splicing and microvariability gives rise to the overall level and relative distribution of total and N-terminal protein isoforms generated. Additionally, the presence of multiple AUG translation initiation codons throughout the complete, processed, mRNA enables translation variability, hereby enhancing the translational isoforms and the resulting protein isoform diversity; providing a clear link between small changes in DNA methylation and significant changes in protein isoforms and cellular locations. Methylation changes in the NR3C1 CpG island, alters the NR3C1 transcription and eventually protein isoforms in the tissues, resulting in subtle but visible physiological variability. Implying external environmental stimuli act through subtle methylation changes, with transcriptional microvariability as the underlying mechanism, to fine-tune the total NR3C1 protein levels. The ubiquitous distribution of genes with similar structure as NR3C1, combined with an increasing number of studies linking subtle methylation changes in specific genes with wide ranging transcriptional and translational consequences, suggested a more genome-wide spread of subtle DNA methylation changes and transcription variability. The subtle methylation paradigm and the biological relevance of such changes were supported by two epigenetic animal models, which linked small methylation changes to either psychopathological or immunological effects. The first model, rats subjected to maternal deprivation, showed long term behavioural and stress response changes. A second model, exposing mice to early life infection with H1N1, illustrated long-term immunological effects. Both models displayed subtle changes within the methylome. Suggesting/Indicating that early life adversity and early life viral infection "programmed" the CNS and innate immune response respectively, via subtle DNA methylation changes genome-wide. The research presented in this thesis investigated the ever-growing roles of DNA methylation; the physiological and functional relevance of subtle small DNA methylation changes genome-wide, in particular for the CNS (MD model) and the immune system (early life viral infection model) ; and the evidence available, particularly from the glucocorticoid of the cascade of events initiated by such subtle methylation changes, as well as addressing the underlying question as to what represents a genuine biologically significant difference in methylation.
The Firepower of Work Craving: When Self-Control Is Burning under the Rubble of Self-Regulation
(2017)
Work craving theory addresses how work-addicted individuals direct great emotion-regulatory efforts to weave their addictive web of working. They crave work for two main emotional incentives: to overcompensate low self-worth and to escape (i.e., reduce) negative affect, which is strategically achieved through neurotic perfectionism and compulsive working. Work-addicted individuals" strong persistence and self-discipline with respect to work-related activities suggest strong skills in volitional action control. However, their inability to disconnect from work implies low volitional skills. How can work-addicted individuals have poor and strong volitional skills at the same time? To answer this paradox, we elaborated on the relevance of two different volitional modes in work craving: self-regulation (self-maintenance) and self-control (goal maintenance). Four hypotheses were derived from Wojdylo- work craving theory and Kuhl- self-regulation theory: (H1) Work craving is associated with a combination of low self-regulation and high self-control. (H2) Work craving is associated with symptoms of psychological distress. (H3) Low self-regulation is associated with psychological distress symptoms. (H4) Work craving mediates the relationships between self-regulation deficits and psychological distress symptoms at high levels of self-control. Additionally, we aimed at supporting the discriminant validity of work craving with respect to work engagement by showing their different volitional underpinnings. Results of the two studies confirmed our hypotheses: whereas work craving was predicted by high self-control and low self-regulation and associated with higher psychological distress, work engagement was predicted by high self-regulation and high self-control and associated with lower symptoms of psychological distress. Furthermore, work styles mediated the relationship between volitional skills and symptoms of psychological distress. Based on these new insights, several suggestions for prevention and therapeutic interventions for work-addicted individuals are proposed.
This dissertation details how Zeami (ca. 1363 - ca.1443) understood his adoption of the heavenly woman dance within the historical conditions of the Muromachi period. He adopted the dance based on performances by the Ōmi troupe player Inuō in order to expand his own troupe’s repertoire to include a divinely powerful, feminine character. In the first chapter, I show how Zeami, informed by his success as a sexualized child in the service of the political elite (chigo), understood the relationship between performer and audience in gendered terms. In his treatises, he describes how a player must create a complementary relationship between patron and performer (feminine/masculine or yin/yang) that escalates to an ecstasy of successful communication between the two poles, resembling sexual union. Next, I look at how Zeami perceived Inuō’s relationships with patrons, the daimyo Sasaki Dōyo in chapter two and shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in chapter three. Inuō was influenced by Dōyo’s masculine penchant for powerful, awe-inspiring art, but Zeami also recognized that Inuō was able to complement Dōyo’s masculinity with feminine elegance (kakari and yūgen). In his relationship with Yoshimitsu, Inuō used the performance of subversion, both in his public persona and in the aesthetic of his performances, to maintain a rebellious reputation appropriate within the climate of conflict among the martial elite. His play “Aoi no ue” draws on the aristocratic literary tradition of the Genji monogatari, giving Yoshimitsu the role of Prince Genji and confronting him with the consequences of betrayal in the form of a demonic, because jilted, Lady Rokujō. This performance challenged Zeami’s early notion that the extreme masculinity of demons and elegant femininity as exemplified by the aristocracy must be kept separate in character creation. In the fourth chapter, I show how Zeami also combined dominance (masculinity) and submission (femininity) in the corporal capacity of a single player when he adopted the heavenly woman dance. The heavenly woman dance thus complemented not only the masculinity of his male patrons with femininity but also the political power of his patrons with another dominant power, which plays featuring the heavenly woman dance label divine rather than masculine.
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Lexik der spätmittelalterlichen Luxemburger Rechnungsbücher unter der Prämisse der Urbanität. Da auf keine ausgearbeitete Methodik zurückgegriffen werden konnte, anhand derer eine Einteilung in für die Analyse relevante bzw. irrelevante Lexik vorgenommen werden konnte, wurde im Rahmen der Arbeit unter Rückgriff auf sprachwissenschaftliche und geschichtswissenschaftliche Konzepte eine eigene Methodik entwickelt. Auf deren Basis erfolgte die Anlage des Untersuchungskorpus' auf der Grundlage der von 1388-1500 fast lückenlos überlieferten Rechnungsbücher der Stadt Luxemburg mit dem Ziel der Analyse spezifisch urbaner Lexik. Bei der Analyse wurde schließlich eine dreifache Zielsetzung verfolgt: Einerseits die Untersuchung der Lexik mit Blick auf die Verteilung von types und tokens in als spezifisch urban definierten Domänen, andererseits die Anlage eines Glossars, das als textphilologisches Werkzeug als Hilfsmittel bei der Erschließung der Rechnungsbücher dienen soll. Daneben wurde ebenfalls auf die geschichtswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisgewinne eingegangen, die durch die jeweilige Wortschatzanalyse realisiert werden konnten.
Why do some people become entrepreneurs while others stay in paid employment? Searching for a distinctive set of entrepreneurial skills that matches the profile of the entrepreneurial task, Lazear introduced a theoretical model featuring skill variety for entrepreneurs. He argues that because entrepreneurs perform many different tasks, they should be multi-skilled in various areas. First, this dissertation provides the reader with an overview of previous relevant research results on skill variety with regard to entrepreneurship. The majority of the studies discussed focus on the effects of skill variety. Most studies come to the conclusion that skill variety mainly affects the decision to become self-employed. Skill variety also favors entrepreneurial intentions. Less clear are the results with regard to the influence of skill variety on the entrepreneurial success. Measured on the basis of income and survival of the company, a negative or U-shaped correlation is shown. Within the empirical part of this dissertation three research goals are tackled. First, this dissertation investigates whether a variety of early interests and activities in adolescence predicts subsequent variety in skills and knowledge. Second, the determinants of skill variety and variety of early interests and activities are investigated. Third, skill variety is tested as a mediator of the gender gap in entrepreneurial intentions. This dissertation employs structural equation modeling (SEM) using longitudinal data collected over ten years from Finnish secondary school students aged 16 to 26. As indicator for skill variety the number of functional areas in which the participant had prior educational or work experience is used. The results of the study suggest that a variety of early interests and activities lead to skill variety, which in turn leads to entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, the study shows that an early variety is predicted by openness and an entrepreneurial personality profile. Skill variety is also encouraged by an entrepreneurial personality profile. From a gender perspective, there is indeed a gap in entrepreneurial intentions. While a positive correlation has been found between the early variety of subjects and being female, there are negative correlations between the other two variables, education and work related Skill variety, and being female. The negative effect of work-related skill variety is the strongest. The results of this dissertation are relevant for research, politics, educational institutions and special entrepreneurship education programs. The results are also important for self-employed parents that plan the succession of the family business. Educational programs promoting entrepreneurship can be optimized on the basis of the results of this dissertation by making the transmission of a variety of skills a central goal. A focus on teenagers could also increase the success as well as a preselection based on the personality profile of the participants. Regarding the gender gap, state policies should aim to provide women with more incentives to acquire skill variety. For this purpose, education programs can be tailored specifically to women and self-employment can be presented as an attractive alternative to dependent employment.
Background: We evaluated depression and social isolation assessed at time of waitlisting as predictors of survival in heart transplant (HTx) recipients. Methods and Results: Between 2005 and 2006, 318 adult HTx candidates were enrolled in the Waiting for a New Heart Study, and 164 received transplantation. Patients were followed until February 2013. Psychosocial characteristics were assessed by questionnaires. Eurotransplant provided medical data at waitlisting, transplantation dates, and donor characteristics; hospitals reported medical data at HTx and date of death after HTx. During a median followâ€up of 70 months (<1"93 months postâ€HTx), 56 (38%) of 148 transplanted patients with complete data died. Depression scores were unrelated to social isolation, and neither correlated with disease severity. Higher depression scores increased the risk of dying (hazard ratio=1.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.01, 1.15, P=0.032), which was moderated by social isolation scores (significant interaction term; hazard ratio = 0.985, 95% confidence interval, 0.973, 0.998; P=0.022). These findings were maintained in multivariate models controlling for covariates (P values 0.020"0.039). Actuarial 1â€year/5â€year survival was best for patients with low depression who were not socially isolated at waitlisting (86% after 1 year, 79% after 5 years). Survival of those who were either depressed, or socially isolated or both, was lower, especially 5 years posttransplant (56%, 60%, and 62%, respectively). Conclusions: Low depression in conjunction with social integration at time of waitlisting is related to enhanced chances for survival after HTx. Both factors should be considered for inclusion in standardized assessments and interventions for HTx candidates. We evaluated depression and social isolation assessed at time of waitlisting as predictors of survival in heart transplant (HTx) recipients.\r\n\r\nMethods and Results: Between 2005 and 2006, 318 adult HTx candidates were enrolled in the Waiting for a New Heart Study, and 164 received transplantation. Patients were followed until February 2013. Psychosocial characteristics were assessed by questionnaires. Eurotransplant provided medical data at waitlisting, transplantation dates, and donor characteristics; hospitals reported medical data at HTx and date of death after HTx. During a median followâ€up of 70 months (<1"93 months postâ€HTx), 56 (38%) of 148 transplanted patients with complete data died. Depression scores were unrelated to social isolation, and neither correlated with disease severity. Higher depression scores increased the risk of dying (hazard ratio=1.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.01, 1.15, P=0.032), which was moderated by social isolation scores (significant interaction term; hazard ratio = 0.985, 95% confidence interval, 0.973, 0.998; P=0.022). These findings were maintained in multivariate models controlling for covariates (P values 0.020"0.039). Actuarial 1â€year/5â€year survival was best for patients with low depression who were not socially isolated at waitlisting (86% after 1 year, 79% after 5 years). Survival of those who were either depressed, or socially isolated or both, was lower, especially 5 years posttransplant (56%, 60%, and 62%, respectively).
Background: Psychotherapy is successful for the majority of patients , but not for every patient. Hence, further knowledge is needed on how treatments should be adapted for those who do not profit or deteriorate. In the last years prediction tools as well as feedback interventions were part of a trend to more personalized approaches in psychotherapy. Research on psychometric prediction and feedback into ongoing treatment has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes, especially for patients with an increased risk of treatment failure or drop-out.rnMethods/design: The research project investigates in a randomized controlled trial the effectiveness as well as moderating and mediating factors of psychometric feedback to therapists. In the intended study a total of 423 patients, who applied for a cognitive-behavioral therapy at the psychotherapy clinic of the University Trier and suffer from a depressive and/or an anxietyrndisorder (SCID interviews), will be included. The patients will be randomly assigned either to one therapist as well as to one of two intervention groups (CG, IG2). An additional intervention group (IG1) will be generated from an existing archival data set via propensity score matching. Patients of the control group (CG; n = 85) will be monitored concerning psychological impairment but therapists will not be provided with any feedback about the patients assessments. In both intervention groups (IG1: n = 169; IG2: n = 169) the therapists are provided with feedback about the patients self-evaluation in a computerized feedback portal. Therapists of the IG2 will additionally be provided with clinical support tools, which will be developed in thisrnproject, on the basis of existing systems. Therapists will also be provided with a personalized treatment recommendation based on similar patients (Nearest Neighbors) at the beginning of treatment. Besides the general effectiveness of feedback and the clinical support tools for negatively developing patients, further mediating and moderating variables on this feedback effectrnshould be examined: treatment length, frequency of feedback use, therapist effects, therapist- experience, attitude towards feedback as well as congruence of therapist-andpatient- evaluation concerning the progress. Additional procedures will be implemented to assess treatment adherence as well as the reliability of diagnosis and to include it into the analyses.rnDiscussion: The current trial tests a comprehensive feedback system which combines precision mental health predictions with routine outcome monitoring and feedback tools in routine outpatient psychotherapy. It also adds to previous feedback research a stricter design by investigating another repeated measurement CG as well as a stricter control of treatment integrity. It also includes a structured clinical interview (SCID) and controls for comorbidity (within depression and anxiety). This study also investigates moderators (attitudes towards, use of the feedback system, diagnoses) and mediators (therapists" awareness of negative change and treatment length) in one study.
Die Kunstgewerbeschule Pforzheim nimmt innerhalb der Bildungsanstalten, die zur künstlerischen Förderung der Gewerbe im 19. Jahrhundert gegründet worden waren, eine Sonderstellung ein. Lehrplan und Ausbildungsgang orientierten sich vorrangig an den Bedürfnissen der in Pforzheim seit 1767 ansässigen Schmuckindustrie, die maßgeblich an der Gründung und Förderung der Kunstgewerbeschule beteiligt war. In der Dissertation werden die Rahmenbedingungen, die zur Gründung der Pforzheimer Kunstgewerbeschule im Jahr 1877 führten, sowie die Qualität und die Methoden der dort angebotenen künstlerisch-technischen Ausbildung unter Berücksichtigung zeitgenössischer Bildungsideale analysiert. Im Anschluss wird das Ansehen der Kunstgewerbeschule unter Zeitgenossen beurteilt sowie die Bedeutung dieser Institution für die Pforzheimer Schmuckindustrie herausgearbeitet. Der Betrachtungszeitraum erstreckt sich von 1877, dem Gründungsjahr der Kunstgewerbeschule, bis 1911, dem Todesjahr ihres ersten Direktors, Alfred Waag. Zeitgenössische Berichte und Archivmaterialien sowie der kontinuierlich erweiterte Lehrmittelbestand der Kunstgewerbeschule bilden die Grundlage für die Untersuchungen. Ein Großteil der Musterstücke, viele Bücher und Vorlagenwerke, die zur künstlerischen Ausbildung der Schüler angeschafft wurden, sind bis heute in Archiven und Museen erhalten und zeugen von der Qualität und der Fortschrittlichkeit der Ausbildungsstätte. Vor allem in den Bereichen Entwurf und Technik setzte man an der Kunstgewerbeschule Pforzheim Maßstäbe. Unter dem Einfluss der Schule entstanden Entwürfe für die lokale Schmuckindustrie, die speziell auf die serielle Fertigung zugeschnitten waren und damit beispielhaft für eine gelungene Allianz von Kunst, Technik und Wirtschaftlichkeit stehen. Die Zusammenarbeit der lokalen Schmuckhersteller mit Lehrern oder Absolventen der Kunstgewerbeschule ließ sich ebenso belegen wie die erfolgreiche Teilnahme verschiedener Schüler an überregionalen Wettbewerben für Schmuckentwürfe. Dank der quellengestützten Recherche konnten Beziehungen zwischen den als mustergültig empfundenen Vorbildern, der Entwurfsarbeit an der Schule und dem in Pforzheim industriell hergestellten Schmuck aufgezeigt werden. Der häufig geäußerte Vorwurf, Pforzheimer Firmen hätten vor allem fremde Schmuckentwürfe kopiert und durch maschinelle Fertigungstechniken billig produziert, verkennt den eigenen künstlerischen Anspruch einer Industrie, die zur ästhetisch-technischen Ausbildung ihrer Arbeiter und Lehrlinge eine Kunstgewerbeschule ins Leben rief, die bis heute unter dem Namen Hochschule Pforzheim - Gestaltung, Technik, Wirtschaft und Recht Bestand hat.
Dysfunctional eating behavior is a major risk factor for developing all sorts of eating disorders. Food craving is a concept that may help to understand better why and how these and other eating disorders become chronic conditions through non homeastatically-driven mechanisms. As obesity affects people worldwide, cultural differences must be acknowledged to apply proper therapeutic strategies. In this work, we adapted the Food Craving Inventory (FCI) to the German population. We performed a factor analysis of an adaptation of the original FCI in a sample of 326 men and women. We could replicate the factor structure of the FCI on a German population.rnThe factor extraction procedure produced a factor solution that reproduces the fourfactors described in the original inventory, the FCI. Our instrument presents high internal consistency, as well as a significant correlation with measures of convergent and discriminant validity. The FCI-Deutsch (FCI-DE) is a valid instrument to assess craving for particular foods in Germany, and it could, therefore, prove useful in the clinical and research practice in the field of obesity and eating behaviors.
Academic self-concept (ASC) is comprised of individual perceptions of one- own academic ability. In a cross-sectional quasi-representative sample of 3,779 German elementary school children in grades 1 to 4, we investigated (a) the structure of ASC, (b) ASC profile formation, an aspect of differentiation that is reflected in lower correlations between domain-specific ASCs with increasing grade level, (c) the impact of (internal) dimensional comparisons of one- own ability in different school subjects for profile formation of ASC, and (d) the role played by differences in school grades between subjects for these dimensional comparisons. The nested Marsh/Shavelson model, with general ASC at the apex and math, writing, and reading ASC as specific factors nested under general ASC fitted the data at all grade levels. A first-order factor model with math, writing, reading, and general ASCs as correlated factors provided a good fit, too. ASC profile formation became apparent during the first two to three years of school. Dimensional comparisons across subjects contributed to ASC profile formation. School grades enhanced these comparisons, especially when achievement profiles were uneven. In part, findings depended on the assumed structural model of ASCs. Implications for further research are discussed with special regard to factors influencing and moderating dimensional comparisons.
Entrepreneurship is a process of discovering and exploiting opportunities, during which two crucial milestones emerge: in the very beginning when entrepreneurs start their businesses, and in the end when they determine the future of the business. This dissertation examines the establishment and exit of newly created as well as of acquired firms, in particular the behavior and performance of entrepreneurs at these two important stages of entrepreneurship. The first part of the dissertation investigates the impact of characteristics at the individual and at the firm level on an entrepreneur- selection of entry modes across new venture start-up and business takeover. The second part of the dissertation compares firm performance across different entrepreneurship entry modes and then examines management succession issues that family firm owners have to confront. This study has four main findings. First, previous work experience in small firms, same sector experience, and management experience affect an entrepreneur- choice of entry modes. Second, the choice of entry mode for hybrid entrepreneurs is associated with their characteristics, such as occupational experience, level of education, and gender, as well as with the characteristics of their firms, such as location. Third, business takeovers survive longer than new venture start-ups, and both entry modes have different survival determinants. Fourth, the family firm- decision of recruiting a family or a nonfamily manager is not only determined by a manager- abilities, but also by the relationship between the firm- economic and non-economic goals and the measurability of these goals. The findings of this study extend our knowledge on entrepreneurship entry modes by showing that new venture start-ups and business takeovers are two distinct entrepreneurship entry modes in terms of their founders" profiles, their survival rates and survival determinants. Moreover, this study contributes to the literature on top management hiring in family firms: it establishes family firm- non-economic goals as another factor that impacts the family firm- hiring decision between a family and a nonfamily manager.
In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir das Optimierungsproblem der optimalen Materialausrichtung orthotroper Materialien in der Hülle von dreidimensionalen Schalenkonstruktionen. Ziel der Optimierung ist dabei die Minimierung der Gesamtnachgiebigkeit der Konstruktion, was der Suche nach einem möglichst steifen Design entspricht. Sowohl die mathematischen als auch die mechanischen Grundlagen werden in kompakter Form zusammengetragen und basierend darauf werden sowohl gradientenbasierte als auch auf mechanischen Prinzipien beruhende, neue Erweiterungen punktweise formulierter Optimierungsverfahren entwickelt und implementiert. Die vorgestellten Verfahren werden anhand des Beispiels des Modells einer Flugzeugtragfläche mit praxisrelevanter Problemgröße getestet und verglichen. Schließlich werden die untersuchten Methoden in ihrer Koppelung mit einem Verfahren zur Topologieoptimierung, basierend auf dem topologischen Gradienten untersucht.
Automata theory is the study of abstract machines. It is a theory in theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics (a subject of study in mathematics and computer science). The word automata (the plural of automaton) comes from a Greek word which means "self-acting". Automata theory is closely related to formal language theory [99, 101]. The theory of formal languages constitutes the backbone of the field of science now generally known as theoretical computer science. This thesis aims to introduce a few types of automata and studies then class of languages recognized by them. Chapter 1 is the road map with introduction and preliminaries. In Chapter 2 we consider few formal languages associated to graphs that has Eulerian trails. We place few languages in the Chomsky hierarchy that has some other properties together with the Eulerian property. In Chapter 3 we consider jumping finite automata, i. e., finite automata in which input head after reading and consuming a symbol, can jump to an arbitrary position of the remaining input. We characterize the class of languages described by jumping finite automata in terms of special shuffle expressions and survey other equivalent notions from the existing literature. We could also characterize some super classes of this language class. In Chapter 4 we introduce boustrophedon finite automata, i. e., finite automata working on rectangular shaped arrays (i. e., pictures) in a boustrophedon mode and we also introduce returning finite automata that reads the input, line after line, does not alters the direction like boustrophedon finite automata i. e., reads always from left to right, line after line. We provide close relationships with the well-established class of regular matrix (array) languages. We sketch possible applications to character recognition and kolam patterns. Chapter 5 deals with general boustrophedon finite automata, general returning finite automata that read with different scanning strategies. We show that all 32 different variants only describe two different classes of array languages. We also introduce Mealy machines working on pictures and show how these can be used in a modular design of picture processing devices. In Chapter 6 we compare three different types of regular grammars of array languages introduced in the literature, regular matrix grammars, (regular : regular) array grammars, isometric regular array grammars, and variants thereof, focusing on hierarchical questions. We also refine the presentation of (regular : regular) array grammars in order to clarify the interrelations. In Chapter 7 we provide further directions of research with respect to the study that we have done in each of the chapters.
The first part of this thesis offers a theoretical foundation for the analysis of Tolkien- texts. Each of the three fields of interest, nostalgia, utopia, and the pastoral tradition, are introduced in separate chapters. Special attention is given to the interrelations of the three fields. Their history, meaning, and functions are shortly elaborated and definitions applicable to their occurrences in fantasy texts are reached. In doing so, new categories and terms are proposed that enable a detailed analysis of the nostalgic, pastoral, and utopian properties of Tolkien- works. As nostalgia and utopia are important ingredients of pastoral writing, they are each introduced first and are finally related to a definition of the pastoral. The main part of this thesis applies the definitions and insights reached in the theoretical chapters to Tolkien- The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. This part is divided into three main sections. Again, the order of the chapters follows the line of argumentation. The first section contains the analysis of pastoral depictions in the two texts. Given the separation of the pastoral into different categories, which were outlined in the theoretical part, the chapters examine bucolic and georgic pastoral creatures and landscapes before turning to non-pastoral depictions, which are sub-divided into the antipastoral and the unpastoral. A separate chapter looks at the bucolic and georgic pastoral- positions and functions in the primary texts. This analysis is followed by a chapter on men- special position in Tolkien- mythology, as their depiction reveals their potential to be both pastoral and antipastoral. The second section of the analytical part is concerned with the role of nostalgia within pastoral culture. The focus is laid on the meaning and function of the different kinds of nostalgia, which were defined in the theoretical part, detectable in bucolic and georgic pastoral cultures. Finally, the analysis turns to the utopian potential of Tolkien- mythology. Again, the focus lies on the pastoral and non-pastoral creatures. Their utopian and dystopian visions are presented and contrasted. This way, different kinds of utopian vision are detected and set in relation to the overall dystopian fate of Tolkien- fictional universe. Drawing on the results of this thesis and on Terry Gifford- ecocritical work, the final chapter argues that Tolkien- texts can be defined as modern pastorals. The connection between Tolkien- work and pastoral literature made explicit in the analysis is thus cemented in generic terms. The conclusion presents a summary of the central findings of this thesis and introduces questions for further study.