Evapotranspiration is often estimated by numerical simulation. However, to produce accurate simulations, these models usually require on-site measurements for parameterization or calibration. We have to make sure that the model realistically reproduces both, the temporal patterns of soil moisture and evapotranspiration. In this study, we combine three sources of information: (i) measurements of sap velocities; (ii) soil moisture; and (iii) expert knowledge on local runoff generation and water balance to define constraints for a “behavioral” forest stand water balance model. Aiming for a behavioral model, we adjusted soil moisture at saturation, bulk resistance parameters and the parameters of the water retention curve (WRC). We found that the shape of the WRC influences substantially the behavior of the simulation model. Here, only one model realization could be referred to as “behavioral”. All other realizations failed for a least one of our evaluation criteria: Not only transpiration and soil moisture are simulated consistently with our observations, but also total water balance and runoff generation processes. The introduction of a multi-criteria evaluation scheme for the detection of unrealistic outputs made it possible to identify a well performing parameter set. Our findings indicate that measurement of different fluxes and state variables instead of just one and expert knowledge concerning runoff generation facilitate the parameterization of a hydrological model.

The dissertation includes three published articles on which the development of a theoretical model of motivational and self-regulatory determinants of the intention to comprehensively search for health information is based. The first article focuses on building a solid theoretical foundation as to the nature of a comprehensive search for health information and enabling its integration into a broader conceptual framework. Based on subjective source perceptions, a taxonomy of health information sources was developed. The aim of this taxonomy was to identify most fundamental source characteristics to provide a point of reference when it comes to relating to the target objects of a comprehensive search. Three basic source characteristics were identified: expertise, interaction and accessibility. The second article reports on the development and evaluation of an instrument measuring the goals individuals have when seeking health information: the ‘Goals Associated with Health Information Seeking’ (GAINS) questionnaire. Two goal categories (coping focus and regulatory focus) were theoretically derived, based on which four goals (understanding, action planning, hope and reassurance) were classified. The final version of the questionnaire comprised four scales representing the goals, with four items per scale (sixteen items in total). The psychometric properties of the GAINS were analyzed in three independent samples, and the questionnaire was found to be reliable and sufficiently valid as well as suitable for a patient sample. It was concluded that the GAINS makes it possible to evaluate goals of health information seeking (HIS) which are likely to inform the intention building on how to organize the search for health information. The third article describes the final development and a first empirical evaluation of a model of motivational and self-regulatory determinants of an intentionally comprehensive search for health information. Based on the insights and implications of the previous two articles and an additional rigorous theoretical investigation, the model included approach and avoidance motivation, emotion regulation, HIS self-efficacy, problem and emotion focused coping goals and the intention to seek comprehensively (as outcome variable). The model was analyzed via structural equation modeling in a sample of university students. Model fit was good and hypotheses with regard to specific direct and indirect effects were confirmed. Last, the findings of all three articles are synthesized, the final model is presented and discussed with regard to its strengths and weaknesses, and implications for further research are determined.

This dissertation develops a rationale of how to use fossil data in solving biogeographical and ecological problems. It is argued that large amounts of fossil data of high quality can be used to document the evolutionary processes (the origin, development, formation and dynamics) of Arealsystems, which can be divided into six stages in North America: the Refugium Stage (before 15,000 years ago: > 15 ka), the Dispersal Stage (from 8,000 to 15,000 years ago: 8.0 - 15 ka), the Developing Stage (from 3,000 to 8,000 years ago: 3.0 - 8.0 ka), the Transitional Stage (from 1,000 to 3,000 years ago: 1 - 3 ka), the Primitive Stage (from 5,00 to 1,000 years ago: 0.5 - 1 ka) and the Human Disturbing Stage (during the last 500 years: < 0.5 ka). The division into these six stages is based on geostatistical analysis of the FAUNMAP database that contains 43,851 fossil records collected from 1860 to 1994 in North America. Fossil data are one of the best materials to test the glacial refugia theory. Glacial refugia represent areas where flora and fauna were preserved during the glacial period, characterized by richness in species and endemic species at present. This means that these (endemic) species should have distributed purely or primarily in these areas during the glacial period. The refugia can therefore be identified by fossil records of that period. If it is not the case, the richness in (endemic) species may not be the result of the glacial refugia. By exploring where mammals lived during the Refugium Stage (> 15 ka), seven refugia in North America can be identified: the California Refugium, the Mexico Refugium, the Florida Refugium, the Appalachia Refugium, the Great Basin Refugium, the Rocky Mountain Refugium and the Great Lake Refugium. The first five refugia coincide well with De Lattin- dispersal centers recognized by biogeographical methods using data on modern distributions. The individuals of a species are not evenly distributed over its Arealsystem. Brown- Hot Spots Model shows that in most cases there is an enormous variation in abundance within an areal of a species: In a census, zero or only a very few individuals occur at most sample locations, but tens or hundreds are found at a few sample sites. Locations where only a few individuals can be sampled in a survey are called "cool spots", and sites where tens or hundreds of individuals can be observed in a survey are called "hot spots". Many areas within the areal are uninhabited, which are called "holes". This model has direct implications for analyzing fossil data: Hot spots have a much higher local population density than cool spots. The chances to discover fossil individuals of a species are much higher in sediments located in a "hot spot" area than in a "cool spot" area. Therefore much higher MNIs (Minimum Number of Individuals) of the species should be found in fossil localities located in the hot spot than in the cool spot area. There are only a few hot spots but many cool spots within an areal of a single hypothetical species, consequently only a few fossil sites can provide with much high MNIs, whereas most other sites can only provide with very low MNIs. This prediction has been proved to be true by analysis of 70 species in FAUMAP containing over 100 fossil records. The temporal and spatial variation in abundance can be reconstructed from the temporospatial distribution of the MNIs of a species over its Arealsystem. Areas with no fossil records from the last thousands of years may be holes, and sites with much higher MNIs may be hot spots, while locations with low MNIs may be cool spots. Although the hot spots of many species can remain unchanged in an area over thousands of years, our study shows that a large shift of hot spots occurred mainly around 1,500-1,000 years ago. There are three directions of movement: from the west side to the east side of the Rockies, from the East of the USA to the east side of the Rockies and from the west side of the Rockies to the Southwest of the USA. The first two directions of shift are called Lewis and Clark- pattern, which can be verified with the observations mad by Lewis and Clark during their expedition in 1805-1806. The historical process of this pattern may well explain the 200-year-old puzzle why big game then abundant on the east side were rare on the west side of the Rocky Mountains noted by modern ecologists and biogeographers. The third direction of shift is called Bayham- pattern. This pattern can be tested by the model of Late Holocene resource intensification first described by Frank E. Bayham. The historical process creating the Bayham pattern will challenge the classic explanation of the Late Holocene resource intensification. An environmental change model has been proposed to account for the shift of hot spots. Implications of glacial refugia and hot spots areas for wildlife management and effective conservation are discussed. Suggestions for paleontologists and zooarchaeologists regarding how to provide more valuable information in their future excavation and research for other disciplines are given.

Background: Psychoeducation positively influences the psychological components of chronic low back pain (CLBP) in conventional treatments. The digitalization of health care has led to the discussion of virtual reality (VR) interventions. However, CLBP treatments in VR have some limitations due to full immersion. In comparison, augmented reality (AR) supplements the real world with virtual elements involving one’s own body sensory perception and can combine conventional and VR approaches. Objective: The aim of this study was to review the state of research on the treatment of CLBP through psychoeducation, including immersive technologies, and to formulate suggestions for psychoeducation in AR for CLBP. Methods: A scoping review following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines was performed in August 2024 by using Livivo ZB MED, PubMed, Web of Science, American Psychological Association PsycINFO (PsycArticle), and PsyArXiv Preprints databases. A qualitative content analysis of the included studies was conducted based on 4 deductively extracted categories. Results: We included 12 studies published between 2019 and 2024 referring to conventional and VR-based psychoeducation for CLBP treatment, but no study referred to AR. In these studies, educational programs were combined with physiotherapy, encompassing content on pain biology, psychological education, coping strategies, and relaxation techniques. The key outcomes were pain intensity, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, degree of disability, quality of life, well-being, self-efficacy, depression, attrition rate, and user experience. Passive, active, and gamified strategies were used to promote intrinsic motivation from a psychological point of view. Regarding user experience from a software development perspective, user friendliness, operational support, and application challenges were recommended.

The publication of statistical databases is subject to legal regulations, e.g. national statistical offices are only allowed to publish data if the data cannot be attributed to individuals. Achieving this privacy standard requires anonymizing the data prior to publication. However, data anonymization inevitably leads to a loss of information, which should be kept minimal. In this thesis, we analyze the anonymization method SAFE used in the German census in 2011 and we propose a novel integer programming-based anonymization method for nominal data. In the first part of this thesis, we prove that a fundamental variant of the underlying SAFE optimization problem is NP-hard. This justifies the use of heuristic approaches for large data sets. In the second part, we propose a new anonymization method belonging to microaggregation methods, specifically designed for nominal data. This microaggregation method replaces rows in a microdata set with representative values to achieve k-anonymity, ensuring each data row is identical to at least k − 1 other rows. In addition to the overall dissimilarities of the data rows, the method accounts for errors in resulting frequency tables, which are of high interest for nominal data in practice. The method employs a typical two-step structure: initially partitioning the data set into clusters and subsequently replacing all cluster elements with representative values to achieve k-anonymity. For the partitioning step, we propose a column generation scheme followed by a heuristic to obtain an integer solution, which is based on the dual information. For the aggregation step, we present a mixed-integer problem formulation to find cluster representatives. To this end, we take errors in a subset of frequency tables into account. Furthermore, we show a reformulation of the problem to a minimum edge-weighted maximal clique problem in a multipartite graph, which allows for a different perspective on the problem. Moreover, we formulate a mixed-integer program, which combines the partitioning and the aggregation step and aims to minimize the sum of chi-squared errors in frequency tables. Finally, an experimental study comparing the methods covered or developed in this work shows particularly strong results for the proposed method with respect to relative criteria, while SAFE shows its strength with respect to the maximum absolute error in frequency tables. We conclude that the inclusion of integer programming in the context of data anonymization is a promising direction to reduce the inevitable information loss inherent in anonymization, particularly for nominal data.

Stress is proven to have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Due to different tasks and study designs, the direct consequences of acute stress have been found to be wide-reaching: while some studies report prosocial effects, others report increases in antisocial behavior, still others report no effect. To control for specific effects of different stressors and to consider the role of social anxiety in stress-related social behavior, we investigated the effects of social versus physical stress on behavior in male participants possessing different levels of social anxiety. In a randomized, controlled two by two design we investigated the impact of social and physical stress on behavior in healthy young men. We found significant influences on various subjective increases in stress by physical and social stress, but no interaction effect. Cortisol was significantly increased by physical stress, and the heart rate was modulated by physical and social stress as well as their combination. Social anxiety modulated the subjective stress response but not the cortisol or heart rate response. With respect to behavior, our results show that social and physical stress interacted to modulate trust, trustworthiness, and sharing. While social stress and physical stress alone reduced prosocial behavior, a combination of the two stressor modalities could restore prosociality. Social stress alone reduced nonsocial risk behavior regardless of physical stress. Social anxiety was associated with higher subjective stress responses and higher levels of trust. As a consequence, future studies will need to investigate further various stressors and clarify their effects on social behavior in health and social anxiety disorders.

My study attempts to illustrate the generic development of the family novel in the second half of the twentieth century. At its beginning stands a preliminary classification of the various types of family fiction as they are referred to in secondary literature, which is then followed by a definition of the family novel proper. With its microscopic approach to novels featuring the American family and its (post-)postmodern variations, my study marks a first step into as yet uncharted territory. Assuming that the family novel has emerged as a result of the twentieth century's emphasis on the modern nuclear family, focuses on the family as a gestalt rather than on a single protagonist, and is concerned with issues of social and cultural significance, this study examines how the family, its forms and its conflicts are functionalized for the respective author's cultural critique. From post-war to post-millennium, family novelists have sketched the American family in various precarious conditions, and their texts are critical assessments of contemporary socioeconomic and cultural conditions. My close reading of John Cheever's The Wapshot Chronicle (1957), Don DeLillo's White Noise (1985) and Jonathan Franzen's The Corrections (2001) intends to reveal, shared values as well as significant differences on a formal as well as on a thematic level. As my examination of the respective novel shows, authors react to social and cultural change with new functionalizations of the family in fiction. Unlike the general assumption of literary crticism, family novels do not approach new cultural developments in a conventional or even traditionalist manner. A comparison of White Noise with The Wapshot Chronicle demonstrates that DeLillo's postmodern family novel transcends the rather nostalgic perspective of Cheever's 1950s work. Similarly, Jonathan Franzen's fin de millennium family novel The Corrections holds a post-postmodern position, which can be aptly described by Franzen's own term 'tragical realism'. The significant changes and developments of the family novel in the past five decades demonstrate the need for a continuous reassessment of the genre, and in this respect, my study is merely a beginning.

Startle reactions are fast, reflexive, and defensive responses which protect the body from injury in the face of imminent danger. The underlying reflex is basic and can be found in many species. Even though it consists of only a few synapses located in the brain stem, the startle reflex offers a valuable research method for human affective, cognitive, and psychological research. This is because of moderating effects of higher mental processes such as attention and emotion on the response magnitude: affective foreground stimulation and directed attention are validated paradigms in startle-related research. This work presents findings from three independent research studies that deal with (1) the application of the established "affective modulation of startle"-paradigm to the novel setting of attractiveness and human mating preferences, (2) the question of how different components of the startle response are affected by a physiological stressor and (3) how startle stimuli affect visual attention towards emotional stimuli. While the first two studies treat the startle response as a dependent variable by measuring its response magnitude, the third study uses startle stimuli as an experimental manipulation and investigates its potential effects on a behavioural measure. The first chapter of this thesis describes the basic mechanisms of the startle response as well as the body of research that sets the foundation of startle research in psychophysiology. It provides the rationale for the presented studies, and offers a short summary of the obtained results. Chapter two to four represent primary research articles that are published or in press. At the beginning of each chapter the contribution of all authors is explained. The references for all chapters are listed at the end of this thesis. The overall scope of this thesis is to show how the human startle response is modulated by a variety of factors, such as the attractiveness of a potential mating partner or the exposure to a stressor. In conclusion, the magnitude of the startle response can serve as a measure for such psychological states and processes. Beyond the involuntary, physiological startle reflex, startle stimuli also affect intentional behavioural responses, which we could demonstrate for eye movements in a visual attention paradigm.

Der digitale Fortschritt der vergangenen Jahrzehnte beruht zu einem großen Teil auf der Innovationskraft junger aufstrebender Unternehmen. Während diese Unternehmen auf der einen Seite ihr hohes Maß an Innovativität eint, entsteht für diese zeitgleich auch ein hoher Bedarf an finanziellen Mitteln, um ihre geplanten Innovations- und Wachstumsziele auch in die Tat umsetzen zu können. Da diese Unternehmen häufig nur wenige bis keine Unternehmenswerte, Umsätze oder auch Profitabilität vorweisen können, gestaltet sich die Aufnahme von externem Kapital häufig schwierig bis unmöglich. Aus diesem Umstand entstand in der Mitte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts das Geschäftsmodell der Risikofinanzierung, des sogenannten „Venture Capitals“. Dabei investieren Risikokapitalgeber in aussichtsreiche junge Unternehmen, unterstützen diese in ihrem Wachstum und verkaufen nach einer festgelegten Dauer ihre Unternehmensanteile, im Idealfall zu einem Vielfachen ihres ursprünglichen Wertes. Zahlreiche junge Unternehmen bewerben sich um Investitionen dieser Risikokapitalgeber, doch nur eine sehr geringe Zahl erhält diese auch. Um die aussichtsreichsten Unternehmen zu identifizieren, sichten die Investoren die Bewerbungen anhand verschiedener Kriterien, wodurch bereits im ersten Schritt der Bewerbungsphase zahlreiche Unternehmen aus dem Kreis potenzieller Investmentobjekte ausscheiden. Die bisherige Forschung diskutiert, welche Kriterien Investoren zu einer Investition bewegen. Daran anschließend verfolgt diese Dissertation das Ziel, ein tiefergehendes Verständnis darüber zu erlangen, welche Faktoren die Entscheidungsfindung der Investoren beeinflussen. Dabei wird vor allem auch untersucht, wie sich persönliche Faktoren der Investoren, sowie auch der Unternehmensgründer, auf die Investitionsentscheidung auswirken. Ergänzt werden diese Untersuchungen zudem durch die Analyse der Wirkung des digitalen Auftretens von Unternehmensgründern auf die Entscheidungsfindung von Risikokapitalgebern. Des Weiteren verfolgt diese Dissertation als zweites Ziel einen Erkenntnisgewinn über die Auswirkungen einer erfolgreichen Investition auf den Unternehmensgründer. Insgesamt umfasst diese Dissertation vier Studien, die im Folgenden näher beschrieben werden. In Kapitel 2 wird untersucht, inwiefern sich bestimmte Humankapitaleigenschaften des Investors auf dessen Entscheidungsverhalten auswirken. Mithilfe vorangegangener Interviews und Literaturrecherchen wurden insgesamt sieben Kriterien identifiziert, die Risikokapitalinvestoren in ihrer Entscheidungsfindung nutzen. Daraufhin nahmen 229 Investoren an einem Conjoint Experiment teil, mithilfe dessen gezeigt werden konnte, wie wichtig die jeweiligen Kriterien im Rahmen der Entscheidung sind. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei, wie sich die Wichtigkeit der Kriterien in Abhängigkeit der Humankapitaleigenschaften der Investoren unterscheiden. Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass sich die Wichtigkeit der Kriterien je nach Bildungshintergrund und Erfahrung der Investoren unterscheidet. So legen beispielsweise Investoren mit einem höheren Bildungsabschluss und Investoren mit unternehmerischer Erfahrung deutlich mehr Wert auf die internationale Skalierbarkeit der Unternehmen. Zudem unterscheidet sich die Wichtigkeit der Kriterien auch in Abhängigkeit der fachlichen Ausbildung. So legen etwa Investoren mit einer fachlichen Ausbildung in Naturwissenschaften einen deutlich stärkeren Fokus auf den Mehrwert des Produktes beziehungsweise der Dienstleistung. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass Investoren mit mehr Investitionserfahrung die Erfahrung des Managementteams wesentlich wichtiger einschätzen als Investoren mit geringerer Investitionserfahrung. Diese Ergebnisse ermöglichen es Unternehmensgründern ihre Bewerbungen um eine Risikokapitalfinanzierung zielgenauer auszurichten, etwa durch eine Analyse des beruflichen Hintergrunds der potentiellen Investoren und eine damit einhergehende Anpassung der Bewerbungsunterlagen, zum Beispiel durch eine stärkere Schwerpunktsetzung besonders relevanter Kriterien. Die in Kapitel 3 vorgestellte Studie bedient sich der Daten des gleichen Conjoint Experiments aus Kapitel 2, legt hierbei allerdings einen Fokus auf den Unterschied zwischen Investoren aus den USA und Investoren aus Kontinentaleuropa. Dazu wurden Subsamples kreiert, in denen 128 Experimentteilnehmer in den USA angesiedelt sind und 302 in Kontinentaleuropa. Die Analyse der Daten zeigt, dass US-amerikanische Investoren, im Vergleich zu Investoren in Kontinentaleuropa, einen signifikant stärkeren Fokus auf das Umsatzwachstum der Unternehmen legen. Zudem legen kontinentaleuropäische Investoren einen deutlich stärkeren Fokus auf die internationale Skalierbarkeit der Unternehmen. Um die Ergebnisse der Analyse besser interpretieren zu können, wurden diese im Anschluss mit vier amerikanischen und sieben europäischen Investoren diskutiert. Dabei bestätigen die europäischen Investoren die Wichtigkeit der hohen internationalen Skalierbarkeit aufgrund der teilweise geringen Größe europäischer Länder und dem damit zusammenhängenden Zwang, schnell international skalieren zu können, um so zufriedenstellende Wachstumsraten zu erreichen. Des Weiteren wurde der vergleichsweise geringere Fokus auf das Umsatzwachstum in Europa mit fehlenden Mitteln für eine schnelle Expansion begründet. Gleichzeitig wird der starke Fokus der US-amerikanischen Investoren auf Umsatzwachstum mit der höheren Tendenz zu einem Börsengang in den USA begründet, bei dem hohe Umsätze als Werttreiber dienen. Die Ergebnisse dieses Kapitels versetzen Unternehmensgründer in die Lage, ihre Bewerbung stärker an die wichtigsten Kriterien der potenziellen Investoren auszurichten, um so die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer erfolgreichen Investitionsentscheidung zu erhöhen. Des Weiteren bieten die Ergebnisse des Kapitels Investoren, die sich an grenzüberschreitenden syndizierten Investitionen beteiligen, die Möglichkeit, die Präferenzen der anderen Investoren besser zu verstehen und die Investitionskriterien besser auf potenzielle Partner abzustimmen. Kapitel 4 untersucht ob bestimmte Charaktereigenschaften des sogenannten Schumpeterschen Entrepreneurs einen Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines zweiten Risikokapitalinvestments haben. Dazu wurden von Gründern auf Twitter gepostete Nachrichten sowie Information von Investitionsrunden genutzt, die auf der Plattform Crunchbase zur Verfügung stehen. Insgesamt wurden mithilfe einer Textanalysesoftware mehr als zwei Millionen Tweets von 3313 Gründern analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Studie deuten an, dass einige Eigenschaften, die typisch für Schumpetersche Gründer sind, die Chancen für eine weitere Investition erhöhen, während andere keine oder negative Auswirkungen haben. So erhöhen Gründer, die auf Twitter einen starken Optimismus sowie ihre unternehmerische Vision zur Schau stellen die Chancen auf eine zweite Risikokapitalfinanzierung, gleichzeitig werden diese aber durch ein zu starkes Streben nach Erfolg reduziert. Diese Ergebnisse haben eine hohe praktische Relevanz für Unternehmensgründer, die sich auf der Suche nach Risikokapital befinden. Diese können dadurch ihr virtuelles Auftreten („digital identity“) zielgerichteter steuern, um so die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer weiteren Investition zu erhöhen. Abschließend wird in Kapitel 5 untersucht, wie sich die digitale Identität der Gründer verändert, nachdem diese eine erfolgreiche Risikokapitalinvestition erhalten haben. Dazu wurden sowohl Twitter-Daten als auch Crunchbase-Daten genutzt, die im Rahmen der Erstellung der Studie in Kapitel 4 erhoben wurden. Mithilfe von Textanalyse und Paneldatenregressionen wurden die Tweets von 2094 Gründern vor und nach Erhalt der Investition untersucht. Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass der Erhalt einer Risikokapitalinvestition das Selbstvertrauen, die positiven Emotionen, die Professionalisierung und die Führungsqualitäten der Gründer erhöhen. Gleichzeitig verringert sich allerdings die Authentizität der von den Gründern verfassten Nachrichten. Durch die Verwendung von Interaktionseffekten kann zudem gezeigt werden, dass die Steigerung des Selbstvertrauens positiv durch die Reputation des Investors moderiert wird, während die Höhe der Investition die Authentizität negativ moderiert. Investoren haben durch diese Erkenntnisse die Möglichkeit, den Weiterentwicklungsprozess der Gründer nach einer erfolgreichen Investition besser nachvollziehen zu können, wodurch sie in die Lage versetzt werden, die Aktivitäten ihrer Gründer auf Social Media Plattformen besser zu kontrollieren und im Bedarfsfall bei ihrer Anpassung zu unterstützen. Die in den Kapiteln 2 bis 5 vorgestellten Studien dieser Dissertation tragen damit zu einem besseren Verständnis der Entscheidungsfindung im Venture Capital Prozess bei. Der bisherige Stand der Forschung wird um Erkenntnisse erweitert, die sowohl den Einfluss der Eigenschaften der Investoren als auch der Gründer betreffen. Zudem wird auch gezeigt, wie sich die Investition auf den Gründer selbst auswirken kann. Die Implikationen der Ergebnisse, sowie Limitationen und Möglichkeiten künftiger Forschung werden in Kapitel 6 näher beschrieben. Da die in dieser Dissertation verwendeten Methoden und Daten erst seit wenigen Jahren im Kontext der Venture Capital Forschung genutzt werden, beziehungsweise überhaupt verfügbar sind, bietet sie sich als eine Grundlage für weitere Forschung an.

In splitting theory of locally convex spaces we investigate evaluable characterizations of the pairs (E, X) of locally convex spaces such that each exact sequence 0 -> X -> G -> E -> 0 of locally convex spaces splits, i.e. either X -&gt; G has a continuous linear left inverse or G -> E has a continuous linear right inverse. In the thesis at hand we deal with splitting of short exact sequences of so-called PLH spaces, which are defined as projective limits of strongly reduced spectra of strong duals of Fréchet-Hilbert spaces. This class of locally convex spaces contains most of the spaces of interest for application in the theory of partial differential operators as the space of Schwartz distributions , the space of real analytic functions and various spaces of ultradifferentiable functions and ultradistributions. It also contains non-Schwartz spaces as B(2,k,loc)(Ω) and spaces of smooth and square integrable functions that are not covered by the current theory for PLS spaces. We prove a complete characterizations of the above problem in the case of X being a PLH space and E either being a Fréchet-Hilbert space or a strong dual of one by conditions of type (T ). To this end, we establish the full homological toolbox of Yoneda Ext functors in exact categories for the category of PLH spaces including the long exact sequence, which in particular involves a thorough discussion of the proper concept of exactness. Furthermore, we exhibit the connection to the parameter dependence problem via the Hilbert tensor product for hilbertizable locally convex spaces. We show that the Hilbert tensor product of two PLH spaces is again a PLH space which in particular proves the positive answer to Grothendieck- problème des topologies. In addition to that we give a complete characterization of the vanishing of the first derivative of the functor proj for tensorized PLH spectra if one of the PLH spaces E and X meets some nuclearity assumptions. To apply our results to concrete cases we establish sufficient conditions of (DN)-(Ω) type and apply them to the parameter dependence problem for partial differential operators with constant coefficients on B(2,k,loc)(Ω) spaces as well as to the smooth and square integrable parameter dependence problem. Concluding we give a complete solution of all the problems under consideration for PLH spaces of Köthe type.