Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Dissertation (341) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (341) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Stress (24)
- Optimierung (17)
- Hydrocortison (13)
- Modellierung (11)
- Fernerkundung (10)
- Deutschland (9)
- cortisol (9)
- stress (9)
- Cortisol (8)
- Finanzierung (8)
- Partielle Differentialgleichung (7)
- Stressreaktion (7)
- Amtliche Statistik (6)
- Approximation (6)
- Englisch (6)
- Entrepreneurship (6)
- Motivation (6)
- Neuroendokrines System (6)
- Physiologische Psychologie (6)
- Funktionalanalysis (5)
- Japan (5)
- Kognition (5)
- Shape Optimization (5)
- Statistik (5)
- Stichprobe (5)
- Analysis (4)
- Approximationstheorie (4)
- Aufmerksamkeit (4)
- China (4)
- Depression (4)
- Elektroencephalographie (4)
- Europäische Union (4)
- Familienbetrieb (4)
- Funktionelle NMR-Tomographie (4)
- Funktionentheorie (4)
- Gestaltoptimierung (4)
- Knowledge (4)
- Mathematik (4)
- Meta-Analysis (4)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (4)
- Nichtlineare Optimierung (4)
- Numerische Strömungssimulation (4)
- Psychotherapie (4)
- Remote Sensing (4)
- Risikokapital (4)
- Schätzung (4)
- Simulation (4)
- Therapieerfolg (4)
- Unternehmen (4)
- Wissen (4)
- fMRI (4)
- remote sensing (4)
- survey statistics (4)
- Affekt (3)
- Aggression (3)
- Aktienmarkt (3)
- Algorithmus (3)
- Biomonitoring (3)
- Crowdfunding (3)
- Einstellung (3)
- Erhebungsverfahren (3)
- Gedächtnis (3)
- Gehirn (3)
- Geschlechtsunterschied (3)
- Gesundheit (3)
- Hadamard product (3)
- Hydrologie (3)
- Immunsystem (3)
- Individuum (3)
- Investor (3)
- Kanada (3)
- Kombinatorische Optimierung (3)
- Kompositionsoperator (3)
- Landwirtschaft (3)
- Lernen (3)
- Literatur (3)
- Maschinelles Lernen (3)
- Meereis (3)
- Navier-Stokes-Gleichung (3)
- Numerische Mathematik (3)
- Operatortheorie (3)
- Optimale Kontrolle (3)
- Parameterschätzung (3)
- Partnerwahl (3)
- Persönlichkeitsstörung (3)
- Psychobiologie (3)
- Quadratische Optimierung (3)
- Regressionsmodell (3)
- Remote sensing (3)
- Satellitenfernerkundung (3)
- Schmerz (3)
- Schätztheorie (3)
- Selbstbild (3)
- Selbstregulation (3)
- Sequentielle quadratische Optimierung (3)
- Taiwan (3)
- USA (3)
- Universalität (3)
- Unternehmensgründung (3)
- Visualisierung (3)
- behavioral genetics (3)
- optimal control (3)
- proper orthogonal decomposition (3)
- 20th Century (2)
- Abfluss (2)
- Abfrageverarbeitung (2)
- Adjungierte Differentialgleichung (2)
- Aerodynamic Design (2)
- Affektive Bindung (2)
- Anlageverhalten (2)
- Arbeitsplatz (2)
- Asien (2)
- Automatentheorie (2)
- Beschäftigung (2)
- Big Data (2)
- Binomialverteilung (2)
- Biogeographie (2)
- Bodenverschmutzung (2)
- Brustkrebs (2)
- Calibration (2)
- Chinesisch (2)
- Cluster-Analyse (2)
- Datenassimilation (2)
- Datenerhebung (2)
- Deep learning (2)
- Discrete optimization (2)
- Distractor-Response Binding (2)
- Diversifikation (2)
- Dopamin (2)
- Elektroencephalogramm (2)
- Emotion (2)
- Emotionales Verhalten (2)
- Emotionsregulation (2)
- Entrepreneurial Finance (2)
- Entscheidungsfindung (2)
- Ereigniskorreliertes Potenzial (2)
- Essstörung (2)
- Europa (2)
- Europe (2)
- Evaluation (2)
- Evaluative Konditionierung (2)
- Fallbasiertes Schließen (2)
- Family firm (2)
- Fibromyalgie (2)
- Finanzierungsmuster (2)
- Frau (2)
- GPU (2)
- Gefühl (2)
- Geldpolitik (2)
- Genetik (2)
- Genetische Variabilität (2)
- Genexpression (2)
- Germany (2)
- Glucocorticosteroide (2)
- Glucocorticosteroidrezeptor (2)
- Gravity Model (2)
- Gravitätsmodell (2)
- HPA (2)
- HPA axis (2)
- Hadamard, Jacques (2)
- Hadamardprodukt (2)
- Handlungsorientierung (2)
- Haushalt (2)
- Hochschule (2)
- Homologische Algebra (2)
- Hybrid entrepreneurship (2)
- Hyperzyklizität (2)
- Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Achse (2)
- Identität (2)
- Information (2)
- Insulin (2)
- Internet (2)
- Interozeption (2)
- Investitionsentscheidung (2)
- Kapitalstruktur (2)
- Klimaänderung (2)
- Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (2)
- Konvexe Optimierung (2)
- Landdegradation (2)
- Landsat (2)
- Laptewsee (2)
- Learning (2)
- Leistungsmotivation (2)
- Lyrik (2)
- Matching (2)
- Memory (2)
- Messung (2)
- Metaanalyse (2)
- Methode (2)
- Mittelmeerraum (2)
- Mittelstand (2)
- Mixed-integer optimization (2)
- Monitoring (2)
- Navier-Stokes equations (2)
- Neuronales Netz (2)
- Nichtkonvexe Optimierung (2)
- Niederschlag (2)
- Numerical Optimization (2)
- Näherungsverfahren (2)
- OBDD (2)
- OBDDs (2)
- Official Statistics (2)
- One-Shot (2)
- Operations Research (2)
- Parameteridentifikation (2)
- Phänologie (2)
- Polynja (2)
- Polynya (2)
- Portfoliomanagement (2)
- Private Equity (2)
- Prognose (2)
- Psychotherapeut (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Risikofaktor (2)
- Räumliche Statistik (2)
- Salamander (2)
- Schizophrenie (2)
- Schreckreaktion (2)
- Schätzfunktion (2)
- Schüler (2)
- Selbsteinschätzung (2)
- Self-Regulation (2)
- Shape Spaces (2)
- Social entrepreneurship (2)
- Southeast Asia (2)
- Sozialpsychologie (2)
- Stiftungsunternehmen (2)
- Stimme (2)
- Stressor (2)
- Struktur (2)
- Strömungsmechanik (2)
- Synchronisierung (2)
- Teilzeitselbstständigkeit (2)
- Thailand (2)
- Therapieabbruch (2)
- Topologieoptimierung (2)
- Trust-Region-Algorithmus (2)
- Umfrage (2)
- Umweltüberwachung (2)
- Universität (2)
- Unsicherheit (2)
- Unternehmenskauf (2)
- Unternehmenswachstum (2)
- Unternehmernachfolge (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vegetatives Nervensystem (2)
- Venture Capital (2)
- Verhalten (2)
- Verhaltensökonomie (2)
- Visualization (2)
- Vorwissen (2)
- Wachstum (2)
- Wirtschaft (2)
- Wirtschaftspolitik (2)
- Wissenserwerb (2)
- Wissensgraph (2)
- Wohlbefinden (2)
- Zeitreihe (2)
- Zuhause (2)
- academic self-concept (2)
- affective startle modulation (2)
- alternative Transkriptionsvarianten (2)
- alternative transcription variant (2)
- attitudes (2)
- binomial (2)
- data assimilation (2)
- dopamine (2)
- empirical taxonomy (2)
- evaluative conditioning (2)
- fibromyalgia (2)
- financing patterns (2)
- functional analysis (2)
- glucocorticoid receptor (2)
- immune system (2)
- lacunary approximation (2)
- mating preferences (2)
- numerical analysis (2)
- official statistics (2)
- pain (2)
- para-Phenylendiamin (PPD) (2)
- partial integro-differential equations (2)
- selective attention (2)
- shape optimization (2)
- small area estimation (2)
- structured products (2)
- universality (2)
- Ökologie (2)
- Ökonometrisches Modell (2)
- Ökosystemdienstleistung (2)
- (ADHD (1)
- (general) boustrophedon (returning) finite automata (1)
- (general) jumping finite automata (1)
- (regular : regular) array grammars (1)
- (regulär: regulär) Array-Grammati (1)
- 15N (1)
- 20. Jh. (1)
- 2D DIGE (1)
- 5' UTR (1)
- ACC (1)
- AFLP (1)
- ANS (1)
- APSIM model (1)
- APSIM-Modell (1)
- APT (1)
- ASEAN (1)
- ASEAN Plus Three (1)
- Abbruchregel (1)
- Abfall (1)
- Ablagerung (1)
- Abundanz (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Academic Achievement (1)
- Acetylcholin (1)
- Achtsamkeit (1)
- Action control (1)
- Action vs. State Orientation (1)
- Adaptive Cluster Sampling (1)
- Adaptives System (1)
- Adaptives Verfahren (1)
- Adaptivregelung (1)
- Adjoint Equation (1)
- Adjoint Method (1)
- Adjoint Methods (1)
- Adoption (1)
- Affect (1)
- Affektive Schreckreiz-Modulation (1)
- Affektive Startle Modulation (1)
- African American Literature (1)
- African American Satire (1)
- Afroamerikanische Literatur (1)
- Age Diversity (1)
- Ageing Workforce (1)
- Ah-Rezeptor (1)
- AhR (1)
- Airline (1)
- Aktienanlage (1)
- Aktienbörse (1)
- Aktienrendite (1)
- Akzeptanz (1)
- Alar (1)
- Algorithmische Lerntheorie (1)
- Allokation (1)
- Allozym-Elektrophorese (1)
- Alternierende Projektionen (1)
- Aluminiumindustrie (1)
- Ambivalence (1)
- Ambivalenz (1)
- American (1)
- Amnestie (1)
- Amortisierte Laufzeitanalyse (1)
- Amortized run time analysis (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analysis on fractals (1)
- Analytisches Funktional (1)
- Angola (1)
- Angststörung (1)
- Anime (1)
- Annäherung (1)
- Annäherungs-Vermeidungs-Motivation (1)
- Anonymisierung (1)
- Anstrengung (1)
- Antarktis (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
- Antibiotikum (1)
- Anurans (1)
- Aposeris foetida (1)
- Approach-avoidance motivation (1)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (1)
- Arbeitslosenversicherung (1)
- Arbeitsweg (1)
- Arbeitsökonomie (1)
- Arbitrage-Pricing-Theorie (1)
- Arctic (1)
- Arealgrenzen (1)
- Arktis (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Artificial Neural Network (1)
- Arzneimittel (1)
- Arztserie (1)
- Ascaridol (1)
- Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asia Pacific (1)
- Assistance System (1)
- Association of South-East Asian Nations (1)
- Assoziatives Lernen (1)
- Atmosphärische Grenzschicht (1)
- Attitude Formation (1)
- Audiovisuelle Medien (1)
- Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom (1)
- Aufsatzsammlung (1)
- Ausdehnungsoperator (1)
- Ausgangssperre (1)
- Ausländische Direktinvestitionen (1)
- Auslöschung (1)
- Auslöser (1)
- Australian Literature (1)
- Australien <Nordost> (1)
- Autismus (1)
- Autobiographie (1)
- Automata Theory (1)
- Automation of Simulation (1)
- Autonomie (1)
- Außenhandel (1)
- Außenpolitik (1)
- Außenwirtschaft (1)
- BAYES (1)
- BMAP (1)
- Banach Algebras (1)
- Banach space (1)
- Banach-Algebra (1)
- Banach-Raum (1)
- Bankenkrise (1)
- Banking Crises (1)
- Baroreflex (1)
- Bauchfett (1)
- Baumart (1)
- Baumwollpflanze (1)
- Bayes (1)
- Bayes-Inferenz (1)
- Bayes-Regel (1)
- Bayesian analysis (1)
- Bayesianische Analyse (1)
- Bedingte logistische Regression (1)
- Bedrohung (1)
- Bedürfnisbefriedigung (1)
- Begabtenförderung (1)
- Behalten (1)
- Behandlungstechnologien (1)
- Belt and Road Initiative (1)
- Benzo[a]pyrene (1)
- Berechnungskomplexität (1)
- Bergman space (1)
- Berry-Esseen (1)
- Berufstätigkeit (1)
- Beteiligungsfinanzierung (1)
- Bethell (1)
- Beurteilungsfehler (1)
- Bevölkerungsökonomie (1)
- Beweidung (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Bewältigung (1)
- Beziehung (1)
- Bhagavad Gita (1)
- Bias-Korrektur (1)
- Big Five personality traits (1)
- Bildungsökonomik (1)
- Bildverarbeitung (1)
- Binge-eating Disorder (1)
- Binomial (1)
- Bioakkumulation (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Bioindication (1)
- Bioindikation (1)
- Biological control (1)
- Biologischer Pflanzenschutz (1)
- Biomasse (1)
- Bipolar Disorder (1)
- Bipolare Störung (1)
- Birth weight (1)
- Blattflächenindex (1)
- Blinkreflex (1)
- Blinzelreflex (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenaggregate (1)
- Bodenmikrobiologie (1)
- Bodenpilze (1)
- Bodentiere (1)
- Bodenwiderstand (1)
- Borderline Personality Disorder (1)
- Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (1)
- Brackwasser (1)
- Brain (1)
- Branch-and-Bound-Methode (1)
- Branching Diffusion (1)
- Bregman distance (1)
- Bregman-Distanz (1)
- Brownian Motion (1)
- Brownsche Bewegung (1)
- Brutpflege (1)
- Buehler, Robert J. (1)
- Bulimie (1)
- Burnout (1)
- Burnout-Syndrom (1)
- Business data (1)
- Bündel-Methode (1)
- C15orf53 (1)
- CASL (1)
- CBG (1)
- CBT (1)
- CC-Chemokinrezeptor 2 (CCR2) (1)
- CCR2 (1)
- COMT Val158Met (1)
- COSMO-CLM (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CPI; revision; substitution bias; distortion; official statistics; terms of trade; time series; free digital products; consumer value; count models (1)
- Canadian Literature (1)
- Cancellation (1)
- Capital structure (1)
- Carcinogenese (1)
- Care (1)
- Carrier-Proteine (1)
- Cash holdings (1)
- Catecholmethyltransferase <Catechol-0-Methyltransferase> (1)
- Cauchy transforms (1)
- Cauchy-Transformierte (1)
- Cech cohomology of leafwise constant functions (1)
- Cech-de Rham cohomology (1)
- Census (1)
- Central Nervous System (1)
- Chain Hotel (1)
- Chaotisches System (1)
- Characteristic (1)
- Cheever, John (1)
- Chemische Kommunikation (1)
- China (Nordwest) (1)
- Chinesen (1)
- Chinesisch-kanadische Literatur (1)
- Chlorophyll (1)
- Chromosom 15 (1)
- Chromosom 22 (1)
- Cingulum (1)
- Cingulum Cerebri (1)
- Client-server-Konzept (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Cluster Datenanalyse (1)
- Coastal Erosion (1)
- Codebuch (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cold Pressor Test (1)
- Collexeme Analysis (1)
- Column generation (1)
- Combinatorial Optimization (1)
- Common Liability (1)
- Common Noise (1)
- Complex survey data (1)
- Composition algebra (1)
- Composition operator (1)
- Computation and Language (1)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (1)
- Computational Statistics (1)
- Computational complexity (1)
- Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (1)
- Computerspiel (1)
- Computerunterstützte Kommunikation (1)
- Conceptual Endophenotypes (1)
- Conduct disorder (1)
- Constraint-Erfüllung (1)
- Constraints to Growth (1)
- Construal Level Theorie (1)
- Construal Level Theory (1)
- Construction Grammar (1)
- Consumer confidence (1)
- Consumer need for uniqueness (1)
- Contemporary Anglo-Canadian Literature (1)
- Convergence (1)
- Coposititive, Infinite Dimension (1)
- Corporate Governance (1)
- Corticosteroid-bindendes Globulin (1)
- Corticosteroidrezeptor (1)
- Cortisol-Aufwach-Reaktion (1)
- Couple constraints (1)
- Covid-19 Lockdowns (1)
- Cross-border Investment (1)
- Crowdinvesting (1)
- Cuvelai Etoscha Becken (1)
- Cuvelai Etosha-basin (1)
- Cytokine (1)
- DDT (1)
- DSGE (1)
- Darlehen (1)
- Das circadiane System (1)
- Data anonymization (1)
- Datenfusion (1)
- Datenspeicherung (1)
- Datenstruktur (1)
- DeLillo, Don (1)
- Debugging (1)
- Decision-making behavior (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Dekomposition (1)
- Demokratie (1)
- Demökologie (1)
- Density Estimation (1)
- Deposit (1)
- Derivat <Wertpapier> (1)
- Detektion (1)
- Deutsch (1)
- Deutschland, Bundesrepublik (1)
- Deutschland, DDR (1)
- Development (1)
- Development Economics (1)
- Diagnostische Urteilskompetenz (1)
- Diaspora (1)
- Die Korrekturen (1)
- Dienstleistungsinnovation (1)
- Difference (1)
- Differentialgeometrie (1)
- Differentialgleichung (1)
- Differentielle Genexpression (1)
- Diffusionsprozess (1)
- Digital transformation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Directed Graphs (1)
- Direkte numerische Simulation (1)
- Disambiguierung von Personennamen (1)
- Discontinuous Galerkin (1)
- Discrete Optimization, Linear Programming, Integer Programming, Extended Formulation, Graph Theory, Branch & Bound (1)
- Discrete-Time Impulse Control (1)
- Diskontinuierliche Galerkin-Methode (1)
- Diskretisierung (1)
- Diskriminierung (1)
- Diskursanalyse (1)
- Dispersal (1)
- Distraktor-Reaktionsbindung (1)
- Distraktor-Verarbeitung (1)
- Distraktorverarbeitung (1)
- Distributed Systems (1)
- Distribution (1)
- Dokumentverarbeitung (1)
- Domain Decomposition (1)
- Dose-response relationship (1)
- Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung (1)
- Drift (1)
- Drohung (1)
- Dynamic Capabilities (1)
- Dynamische Modellierung (1)
- E-marketing (1)
- EEG (1)
- ERP (1)
- EU Taxonomy (1)
- Early warning signals (1)
- East Asia (1)
- Ecological Momentary Assessment (1)
- Ecosystem Services (1)
- Ecosystem services (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Edmond (1)
- Effektivität (1)
- Ehescheidung (1)
- Eigenschaft (1)
- Eigenschaften der vorbehandelte Abfälle (1)
- Eindruck (1)
- Einfluss (1)
- Einkommensverteilung (1)
- Einstellungsforschung (1)
- Einwanderung (1)
- Einzelinvestor (1)
- Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Eisbildung (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eiszeit (1)
- Elektroenzephalogramm (1)
- Elektrokardiogramm (1)
- Elektronische Bibliothek (1)
- Ellesmere Island (1)
- Eltern (1)
- Empirische Taxonomy (1)
- Endemic Centre (1)
- Endemitenzentren (1)
- Energiemarkt (1)
- Energy markets (1)
- Entfremdung (1)
- Entire Function (1)
- Entsalzung (1)
- Entscheidung (1)
- Entscheidung bei Risiko (1)
- Entscheidung bei Unsicherheit (1)
- Entscheidungsverhalten (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Entwicklungspolitik (1)
- Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (1)
- Environmental Monitoring (1)
- Enzyme (1)
- Epigenetik (1)
- Epistemology of Simulation (1)
- Equilibrium computation (1)
- Equity Crowdfunding (1)
- Equity Premium Puzzle (1)
- Erbkrankheit (1)
- Erde (1)
- Ereigniskorreliertes Potential (1)
- Erfahrungsbreite (1)
- Ergussgestein (1)
- Erosion (1)
- Erregung (1)
- Error function (1)
- Ersatzmodellierung (1)
- Erwarteter Nutzen (1)
- Erweiterung (1)
- Erwerbstätigkeitsstatistik (1)
- Erzbergbau (1)
- Essverhalten (1)
- Ethnische Identität (1)
- Eugenol (1)
- Eulerian trails (1)
- Euro <Währung> (1)
- European Union (1)
- Europäische Union Verordnung zur Überprüfung ausländischer Direktinvestitionen (1)
- Eutrophierung (1)
- Evapotranspiration (1)
- Event file (1)
- Event-File (1)
- Exact Algorithms (1)
- Exakte Algorithmen (1)
- Exchange Rates (1)
- Exekuitive Funktion (1)
- Exekutive Funktionen (1)
- Existence (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung (1)
- Experiments, Teamwork, Fundraising, Privacy Concerns (1)
- Expertise (1)
- Exponental time algorithms (1)
- Exponentialzeit Algorithmen (1)
- Extensionsoperatoren (1)
- Extraversion (1)
- Extremwert (1)
- Extremwertanalyse (1)
- F0 (1)
- FKBP51 (1)
- Faber operator, Faber set, Polynomial approximation, Harmonic approximation, Dirichlet-problem (1)
- Faber-Operator, Faber-Menge, Polynomielle Approximation, Harmonische Approximation, Dirichlet-Problem (1)
- Fahrassistenzsystem (1)
- Faltungsoperator (1)
- Familienroman (1)
- Familienunternehmen (1)
- Family business (1)
- Fan (1)
- Fantasy (1)
- Faunal migration (1)
- Faunenmigration (1)
- Fear (1)
- Fehleranalyse (1)
- Fehlerfunktion (1)
- Fehlzeiten (1)
- Feinkartierung (1)
- Fernsehen (1)
- Fertilitätsstörung (1)
- Fettsucht (1)
- Fetus (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Fichte (1)
- Film (1)
- Financial Cycle (1)
- Financing SMEs (1)
- Finanzmathematik (1)
- Finanzzyklus (1)
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (1)
- Firm performance (1)
- Firm survival (1)
- Fish (1)
- Fiskalpolitik (1)
- Fissurisation (1)
- Fjord (1)
- Flechten (1)
- Fledermäuse (1)
- Flexibilität (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Food pictures (1)
- Foreign Direct Investment (1)
- Foreign Exchange Reserves (1)
- Forest hydrology (1)
- Formal Verification (1)
- Formal languages (1)
- Formenräume (1)
- Formoptimierung (1)
- Forschung (1)
- Forst (1)
- Fragebogen (1)
- Fragmentation of Production (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Fraktal (1)
- Frame Mathematik (1)
- Franzen, Jonathan (1)
- Frauenlyrik (1)
- Fremdsprachenlernen (1)
- Fremdstoffmetabolismus (1)
- Frequenzbandkopplungen (1)
- Froschlurche (1)
- Fréchet-Algebra (1)
- Functional soil biodiversity (1)
- Functor (1)
- Fungizid (1)
- Funktionelle Biodiversität (1)
- Funktionelle Kernspintomographie (1)
- Funktor (1)
- Furcht (1)
- Fähigkeitsselbstkonzepte (1)
- Führungskraft (1)
- GR (1)
- Ganzzahlige Optimierung (1)
- Gas Chromatography (1)
- Gasaustausch (1)
- Gaussian measures (1)
- Gauß-Maß (1)
- Gebietszerlegung (1)
- Gebietszerlegungsmethode (1)
- Gebirgswald (1)
- Gedächtnisrepräsentation (1)
- Gefühlsreaktion (1)
- Gegenstimulation (1)
- Gemischt-ganzzahlige Optimierung (1)
- Genanalyse (1)
- Gender (1)
- Generalized Variance Functions (1)
- Generationsbeziehung (1)
- Genesung (1)
- Genre (1)
- Geodatenverarbeitung (1)
- Geoinformation Processing (1)
- Geowissenschaften (1)
- Gerichteter Graph (1)
- Geschichte 2500 v. Chr.-2000 (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Geschlechterrolle Motiv (1)
- Gesundheitsökonomie (1)
- Getreide (1)
- Gewalt (1)
- Gewerkschaft (1)
- Girls Love (1)
- Gittererzeugung (1)
- Glaziale Refugien (1)
- Gleichgewichtstheorie (1)
- Globale Konvergenz (1)
- Globale Optimierung (1)
- Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) (1)
- Glucocorticoidrezeptor (1)
- Glucocorticoids (1)
- Glukokortikoidrezeptor (1)
- Graph Minors (1)
- Graph Rewriting (1)
- Graph Visualization (1)
- Graphen mit Eulerschen Pfaden (1)
- Graphentheorie (1)
- Graphikprozessor (1)
- Graphvisualisierung (1)
- Greedy-Algorithmus (1)
- Green Finance (1)
- Grey's Anatomy (1)
- Griechenland (1)
- Großbritannien (1)
- Grundfrequenz (1)
- Grundschullehrer (1)
- Grundwasserbildung (1)
- Grundwasserstrom (1)
- Gruppe (1)
- Gruppierung (1)
- Grönland (1)
- Gründerinnen (1)
- Gyrifikation (1)
- Gärung (1)
- HPA-Achse (1)
- HPC (1)
- Habitatfragmentierung (1)
- Habituation (1)
- Hadamard cycle (1)
- Hadamardzyklus (1)
- Haftung (1)
- Handel (1)
- Handelsgeschäft (1)
- Handlungsregulation (1)
- Handlungstheorie (1)
- Hapten (1)
- Hardy space (1)
- Hassler Whitney (1)
- Hauptkomponentenanalyse (1)
- Haut (1)
- Hautzelle (1)
- Health Literacy (1)
- Heimat (1)
- Hemisphärendominanz (1)
- Hemopump (1)
- Herzkrankheit (1)
- Heteronormativity (1)
- Heteronormativität Motiv (1)
- Heuschrecken (1)
- Hidden Champions (1)
- Higher Education (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- Hippocampus Aktivierung (1)
- Hippocampus Atrophie (1)
- Hippocampus Volumen (1)
- Hirnforschung (1)
- Hirnfunktion (1)
- Hochmoorgelbling (1)
- Hochwasser (1)
- Human (1)
- Humangenetik (1)
- Humankapital (1)
- Humus (1)
- Hybrid Modelling (1)
- Hybridisierung (1)
- Hydrodynamik (1)
- Hydrological Modeling (1)
- Hypercyclicity (1)
- Hypergeometrische Funktionen (1)
- Hyperlink-Proposals (1)
- Hyperspectral (1)
- Hyperspektraldaten (1)
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (1)
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (1)
- Hypothesis Testing (1)
- Höhle (1)
- Ice production (1)
- Identity (1)
- Identitätsentwicklung (1)
- Identitätsfindung (1)
- Illegale Einwanderung (1)
- Image Processing (1)
- Imagination (1)
- Immunfunktion (1)
- Immunisation (1)
- Immunisierung (1)
- Immunoglobulin (1)
- Impact Investing (1)
- Implizites Lernen (1)
- Implizites Motiv (1)
- Implizites Sequenzlernen (1)
- Implizites Wissen (1)
- Impulsivität (1)
- In aller Freundschaft (1)
- In-vitro-Kultur (1)
- Indian Philosophy (1)
- Indien (1)
- Individualisierte Medizin (1)
- Individuenbasiertes Modell (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Indonesien (1)
- Induktiver Limes (1)
- Industrielle Beziehungen (1)
- Industriepolitik (1)
- Information Seeking (1)
- Information Visualization (1)
- Informationsverarbeitung (1)
- Informationsverhalten (1)
- Informationsvisualisierung (1)
- Infrarot (1)
- Infusion (1)
- Inhalation (1)
- Inhalation Toxicology (1)
- Inhibition (1)
- Inhibitorische Kontrolle (1)
- Inkongruenz (1)
- Innere-Punkte-Methode (1)
- Innovation (1)
- Insektizid (1)
- Insel-Verdriftungen (1)
- Instruktion (1)
- Integraloperator (1)
- Integrated Circuits (1)
- Integration (1)
- Integration <Politik> (1)
- Integrierbarkeit (1)
- Integrodifferentialgleichung (1)
- Intelligenz (1)
- Intention Enactment (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- Intergenerational knowledge transfer (1)
- Interkulturalität (1)
- International Trade (1)
- Internet statistics (1)
- Internetdienst (1)
- Interoception (1)
- Interpersonal conflict (1)
- Intersektionalität (1)
- Intervallalgebra (1)
- Intranasal insulin (1)
- Intrusionen (1)
- Investition (1)
- Investmentfonds (1)
- Investorenkommunikation (1)
- Iran (1)
- Iron (1)
- Island-drifts (1)
- Isoeugenol (1)
- J.C. (1)
- Jahrtausendwende (1)
- Jamsession (1)
- Japanese popular culture (1)
- Japanese studies (1)
- Japanologie (1)
- Japanology (1)
- Jazz (1)
- Jonathan Franzen (1)
- Junge Frau (1)
- KMU (1)
- KMU-Finanzierung (1)
- Kaltwasserstresstest (1)
- Kaltwasssertest (1)
- Kanadische Literatur (1)
- Kanadistik (1)
- Kapitalanlage (1)
- Kapitalertrag (1)
- Karbon (1)
- Kartierung (1)
- Kassenhaltung (1)
- Kegel (1)
- Keratiniozyten (1)
- Keratinocytes (1)
- Kernspintomographie (1)
- Kieselerden (1)
- Kind (1)
- Klassiche Lidschlagkonditionierung (1)
- Klassische Konditionierung (1)
- Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (1)
- Kleinman (1)
- Klient (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimamodell (1)
- Koerperwahrnehmung (1)
- Kognitive Entwicklung (1)
- Kognitive Kompetenz (1)
- Kognitive Psychologie (1)
- Kognitive Psychotherapie (1)
- Kohlendioxidsenke (1)
- Kom (1)
- Kommunikation (1)
- Komplexe Netzwerke (1)
- Komplexe Systeme (1)
- Komplexität (1)
- Komplikation (1)
- Kompositionsalgebra (1)
- Konditionierung (1)
- Konfidenzbereich (1)
- Konfliktregelung (1)
- Konfluente hypergeometrische Funktion (1)
- Konservierende Bodenbearbeitung (1)
- Konsumentenvertrauen (1)
- Kontaktdermatitis (1)
- Kontrastive Linguistik (1)
- Kontrollierte Therapiestudie (1)
- Kontrolltheorie (1)
- Konvektions-Diffusionsgleichung (1)
- Konvergenz (1)
- Konvergenztheorie (1)
- Konzeptuelle Endophänotypen (1)
- Kopplungs- und Mutationsanalysen (1)
- Kortex (1)
- Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse (1)
- Kriging (1)
- Krylov subspace methods (1)
- Krylov-Verfahren (1)
- Kultur (1)
- Kulturvergleich (1)
- Kurtosis (1)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (1)
- Küstenmeer (1)
- LAI (1)
- LB-Algebra (1)
- Labour economics (1)
- Lagerung (1)
- Land Degradation (1)
- Landnutzung (1)
- Landsat-8 OLI (1)
- Langeweile (1)
- Laplace-Differentialgleichung (1)
- Laptev Sea (1)
- Laptev See (1)
- Later-stage ventures (1)
- Lauris (1)
- Leaf Area Index (1)
- League of Legends (1)
- Lebensereignis (1)
- Lebenskrise (1)
- Lebensplan (1)
- Lebensqualität (1)
- Lebenszyklusanalyse (1)
- Legalisierung (1)
- Leistungsmessung (1)
- Leistungstest (1)
- Level Set Methode (1)
- Level constraints (1)
- Lexikologie (1)
- Lexikostatistik (1)
- Lichens (1)
- Lidar (1)
- Life Cycle Assessment (1)
- Liminalität (1)
- Lineare Dynamik (1)
- Linguistik (1)
- Literaturproduktion (1)
- Logischer Entwurf (1)
- Lohnfortzahlung (1)
- Luftverschmutzung (1)
- Lunge (1)
- Luxemburg (1)
- Lymphozyt (1)
- Lückenapproximation (1)
- M&A decision criteria (1)
- M&A process (1)
- MALDI-TOF MS (1)
- MBA-Technologie (1)
- MBT technology (1)
- MCP-1 (1)
- MLC1 (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MR (1)
- Machine Learning (1)
- Macht (1)
- Macroeconomics (1)
- Mais (1)
- Makrophage (1)
- Makroökonomisches Modell (1)
- Manga (1)
- Mangrove (1)
- Marke (1)
- Marketing (1)
- Markov Inkrement (1)
- Markov Jump Process (1)
- Markov-Kette (1)
- Markov-Prozess (1)
- Marktführer (1)
- Marktmechanismus (1)
- Mary (1)
- Maskerade <Motiv> (1)
- Maskerade von Charakter und Text (1)
- Masquerade of Characters and Text (1)
- Mass Customization (1)
- Massendaten (1)
- Matching polytope (1)
- Mathematische Lerntheorie (1)
- Matrixcone (1)
- Matrixzerlegung (1)
- Matroidtheorie (1)
- Mean Field Games (1)
- Measure & Conquer (1)
- Mechanical and biological treatment (1)
- Mechanisch-biologische Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Mechanisch-biologische Verfahren (1)
- Mechanische Eigenschaft (1)
- Mechanismen (1)
- Mechanismus-Design-Theorie (1)
- Medien (1)
- Medienwissenschaft (1)
- Mediterrane Rangelands (1)
- Mediterranean (1)
- Mediterranean Rangelands (1)
- Mehrgitterverfahren (1)
- Mellin transformation (1)
- Mellin-Transformierte (1)
- Mensch (1)
- Menschenbild (1)
- Menstruationszyklus (1)
- Mergelyan (1)
- Mesh Generation (1)
- Mesh Quality (1)
- Messenger-RNS (1)
- Meta-Analyse (1)
- Meta-analysis (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metadaten (1)
- Meteorologie (1)
- Methode der kleinsten Quadrate (1)
- Methode der logarithmischen Barriere (1)
- Methylierung und SNPs (1)
- Methylphenidat (1)
- Middleware (1)
- Mietpreis (1)
- Migrationspolitik (1)
- Mikrosatelliten (1)
- Mikrozensus (1)
- Milde Depression (1)
- Minecraft (1)
- Mineralokortikoidrezeptor (1)
- Minor <Graphentheorie> (1)
- Mischung (1)
- Mischverteilungs VAR (1)
- Missing Data (1)
- Mittag-Leffler Funktion (1)
- Mittag-Leffler function (1)
- Mixed Local-Nonlocal PDE (1)
- Mixed Models (1)
- Mixture VAR (1)
- Mixture-Model (1)
- MoDC (1)
- MoDZ (1)
- Mobile Networks (1)
- Mobile Telekommunikation (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Mobilität (1)
- Modellprädiktive Regelung (1)
- Modernity (1)
- Modulation (1)
- Mohrenfalter (1)
- Monozyt (1)
- Monozyten-chemotaktische Protein 1 (MCP-1) (1)
- Monte Carlo Simulation (1)
- Monte-Carlo Methods (1)
- Monte-Carlo simulation (1)
- Moor (1)
- Moose (1)
- Mortality Salience (1)
- Mortalitätssalienz (1)
- Mosses (1)
- Motif of Disguise (1)
- Motiv (1)
- Multi-Level Modelling (1)
- Multi-Source Estimation (1)
- Multiculturalism (1)
- Multilineare Algebra (1)
- Multinomial (1)
- Multiplikationssatz (1)
- Multithreading (1)
- Muromachi (1)
- Musikerlebnis (1)
- Mutation (1)
- Mykotoxin (1)
- Männlichkeit Motiv (1)
- N-Acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) (1)
- N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) (1)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- NOAA AVHRR (1)
- NP-hartes Problem (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nebenbedingung (1)
- Neid (1)
- Nervennetz (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Netzwerkanalyse (1)
- Neumann-Problem (1)
- Neuropattern (1)
- Neuseeland (1)
- Neuzeit / Geschichte 1450-1650 (1)
- New Zealand (1)
- Newton (1)
- Newton-Verfahren (1)
- Nichtfortsetzbare Potenzreihe (1)
- Nichtglatte Optimierung (1)
- Nichtlineare Dynamik (1)
- Nichtlokalität (1)
- Nische (1)
- Nitrogen Deposition (1)
- Nominalphrase (1)
- Non-economic goals (1)
- Nonlinear Optimization (1)
- Nonlocal (1)
- Nonlocal Diffusion (1)
- Nonlocal convection-diffusion (1)
- Nordwestchina (1)
- Normalverteilung (1)
- Nostalgie (1)
- Novel (1)
- Nuklearrezeptoren (1)
- Numerical Methods (1)
- Numerics (1)
- Numerisches Verfahren (1)
- Nutzwertanalyse (1)
- Oberflächenströmung (1)
- Optimal Control on Unbounded Space Domains (1)
- Optimal Multivariate Allocation (1)
- Optimierung bei nichtlinearen partiellen Differentialgleichungen (1)
- Optimierung unter Unsicherheiten (1)
- Optimization under Uncertainty (1)
- Optionen (1)
- Optionspreis (1)
- Orbicularis-oculi-Reflex (1)
- Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Organisational learning (1)
- Organization (1)
- Orthogonale Zerlegung (1)
- Orthoptera (1)
- Ozon (1)
- Ozon-Phytotoxizität (1)
- Ozone flux model (1)
- Ozonflussmodell (1)
- P-Glykoprotein (1)
- PBMC (1)
- PDE Beschränkungen (1)
- PDE Constraints (1)
- PDE-constrained optimization (1)
- PERIOD Gene (1)
- PERIOD gene (1)
- PERIOD genes (1)
- PIDE constrained Optimal Control (1)
- POD-Methode (1)
- PPD (1)
- Pakistan (1)
- Parameterabhängigkeit (1)
- Parameterisierte Algorithmen (1)
- Parameterized Algorithms (1)
- Parametric Bootstrap (1)
- Parametrisierte Approximation (1)
- Parapatrie (1)
- Parapatry (1)
- Patagonia (1)
- Patagonien, Süd (1)
- Patient (1)
- Patienteninformation (1)
- Patientenorientierte Medizin (1)
- Pedotransfer Functions (1)
- Peer-to-Peer-Netz (1)
- Penalized Maximum Likelihood (1)
- Penalty-Methode (1)
- Penman-Monteith equation (1)
- Perfect competition (1)
- Performance (1)
- Perfusion (1)
- Periodic Queues (1)
- Personalentwicklung (1)
- Personalized Medicine (1)
- Personenname (1)
- Persönlichkeit (1)
- Persönlichkeitsfaktor (1)
- Peru (1)
- Pesticide, Agrochemical, Wall lizard, Podarcis muralis, Biomarker, Buccal Swab, Reptile, Squamata (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pestizid-Anwendungen (1)
- Pestizidbelastung (1)
- Pflanzenbau (1)
- Pflanzenschutzmitteln (1)
- Pfälzerwald (1)
- Pharmazeutika (1)
- Phasen-Amplituden-Kopplung (1)
- Phylogeographie (1)
- Physikalische Eigenschaft (1)
- Physiologische Psychotherapie (1)
- Phänomenologische Soziologie (1)
- Phänotyp (1)
- Plant pathogen repression (1)
- Plazenta (1)
- Pokémon (1)
- Polargebiete (1)
- Politisches System (1)
- Polychlorierte Biphenyle (1)
- Polyeder (1)
- Polymorphismus (1)
- Pop-Kultur (1)
- Population Ecology (1)
- Populationsgenetik (1)
- Populationsmodellierung (1)
- Portfolio Selection (1)
- Positive affect (1)
- Positiver Affekt (1)
- Post-colonialism (1)
- Postcolonialism (1)
- Postmoderne (1)
- Postpostmoderne (1)
- Potential theory (1)
- Power Motivation (1)
- Precautionary saving (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Preis (1)
- Preistheorie (1)
- Pressorezeptor (1)
- Principal-agent model (1)
- Principle of Rhythmic Alternation (1)
- Private Banking (1)
- Process benchmarking (1)
- Product estimator (1)
- Produktschätzer (1)
- Projective Limit (1)
- Projektiver Limes (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Promotorregion (1)
- Propriety (1)
- Proteomanalyse (1)
- Provokation (1)
- Proximal-Punkt-Verfahren (1)
- Prozessbenchmarking (1)
- Prozessmanagement (1)
- Prozessor (1)
- Prädetermination <Linguistik> (1)
- Präpulsinhibierung (1)
- Präsentismus (1)
- Prüfungsangst (1)
- Psychiatric genetics (1)
- Psychische Störung (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Psychologiestudierende (1)
- Psychologiestudium (1)
- Psychologische Diagnostik (1)
- Psychologische Distanz (1)
- Psychology (1)
- Psychometrie (1)
- Psychophysiology (1)
- Psychosoziale Situation (1)
- Psychotherapeutische Versorgung (1)
- Pufferspeicher (1)
- Pulsatilität (1)
- Pyroklastit (1)
- Pädagogische Diagnostik (1)
- Qualitative Comparative Analysis (1)
- Qualitative Komparative Analyse (1)
- Quantisierung (1)
- Quantisierungkugel (1)
- Quantisierungsradius (1)
- Quantization (1)
- Querschnittsrendite (1)
- Queues (1)
- RCT (1)
- Racism (1)
- Radar (1)
- Radikalismus (1)
- Radiometrie (1)
- Raketenabwehr (1)
- Randmeer (1)
- Rassentrennung (1)
- Rassismus (1)
- Rassismus <Motiv> (1)
- Raum (1)
- Real Estate Investment Trusts (1)
- Rechteckwahrscheinlichkeit (1)
- Rechtsradikalismus (1)
- Reduktion (1)
- Reduktionssystem (1)
- Reflectance Modeling (1)
- Reflexionsmodellierung (1)
- Reflexionsspektroskopie (1)
- Regenwurmgang (1)
- Regionalentwicklung (1)
- Regression (1)
- Regression estimator, household surveys, calibration, weighting, integrated weighting (1)
- Regression models (1)
- Regressionsanalyse (1)
- Regret and benign envy (1)
- Regular Expressions (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Regularisierungsverfahren (1)
- Regulärer Ausdruck (1)
- Reihenfolgeproblem (1)
- Reiz-Reaktions Bindung (1)
- Reizantwort (1)
- Reizverarbeitung (1)
- Relatives Alter (1)
- Religion (1)
- Repertoire (1)
- Reproduction (1)
- Request-Prediction (1)
- Response Surface Analysis (1)
- Ressourcen-Konkurrenz (1)
- Retirement, Fertility, Sexuality (1)
- Reue (1)
- Revue (1)
- Revuetheater (1)
- Rheinland-Pfalz (1)
- Rhizosphäre (1)
- Riemannsche Geometrie (1)
- Right-Wing Extremism (1)
- Risiko-Aufnahme Kanal (1)
- Risikomaß (1)
- Risk-Taking Channel (1)
- Robust Statistics (1)
- Robust methods (1)
- Robust optimization (1)
- Robuste Schätzung (1)
- Robuste Statistik (1)
- Robustheit (1)
- Rollentheorie (1)
- Rollenverhalten (1)
- Roman (1)
- Ruhestand (1)
- Rundungsfehler (1)
- Räumliche Anordnung (1)
- Räumliche Verteilung (1)
- Rückmeldung (1)
- SAR (1)
- SME (1)
- SME financing (1)
- SNP (1)
- Sakkade (1)
- Salzgehalt (1)
- Samen (1)
- Sasaki Dōyo (1)
- Satellit (1)
- Satire (1)
- Satiriker (1)
- Satirischer Roman (1)
- Saving behaviour (1)
- Scan Statistik (1)
- Schiefe (1)
- Schizophrenia (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Schnittebenen (1)
- School (1)
- Schreckreflex (1)
- Schriftstellerin (1)
- Schulbildung (1)
- Schulbuchstreit (1)
- Schule (1)
- Schullaufbahn (1)
- Schullaufbahnempfehlung (1)
- Schulleistung (1)
- Schuyler (1)
- Schwangersch (1)
- Schwangerschaft (1)
- Schwarze (1)
- Schwermetall (1)
- Schädling (1)
- Schäferspiel (1)
- Sea ice (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Segregation (1)
- Sekundarstufe (1)
- Sekundärkrankheit (1)
- Selbst-Concordanz (1)
- Selbstkonzept (1)
- Selbstorganisation (1)
- Selbstorganisierende Karte (1)
- Selbstständigkeit (1)
- Selbstwert (1)
- Selbstwirksamkeit (1)
- Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung (1)
- Selective attention (1)
- Selektion (1)
- Self-Organizing Maps (1)
- Self-organizing Maps (1)
- Semiinfinite Optimierung (1)
- Sensibilisierung <Immunologie> (1)
- Sequenzanalyse (1)
- Service (1)
- Service Innovation (1)
- Sexualdimorphismus (1)
- Sexualität (1)
- Shallow Water Equations (1)
- Shape Calculus (1)
- Shape Kalkül (1)
- Shape Optimiztion (1)
- Shape SQP Methods (1)
- Shareholder-Value-Analyse (1)
- Shifting cultivation (1)
- Sicherheit und Ordnung (1)
- Sicherheitspolitik (1)
- Simulation Studies (1)
- Simulation study (1)
- Sinonatrix (1)
- Skill Variety (1)
- Sklaverei (1)
- Small Area (1)
- Small Area Estimation (1)
- Small Area Verfahren (1)
- Small area estimation (1)
- Smoking) (1)
- Social Capital (1)
- Social Enterprise (1)
- Social Entrepreneurship (1)
- Social Innovation (1)
- Social Media (1)
- Socialism, Socialist values and attitudes, Socialist legacy, Literature review, Entrepreneurship intention, Business takeover, Career choice reasons, and TPB model. (1)
- Software Visualization (1)
- Softwarearchitektur (1)
- Softwarevisualisierung (1)
- Solar thermal desalination technique (1)
- Solarthermische Entsalzungstechnologie (1)
- Source Code Augmentation (1)
- Southern Africa (1)
- Soziale Ungleichheit (1)
- Soziale Unterstützung (1)
- Sozialismus (1)
- Sozialkapital (1)
- Soziolinguistik (1)
- Spanien (1)
- Sparverhalten (1)
- Spatial (1)
- Spatial Ramsey Model (1)
- Spatial correlation (1)
- Spatial learning (1)
- Speicherdirektzugriff (1)
- Spektrale Emissivität (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Spektrum <Mathematik> (1)
- Spitzbergen (1)
- Spline (1)
- Splitting (1)
- Sprachverarbeitung (1)
- Staatsanleihe (1)
- Stabile Isotope (1)
- Stable Isotopes (1)
- Stamm Botanik (1)
- Standard ML (1)
- Standortplanung (1)
- Stanley (1)
- Stark stetige Halbgruppe (1)
- Startle modulation (1)
- Startle reflex (1)
- Statistical Learning (1)
- Statistical Matching (1)
- Statistical Mechanics of complex networks (1)
- Statistical Properties (1)
- Statistische Mechanik komplexer Netze (1)
- Statistisches Modell (1)
- Status (1)
- Steroidhormonrezeptor (1)
- Stichprobenfehler (1)
- Stichprobennahme (1)
- Stickstoffdeposition (1)
- Stillen (1)
- Stimulus-Response binding (1)
- Stimulus-response learning (1)
- Stochastic Differential Equation (1)
- Stochastische Approximation (1)
- Stochastische Differentialgleichungen (1)
- Stochastische Optimierung (1)
- Stochastische Quantisierung (1)
- Stochastische optimale Kontrolle (1)
- Stochastischer Prozess (1)
- Stomatal conductance (1)
- Stomatäre Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Stopping rule (1)
- Strahlstrom Meteorologie (1)
- Strategie (1)
- Strategische Planung (1)
- Strategy (1)
- Stratified sampling (1)
- Stresstest (1)
- Stroop Task (1)
- Structural Equation Modelling (1)
- Structured Eurobonds (1)
- Strukturierte Produkt (1)
- Strukturierte Produkte (1)
- Strukturoptimierung (1)
- Student (1)
- Students (1)
- Studienleistung (1)
- Sturm (1)
- Subarachnoidalblutung (1)
- Subjective income uncertainty (1)
- Subset Selection (1)
- Suche (1)
- Sulfadiazin (1)
- Survey Methodology (1)
- Survey Statistics (1)
- Survey statistics (1)
- Surveys (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Sympathikus (1)
- Syntaktische Analyse (1)
- Synthetic micro data generation (1)
- Synthetische Daten (1)
- Systematik (1)
- Südkorea (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- THP-1 (1)
- TSST-VR (1)
- Takeover (1)
- Takeover defenses, Covid-19, firm value, exogenous shocks, family firm, family involvement, crisis (1)
- Tarifverhandlung (1)
- Tawada, Yōko (1)
- Taxonomie (1)
- Taylor Shift Operator (1)
- Taylor shift operator (1)
- Teamwork (1)
- Technologie (1)
- Technologiepolitik (1)
- Teilzeitbeschäftigung (1)
- Telekommunikationsnetz (1)
- Television, social media, habit formation (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Terpene (1)
- Terrestrisches Laserscanning (1)
- Terrestrisches ükosystem (1)
- Test (1)
- Testosteron (1)
- Thalamus (1)
- The Corrections (1)
- The Hobbit or There and back again (1)
- The Lord of the Rings (1)
- Theatre (1)
- Theoretische Informatik (1)
- Theorie (1)
- Therapeut (1)
- Thermales Infrarot (1)
- Thin Sea Ice (1)
- Thread (1)
- Tiermodell (1)
- Tolkien, J.R.R. (1)
- Topological Algebra (1)
- Topologische Algebra (1)
- Topologische Algebra mit Gewebe (1)
- Topologische Sensitivität (1)
- Total Survey Error (1)
- Tourism (1)
- Tourismus (1)
- Touroperator (1)
- Toxikologie (1)
- Toxizität (1)
- Trade (1)
- Trademarks (1)
- Transaction Pattern (1)
- Transaktionskosten (1)
- Transculturalism (1)
- Transfer (1)
- Transfer learning (1)
- Transitionssystem (1)
- Transitivität (1)
- Transkript (1)
- Transkription <Genetik> (1)
- Transkulturalismus (1)
- Transmissionsmechanismus (1)
- Trauma (1)
- Trier Social Stress Test (1)
- Trockengebiet (1)
- Trockenstress Detektion (1)
- Trockenwald (1)
- Tsunami (1)
- Turkey (1)
- Türkei (1)
- Umgangsformen (1)
- Unbewegliche Sache (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Unemployment benefits (1)
- Uniqueness (1)
- Universal Eating Monitor (1)
- Universal functions (1)
- Universal overconvergence (1)
- Universal power series (1)
- Universelle Funktionen (1)
- Universelle Potenzreihen (1)
- Universelle Überkonvergenz (1)
- Unterforderung (1)
- Unterkörper Unterdruck (1)
- Unternehmensbewertung (1)
- Unternehmensdaten (1)
- Unternehmer (1)
- Unvollkommene Information (1)
- Ursula (1)
- Usage-based linguistics (1)
- Utility analysis (1)
- Utopie (1)
- Vaccination (1)
- Vagus (1)
- Validierung (1)
- Value at Risk (1)
- Variationsungleichung (1)
- Vegetation Index (1)
- Vegetationsindex (1)
- Venture Debt, Entrepeneeurial Finance (1)
- Venture capital (1)
- Verarbeitendes Gewerbe (1)
- Verb (1)
- Verbraucherverhalten (1)
- Vergangenheitsbewältigung (1)
- Verhaltensgenetik (1)
- Verhaltensstörung (1)
- Verifikation (1)
- Verkettung (1)
- Verkleidung <Motiv> (1)
- Verkleidungs-Motiv (1)
- Vermeidung (1)
- Vermögen (1)
- Vermögensverwaltung (1)
- Verschwörungstheorie (1)
- Versorgungsnetz (1)
- Versroman (1)
- Verstärkung (1)
- Versuchsplanung (1)
- Verteiltes System (1)
- Verwitterung (1)
- Virtual Reality (1)
- Virtuelle Realität (1)
- Visceral perception (1)
- Viszerale Wahrnehmung (1)
- Vorbild (1)
- Vorkonditionierung (1)
- Vorsichtssparen (1)
- Vorsorge (1)
- WWW (1)
- Wachtelweizen (1)
- Wahnsinn <Motiv> (1)
- Waldboden (1)
- Wapshot Chronicle (1)
- Warteschlangentheorie (1)
- Waschmittel (1)
- Wasserhaushalt (1)
- Wassernattern (1)
- Watershed modelling (1)
- Wealth surveys (1)
- Web-Applications (1)
- Webbed Spaces (1)
- Wechselkurs (1)
- Weddellmeer (1)
- Weighted Regression (1)
- Weingärung (1)
- Weißklee (1)
- Weltbankkonditionalität (1)
- Wertpapie (1)
- Wertschöpfung (1)
- Western (1)
- Western Film (1)
- White clover (1)
- Whitney jets (1)
- Whitney's extension problem (1)
- Whitneys Extensionsproblem (1)
- Windkraftwerk (1)
- Wirkung (1)
- Wissensvermittlung (1)
- Wohlfahrtstheorie (1)
- Wolke (1)
- Work Stress (1)
- World Bank Conditionality (1)
- World Wide Web (1)
- Wright (1)
- Wuchsmodellierung (1)
- Wurzelraum (1)
- Währungsreserve (1)
- Währungsunion (1)
- Wärmestrahlung (1)
- XML (1)
- XOR Parity (1)
- Xenobiotics (1)
- Yuri (1)
- Zeami (1)
- Zebrabärbling (1)
- Zeitallokation (1)
- Zellzyklus (1)
- Zellzyklus-Regulation (1)
- Zentralnervensystem (1)
- Ziel (1)
- Zoologie (1)
- Zufallsgraph (1)
- Zugang (1)
- Zugehörigkeit (1)
- Zytokin (1)
- abiotic factors (1)
- abiotische Faktoren (1)
- absenteeism (1)
- abundance (1)
- acetylcholine (1)
- acid mine drainage (1)
- acquisition (1)
- action control (1)
- action versus state orientation, self-regulation, self-access, alienation, mindfulness meditation, social support, PSI theory (1)
- actual evapotranspiration (1)
- adaptive hypermedia (1)
- adherence (1)
- affect (1)
- airborne LiDAR (1)
- akademisches Selbstkonzept (1)
- algorithm analysis (1)
- allozyme electrophoresis (1)
- alternating projections (1)
- amnesty (1)
- analytic functional (1)
- anterior cingulate (1)
- antibiotic (1)
- arterial spin labeling (1)
- ascaridol (1)
- associative learning (1)
- asymptotic analysis (1)
- asymptotically optimal codebooks (1)
- asymptotisch optimale Codebücher (1)
- atmospheric pollution (1)
- attitude formation (1)
- autobiography (1)
- automatische Handlungsplanung (1)
- automatische Reizverarbeitung (1)
- auxiliary problem principle (1)
- baroreceptor (1)
- bias correction (1)
- biases in judgement (1)
- binary (1)
- blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast (1)
- brain (1)
- branch-and-bound (1)
- britische medien (1)
- british media (1)
- bulimia (1)
- bundle-method (1)
- burrows (1)
- business surveys (1)
- cache behavior (1)
- calibration (1)
- canopy surface resistance (1)
- cave (1)
- cell culture (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- central adiposity (1)
- cerebral blood flow (1)
- characteristics of pre-treated waste (1)
- chemical communication (1)
- chemical weathering (1)
- chemometrics (1)
- choice-based conjoint analysis (1)
- chronic stress (1)
- chronischer Stress (1)
- circadian clock genes (1)
- circadian clock system (1)
- climate change (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- clustering (1)
- cognitive control (1)
- cognitive linguistics (1)
- cold pressor (1)
- combinatorial optimization (1)
- commuting (1)
- competitive analysis (1)
- completely positive (1)
- completely positive cone (1)
- complex dynamics (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex systems (1)
- complexity (1)
- complexity reduction (1)
- complimentarity (1)
- composition operator (1)
- computational complexity (1)
- computational fluid dynamics (1)
- confidence region (1)
- confluent hypergeometric function (1)
- controlled queueing system (1)
- convergence (1)
- convergence theory (1)
- convolution operator (1)
- copositive cone (1)
- corpus linguistics (1)
- cortex (1)
- corticosteroid receptor (1)
- cortisol response to awakening (1)
- counter-stimulation (1)
- cross-cultural (1)
- cross-frequency coupling (1)
- cross-sectional returns (1)
- crowdfunding (1)
- culture (1)
- customer loyalty (1)
- cutting planes (1)
- cytokine (1)
- cytokines (1)
- dACC (1)
- data quality (1)
- de Rham cohomology (1)
- decision making (1)
- decision making pattern (1)
- decision-making (1)
- deep learning (1)
- dendritic cells (1)
- dendritische Zellen (1)
- design of experiments (1)
- detergents (1)
- development (1)
- diasporic identity (1)
- diasporische identität (1)
- diatomaceous earth (1)
- die circadiane Uhr-Gene (1)
- digital library (1)
- dilute particle suspension (1)
- directness (1)
- disagreement (1)
- dispersal (1)
- distractor processing (1)
- domain decomposition (1)
- driver assistance system (1)
- dropout (1)
- drylands (1)
- dual task interference (1)
- dynamics of mammal population (1)
- early change (1)
- early life adversity (1)
- early modern (1)
- ecological momentary assessment (1)
- ecological niche (1)
- ecology (1)
- educational assessment (1)
- effectiveness (1)
- efficacy (1)
- eigenfunction expansion (1)
- electrocardiogram (1)
- electroencephalogram (1)
- emotion regulation (1)
- empirical evaluation (1)
- employment estimation (1)
- endliche Boustrophedon-Automaten (1)
- entomopathogene Pilze (1)
- entomopathogenic fungi (1)
- entrepreneurial opportunities (1)
- entrepreneurship (1)
- epidermal dendritic cells (1)
- epidermale dendritische Zellen (1)
- epigenetic programming (1)
- ethnicity (1)
- ethnizität (1)
- eugenol (1)
- evaluation framework (1)
- event file (1)
- executive functions (1)
- exekutive Funktionen (1)
- extension operator (1)
- extrem positive Rendite (1)
- extreme positive returns (1)
- extreme value analysis (1)
- eye-tracking (1)
- eyeblink conditioning (1)
- fMRT (1)
- familial risk (1)
- family (1)
- family business (1)
- family management (1)
- family novel (1)
- faunmap database (1)
- female entrepreneurship (1)
- female identity formation (1)
- financial derivatives (1)
- fine mapping (1)
- finite element method (1)
- fissurization (1)
- floods (1)
- flow control (1)
- flushing (1)
- foliated manifolds (1)
- foreign policy (1)
- forest (1)
- forestry (1)
- formal verification (1)
- fractional Poisson equation (1)
- frame errors (1)
- frequency effects (1)
- functional MRI (1)
- functional specialisation of hemispheres (1)
- fungicides (1)
- funktionelle NMR-Tomographie (1)
- games (1)
- ganze Funktion (1)
- gender (1)
- gene expression (1)
- generational stage (1)
- genetic diversity (1)
- genetics (1)
- genetische Struktur (1)
- genomic structure (1)
- gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen (1)
- glacial refugia (1)
- glucocorticoids (1)
- grammatical inference (1)
- growth modelling (1)
- habitat fragmentation (1)
- health (1)
- health economics (1)
- heavy metal (1)
- high-resolution (1)
- hippocampal atrophy (1)
- hippocampal volume assessment (1)
- historical metadata (1)
- history textbook dispute (1)
- hobbit (1)
- hochauflösend (1)
- home (1)
- homological algebra (1)
- homological methods (1)
- homologische Methoden (1)
- human capital (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybridization (1)
- hydraulic modelling (1)
- hydrodynamics (1)
- hypercyclicity (1)
- hypergeometric functions (1)
- hyperspectral (1)
- hyperspektral (1)
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (1)
- hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal-axis (1)
- hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (1)
- identity (1)
- idiosyncratic volatility (1)
- idiosynkratische Volatilität (1)
- imaging spectroscopy (1)
- immunity (1)
- implicit learning (1)
- impulsivity (1)
- in vitro (1)
- incompressible Newtonian fluid (1)
- individual based model (1)
- individual investor (1)
- inexact (1)
- inexact Gauss-Newton methods (1)
- information processing (1)
- inhibitory control (1)
- initial coin offering (1)
- insecticides (1)
- internet intervention (1)
- interoception (1)
- intersection non-emptiness (1)
- intrusions (1)
- investor communication (1)
- isamophobia (1)
- isoeugenol (1)
- judgement accuracy (1)
- jumping endliche Automaten (1)
- k-Anonymity (1)
- k-Means-Algorithmus (1)
- kognitive Kontrolle (1)
- kombinatorische Optimierung (1)
- komplexe Dynamik (1)
- konvexe Reforumlierungen (1)
- kopositiver Kegel (1)
- land cover classification (1)
- land degradattion (1)
- language processing (1)
- large scale problems (1)
- late quaternary (1)
- legalisation (1)
- linear dynamics (1)
- linkage and mutational analysis (1)
- local limit (1)
- local quantization error (1)
- logarithmic-quadratic distance function (1)
- logarithmisch-quadratische Distanzfunktion (1)
- lokaler Quantisierungsfehler (1)
- lord of the rings (1)
- lower body negative pressure (1)
- lung (1)
- lymphocytes (1)
- machine learning (1)
- machine-learning (1)
- macrophages (1)
- mangrove (1)
- markov increment (1)
- mate choice (1)
- maternal care (1)
- mean field approximation (1)
- mean vector length (1)
- membrane glucocorticoid receptor (1)
- membraner Glucocorticoidrezeptor (1)
- memory (1)
- memory distance (1)
- memory representation (1)
- menstrual cycle (1)
- meta-research (1)
- metabolism (1)
- metahistorical (1)
- metahistorisch (1)
- methylation and SNPs (1)
- methylphenidate (1)
- microorganisms (1)
- midcingulate cortex (1)
- mineralocorticoid receptor (1)
- mircrosatellite (1)
- mismatch negativity (1)
- missile defense (1)
- missing data (1)
- mixing (1)
- mobile Telekommunikation (1)
- model evaluation (1)
- model order reduction (1)
- model performance (1)
- model predictive control (1)
- model-based estimation (1)
- modulation (1)
- modulation index (1)
- monocytes (1)
- monotone (1)
- motive disposition (1)
- multi-level (1)
- multiculturalism (1)
- multigrid (1)
- multikulturalismus (1)
- multilevel Toeplitz (1)
- multilinear algebra (1)
- multilingual (1)
- multimedia (1)
- multinomial (1)
- mutation (1)
- mycotoxin degradation (1)
- n.a. (1)
- natural killer cells (1)
- natürliche Killerzellen (1)
- neuroendocrine system (1)
- neuroimaging (1)
- nicht-genomische Effekte (1)
- nichtlinearer VAR (1)
- nichtnegativ (1)
- noh (1)
- non-convex (1)
- non-family business (1)
- non-finite complement clauses (1)
- non-genomic effects (1)
- non-linear VAR (1)
- nonlinear optimization (1)
- nonnegative (1)
- norepinephrine (1)
- normal approximation (1)
- northwestern China (1)
- nostalgia (1)
- nuclear receptor (1)
- nucleus accumbens (1)
- obesity (1)
- open science (1)
- optimal continuity estimates (1)
- optimal quantization (1)
- optimale Quantisierung (1)
- optimale Stetigkeitsabschätzungen (1)
- optimization (1)
- options (1)
- ordinary differential equations (1)
- p-glycoprotein (1)
- para-phenylenediamine (PPD) (1)
- parameter dependence (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- parameter identification (1)
- parameterised approximation (1)
- parental care (1)
- part-time entrepreneurship (1)
- partial differential equations (1)
- partial differential operators of first order as generators of C0-semigroups (1)
- partial integro-differential equation (1)
- partielle Differentialgleichungen (1)
- partielle Differentialoperatoren erster Ordnung als Erzeuger von C0-Halbgruppen (1)
- partielle Integro Differentialgleichung (1)
- partielle Integro-Differentialgleichungen (1)
- partielle Integrodifferentialgleichungen (1)
- partitioning (1)
- pastoral (1)
- patient-focused psychotherapy research (1)
- patienten-orientierte Psychotherapieforschung (1)
- peak-over-threshold (1)
- penalty (1)
- perception (1)
- performance (1)
- periodic catatonia (1)
- periodische Katatonie (1)
- peripheren mononukleären Blutzellen (PBMC) (1)
- person name disambiguation (1)
- pest species (1)
- pesticide application (1)
- pharmaceuticals (1)
- phase-amplitude coupling (1)
- phenology (1)
- phylogeography (1)
- placenta (1)
- poetry (1)
- polynomial spline (1)
- population genetics (1)
- population modelling (1)
- port-Hamiltonian (1)
- post-transcriptional regulation (1)
- post-transkriptionelle Regulierung (1)
- postkolonialismus (1)
- postnatal stress factors (1)
- postnatale Stressfaktoren (1)
- pre-acquisition phase (1)
- preconditioning (1)
- predeterminer adjective phrases (1)
- prenatal adversity (1)
- prenatal programming (1)
- prenatal stress (1)
- prenatal stress factors (1)
- prenatal tobacco exposure (1)
- prepulse inhibition (1)
- preregistration (1)
- presenteeism (1)
- pretreated waste (1)
- pricing (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- private banking (1)
- promoter region (1)
- proteomics (1)
- provocation (1)
- pränatale Programmierung (1)
- pränatale Risikofaktoren (1)
- pränatale Stressfaktoren (1)
- pränatale Tabakexposition (1)
- pränataler Stress (1)
- psychological distance (1)
- psychologische Beratung (1)
- psychology students (1)
- pulsatility (1)
- quantitative Linguistik (1)
- quantitative linguistics (1)
- quantitative sensory testing (1)
- quantization ball (1)
- quantization radius (1)
- rain (1)
- rapport (1)
- rectangular probabilities (1)
- reduced order modelling (1)
- reduced-order modelling (1)
- rental prices (1)
- reordering (1)
- reproducibility (1)
- resource competition (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- risk measure (1)
- role theory (1)
- routine care (1)
- saccade (1)
- salamander (1)
- salamanders (1)
- salt (1)
- sampling frame (1)
- scan statistics (1)
- second language acquisition (1)
- second order cone (1)
- security policy (1)
- selection (1)
- selectivity (1)
- selektive Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- self-concept (1)
- self-concodrance (1)
- self-efficacy (1)
- self-esteem (1)
- series expansion (1)
- sexual size dimorphism (1)
- shape calculus (1)
- sick pay (1)
- simulation study (1)
- skin (1)
- skin sensitization (1)
- social self-concept (1)
- soil contamination (1)
- soil microhabitats (1)
- soil surface resistance (1)
- somatische Komorbiditäten (1)
- soziale Selbstkonzepte (1)
- spectral emissivity (1)
- splitting (1)
- statistical modelling (1)
- statistics (1)
- stem detection (1)
- stochastic Predictor-Corrector-Scheme (1)
- stochastic partial differential algebraic equation (1)
- strategic acquisition (1)
- stress hyporesponsive period (1)
- stress reaction (1)
- structural optimization (1)
- structure (1)
- structure-preserving (1)
- subarachnoid haemorrhage (1)
- subjektive Einkommensunsicherheit (1)
- substance abuse (1)
- sulfadiazine (1)
- surrogate modeling (1)
- synchronizing automata (1)
- synergetic linguistics (1)
- synergetische Linguistik (1)
- target screening and selection (1)
- teacher judgement (1)
- tensor methods (1)
- terrestrial laser scanning (1)
- thermal infrared (1)
- threat, stress, trigger, needs (1)
- threshold (1)
- time complexity (1)
- time series (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- tolkien (1)
- topological derivative (1)
- topology optimization (1)
- toxicity (1)
- transaction costs (1)
- transcultural (1)
- transgenerational intention (1)
- transition (1)
- transitivity (1)
- traumatische Erfahrungen (1)
- tree inclination (1)
- trust-region method (1)
- trust-region methods (1)
- uncertainty (1)
- uncoupling protein (1)
- underdetermined nonlinear least squares problem (1)
- underlying stocks (1)
- uniqueness seeking (1)
- universal power series (1)
- user modeling (1)
- utopia (1)
- vagus (1)
- vegetation index (1)
- visceral awareness (1)
- visual change detection (1)
- visuelle Wahrnehmung (1)
- visueller Mismatch (1)
- viszerale Empfindung (1)
- voice (1)
- volcanic (1)
- vollständig positiv (1)
- vollständig positiver Kegel (1)
- vorbehandelter Abfälle (1)
- wastewater (1)
- water stress detection (1)
- weighting (1)
- well-being (1)
- wine fermentation (1)
- women's poetry (1)
- women's writing (1)
- workplace (1)
- xenobiotic metabolism (1)
- zerebraler Blutfluss (1)
- zugrunde liegende Aktien (1)
- zurückkehrende(RFA) (1)
- Ästuar (1)
- Ätiologie (1)
- Ökoeffizienz (1)
- Ökologische Dienstleistungen (1)
- Ökosystemdienstleistungen (1)
- Überforderung (1)
- Überkonvergenz (1)
- Überstunde (1)
- Überstunden (1)
- ükosystem (1)
Institut
- Psychologie (64)
- Fachbereich 4 (54)
- Raum- und Umweltwissenschaften (45)
- Mathematik (44)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (26)
- Fachbereich 1 (20)
- Informatik (16)
- Anglistik (11)
- Fachbereich 6 (8)
- Fachbereich 2 (7)
My study attempts to illustrate the generic development of the family novel in the second half of the twentieth century. At its beginning stands a preliminary classification of the various types of family fiction as they are referred to in secondary literature, which is then followed by a definition of the family novel proper. With its microscopic approach to novels featuring the American family and its (post-)postmodern variations, my study marks a first step into as yet uncharted territory. Assuming that the family novel has emerged as a result of the twentieth century's emphasis on the modern nuclear family, focuses on the family as a gestalt rather than on a single protagonist, and is concerned with issues of social and cultural significance, this study examines how the family, its forms and its conflicts are functionalized for the respective author's cultural critique. From post-war to post-millennium, family novelists have sketched the American family in various precarious conditions, and their texts are critical assessments of contemporary socioeconomic and cultural conditions. My close reading of John Cheever's The Wapshot Chronicle (1957), Don DeLillo's White Noise (1985) and Jonathan Franzen's The Corrections (2001) intends to reveal, shared values as well as significant differences on a formal as well as on a thematic level. As my examination of the respective novel shows, authors react to social and cultural change with new functionalizations of the family in fiction. Unlike the general assumption of literary crticism, family novels do not approach new cultural developments in a conventional or even traditionalist manner. A comparison of White Noise with The Wapshot Chronicle demonstrates that DeLillo's postmodern family novel transcends the rather nostalgic perspective of Cheever's 1950s work. Similarly, Jonathan Franzen's fin de millennium family novel The Corrections holds a post-postmodern position, which can be aptly described by Franzen's own term 'tragical realism'. The significant changes and developments of the family novel in the past five decades demonstrate the need for a continuous reassessment of the genre, and in this respect, my study is merely a beginning.
Objective: Only 20-25% of the variance for the two to four-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer among women with family histories of the disease can be explained by known gene mutations. Other factors must exist. Here, a familial breast cancer model is proposed in which overestimation of risk, general distress, and cancer-specific distress constitute the type of background stress sufficient to increase unrelated acute stress reactivity in women at familial risk for breast cancer. Furthermore, these stress reactions are thought to be associated with central adiposity, an independent well-established risk factor for breast cancer. Hence, stress through its hormonal correlates and possible associations with central adiposity may play a crucial role in the etiology of breast cancer in women at familial risk for the disease. Methods: Participants were 215 healthy working women with first-degree relatives diagnosed before (high familial risk) or after age 50 (low familial risk), or without breast cancer in first-degree relatives (no familial risk). Participants completed self-report measures of perceived lifetime breast cancer risk, intrusive thoughts and avoidance about breast cancer (Impact of Event Scale), negative affect (Profile of Mood States), and general distress (Brief Symptom Inventory). Anthropometric measurements were taken. Urine samples during work, home, and sleep were collected for assessment of cortisol responses in the naturalistic setting where work was conceptualized as the stressful time of the day. Results: A series of analyses indicated a gradient increase of cortisol levels in response to the work environment from no, low, to high familial risk of breast cancer. When adding breast cancer intrusions to the model with familial risk status predicting work cortisol levels, significant intrusion effects emerged rendering the familial risk group non-significant. However, due to a lack of association between intrusions and cortisol in the low and high familial risk group separately, as well as a significant difference between low and high familial risk on intrusions, but not on work cortisol levels, full mediation of familial risk group effects on work cortisol by intrusions could not be established. A separate analysis indicated increased levels of central but not general adiposity in women at high familial risk of breast cancer compared to the low and no risk groups. There were no significant associations between central adiposity and cortisol excretion. Conclusion: A hyperactive hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis with a more pronounced excretion of its end product cortisol, as well as elevated levels of central but not overall adiposity in women at high familial risk for breast cancer may indicate an increased health risk which expands beyond that of increased breast cancer risk for these women.
The startle response in psychophysiological research: modulating effects of contextual parameters
(2013)
Startle reactions are fast, reflexive, and defensive responses which protect the body from injury in the face of imminent danger. The underlying reflex is basic and can be found in many species. Even though it consists of only a few synapses located in the brain stem, the startle reflex offers a valuable research method for human affective, cognitive, and psychological research. This is because of moderating effects of higher mental processes such as attention and emotion on the response magnitude: affective foreground stimulation and directed attention are validated paradigms in startle-related research. This work presents findings from three independent research studies that deal with (1) the application of the established "affective modulation of startle"-paradigm to the novel setting of attractiveness and human mating preferences, (2) the question of how different components of the startle response are affected by a physiological stressor and (3) how startle stimuli affect visual attention towards emotional stimuli. While the first two studies treat the startle response as a dependent variable by measuring its response magnitude, the third study uses startle stimuli as an experimental manipulation and investigates its potential effects on a behavioural measure. The first chapter of this thesis describes the basic mechanisms of the startle response as well as the body of research that sets the foundation of startle research in psychophysiology. It provides the rationale for the presented studies, and offers a short summary of the obtained results. Chapter two to four represent primary research articles that are published or in press. At the beginning of each chapter the contribution of all authors is explained. The references for all chapters are listed at the end of this thesis. The overall scope of this thesis is to show how the human startle response is modulated by a variety of factors, such as the attractiveness of a potential mating partner or the exposure to a stressor. In conclusion, the magnitude of the startle response can serve as a measure for such psychological states and processes. Beyond the involuntary, physiological startle reflex, startle stimuli also affect intentional behavioural responses, which we could demonstrate for eye movements in a visual attention paradigm.
Der digitale Fortschritt der vergangenen Jahrzehnte beruht zu einem großen Teil auf der Innovationskraft junger aufstrebender Unternehmen. Während diese Unternehmen auf der einen Seite ihr hohes Maß an Innovativität eint, entsteht für diese zeitgleich auch ein hoher Bedarf an finanziellen Mitteln, um ihre geplanten Innovations- und Wachstumsziele auch in die Tat umsetzen zu können. Da diese Unternehmen häufig nur wenige bis keine Unternehmenswerte, Umsätze oder auch Profitabilität vorweisen können, gestaltet sich die Aufnahme von externem Kapital häufig schwierig bis unmöglich. Aus diesem Umstand entstand in der Mitte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts das Geschäftsmodell der Risikofinanzierung, des sogenannten „Venture Capitals“. Dabei investieren Risikokapitalgeber in aussichtsreiche junge Unternehmen, unterstützen diese in ihrem Wachstum und verkaufen nach einer festgelegten Dauer ihre Unternehmensanteile, im Idealfall zu einem Vielfachen ihres ursprünglichen Wertes. Zahlreiche junge Unternehmen bewerben sich um Investitionen dieser Risikokapitalgeber, doch nur eine sehr geringe Zahl erhält diese auch. Um die aussichtsreichsten Unternehmen zu identifizieren, sichten die Investoren die Bewerbungen anhand verschiedener Kriterien, wodurch bereits im ersten Schritt der Bewerbungsphase zahlreiche Unternehmen aus dem Kreis potenzieller Investmentobjekte ausscheiden. Die bisherige Forschung diskutiert, welche Kriterien Investoren zu einer Investition bewegen. Daran anschließend verfolgt diese Dissertation das Ziel, ein tiefergehendes Verständnis darüber zu erlangen, welche Faktoren die Entscheidungsfindung der Investoren beeinflussen. Dabei wird vor allem auch untersucht, wie sich persönliche Faktoren der Investoren, sowie auch der Unternehmensgründer, auf die Investitionsentscheidung auswirken. Ergänzt werden diese Untersuchungen zudem durch die Analyse der Wirkung des digitalen Auftretens von Unternehmensgründern auf die Entscheidungsfindung von Risikokapitalgebern. Des Weiteren verfolgt diese Dissertation als zweites Ziel einen Erkenntnisgewinn über die Auswirkungen einer erfolgreichen Investition auf den Unternehmensgründer. Insgesamt umfasst diese Dissertation vier Studien, die im Folgenden näher beschrieben werden.
In Kapitel 2 wird untersucht, inwiefern sich bestimmte Humankapitaleigenschaften des Investors auf dessen Entscheidungsverhalten auswirken. Mithilfe vorangegangener Interviews und Literaturrecherchen wurden insgesamt sieben Kriterien identifiziert, die Risikokapitalinvestoren in ihrer Entscheidungsfindung nutzen. Daraufhin nahmen 229 Investoren an einem Conjoint Experiment teil, mithilfe dessen gezeigt werden konnte, wie wichtig die jeweiligen Kriterien im Rahmen der Entscheidung sind. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei, wie sich die Wichtigkeit der Kriterien in Abhängigkeit der Humankapitaleigenschaften der Investoren unterscheiden. Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass sich die Wichtigkeit der Kriterien je nach Bildungshintergrund und Erfahrung der Investoren unterscheidet. So legen beispielsweise Investoren mit einem höheren Bildungsabschluss und Investoren mit unternehmerischer Erfahrung deutlich mehr Wert auf die internationale Skalierbarkeit der Unternehmen. Zudem unterscheidet sich die Wichtigkeit der Kriterien auch in Abhängigkeit der fachlichen Ausbildung. So legen etwa Investoren mit einer fachlichen Ausbildung in Naturwissenschaften einen deutlich stärkeren Fokus auf den Mehrwert des Produktes beziehungsweise der Dienstleistung. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass Investoren mit mehr Investitionserfahrung die Erfahrung des Managementteams wesentlich wichtiger einschätzen als Investoren mit geringerer Investitionserfahrung. Diese Ergebnisse ermöglichen es Unternehmensgründern ihre Bewerbungen um eine Risikokapitalfinanzierung zielgenauer auszurichten, etwa durch eine Analyse des beruflichen Hintergrunds der potentiellen Investoren und eine damit einhergehende Anpassung der Bewerbungsunterlagen, zum Beispiel durch eine stärkere Schwerpunktsetzung besonders relevanter Kriterien.
Die in Kapitel 3 vorgestellte Studie bedient sich der Daten des gleichen Conjoint Experiments aus Kapitel 2, legt hierbei allerdings einen Fokus auf den Unterschied zwischen Investoren aus den USA und Investoren aus Kontinentaleuropa. Dazu wurden Subsamples kreiert, in denen 128 Experimentteilnehmer in den USA angesiedelt sind und 302 in Kontinentaleuropa. Die Analyse der Daten zeigt, dass US-amerikanische Investoren, im Vergleich zu Investoren in Kontinentaleuropa, einen signifikant stärkeren Fokus auf das Umsatzwachstum der Unternehmen legen. Zudem legen kontinentaleuropäische Investoren einen deutlich stärkeren Fokus auf die internationale Skalierbarkeit der Unternehmen. Um die Ergebnisse der Analyse besser interpretieren zu können, wurden diese im Anschluss mit vier amerikanischen und sieben europäischen Investoren diskutiert. Dabei bestätigen die europäischen Investoren die Wichtigkeit der hohen internationalen Skalierbarkeit aufgrund der teilweise geringen Größe europäischer Länder und dem damit zusammenhängenden Zwang, schnell international skalieren zu können, um so zufriedenstellende Wachstumsraten zu erreichen. Des Weiteren wurde der vergleichsweise geringere Fokus auf das Umsatzwachstum in Europa mit fehlenden Mitteln für eine schnelle Expansion begründet. Gleichzeitig wird der starke Fokus der US-amerikanischen Investoren auf Umsatzwachstum mit der höheren Tendenz zu einem Börsengang in den USA begründet, bei dem hohe Umsätze als Werttreiber dienen. Die Ergebnisse dieses Kapitels versetzen Unternehmensgründer in die Lage, ihre Bewerbung stärker an die wichtigsten Kriterien der potenziellen Investoren auszurichten, um so die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer erfolgreichen Investitionsentscheidung zu erhöhen. Des Weiteren bieten die Ergebnisse des Kapitels Investoren, die sich an grenzüberschreitenden syndizierten Investitionen beteiligen, die Möglichkeit, die Präferenzen der anderen Investoren besser zu verstehen und die Investitionskriterien besser auf potenzielle Partner abzustimmen.
Kapitel 4 untersucht ob bestimmte Charaktereigenschaften des sogenannten Schumpeterschen Entrepreneurs einen Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines zweiten Risikokapitalinvestments haben. Dazu wurden von Gründern auf Twitter gepostete Nachrichten sowie Information von Investitionsrunden genutzt, die auf der Plattform Crunchbase zur Verfügung stehen. Insgesamt wurden mithilfe einer Textanalysesoftware mehr als zwei Millionen Tweets von 3313 Gründern analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Studie deuten an, dass einige Eigenschaften, die typisch für Schumpetersche Gründer sind, die Chancen für eine weitere Investition erhöhen, während andere keine oder negative Auswirkungen haben. So erhöhen Gründer, die auf Twitter einen starken Optimismus sowie ihre unternehmerische Vision zur Schau stellen die Chancen auf eine zweite Risikokapitalfinanzierung, gleichzeitig werden diese aber durch ein zu starkes Streben nach Erfolg reduziert. Diese Ergebnisse haben eine hohe praktische Relevanz für Unternehmensgründer, die sich auf der Suche nach Risikokapital befinden. Diese können dadurch ihr virtuelles Auftreten („digital identity“) zielgerichteter steuern, um so die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer weiteren Investition zu erhöhen.
Abschließend wird in Kapitel 5 untersucht, wie sich die digitale Identität der Gründer verändert, nachdem diese eine erfolgreiche Risikokapitalinvestition erhalten haben. Dazu wurden sowohl Twitter-Daten als auch Crunchbase-Daten genutzt, die im Rahmen der Erstellung der Studie in Kapitel 4 erhoben wurden. Mithilfe von Textanalyse und Paneldatenregressionen wurden die Tweets von 2094 Gründern vor und nach Erhalt der Investition untersucht. Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass der Erhalt einer Risikokapitalinvestition das Selbstvertrauen, die positiven Emotionen, die Professionalisierung und die Führungsqualitäten der Gründer erhöhen. Gleichzeitig verringert sich allerdings die Authentizität der von den Gründern verfassten Nachrichten. Durch die Verwendung von Interaktionseffekten kann zudem gezeigt werden, dass die Steigerung des Selbstvertrauens positiv durch die Reputation des Investors moderiert wird, während die Höhe der Investition die Authentizität negativ moderiert. Investoren haben durch diese Erkenntnisse die Möglichkeit, den Weiterentwicklungsprozess der Gründer nach einer erfolgreichen Investition besser nachvollziehen zu können, wodurch sie in die Lage versetzt werden, die Aktivitäten ihrer Gründer auf Social Media Plattformen besser zu kontrollieren und im Bedarfsfall bei ihrer Anpassung zu unterstützen.
Die in den Kapiteln 2 bis 5 vorgestellten Studien dieser Dissertation tragen damit zu einem besseren Verständnis der Entscheidungsfindung im Venture Capital Prozess bei. Der bisherige Stand der Forschung wird um Erkenntnisse erweitert, die sowohl den Einfluss der Eigenschaften der Investoren als auch der Gründer betreffen. Zudem wird auch gezeigt, wie sich die Investition auf den Gründer selbst auswirken kann. Die Implikationen der Ergebnisse, sowie Limitationen und Möglichkeiten künftiger Forschung werden in Kapitel 6 näher beschrieben. Da die in dieser Dissertation verwendeten Methoden und Daten erst seit wenigen Jahren im Kontext der Venture Capital Forschung genutzt werden, beziehungsweise überhaupt verfügbar sind, bietet sie sich als eine Grundlage für weitere Forschung an.
Stress has been considered one of the most relevant factors promoting aggressive behavior. Animal and human pharmacological studies revealed the stress hormones corticosterone in rodents and cortisol in humans to constitute a particularly important neuroendocrine determinate in facilitating aggression and beyond that, assumedly in its continuation and escalation. Moreover, cortisol-induced alterations of social information processing, as well as of cognitive control processes, have been hypothesized as possible influencing factors in the stress-aggression link. So far, the immediate impact of a preceding stressor and thereby stress-induced rise of cortisol on aggressive behavior as well as higher-order cognitive control processes and social information processing in this context have gone mostly unheeded. The present thesis aimed to extend the hitherto findings of stress and aggression in this regard. For this purpose two psychophysiological studies with healthy adults were carried out, both using the socially evaluated-cold pressor test as an acute stress induction. Additionally to behavioral data and subjective reports, event related potentials were measured and acute levels of salivary cortisol were collected on the basis of which stressed participants were divided into cortisol-responders and "nonresponders. Study 1 examined the impact of acute stress-induced cortisol increase on inhibitory control and its neural correlates. 41 male participants were randomly assigned to the stress procedure or to a non-stressful control condition. Beforehand and afterwards, participants performed a Go Nogo task with visual letters to measure response inhibition. The effect of acute stress-induced cortisol increase on covert and overt aggressive behavior and on the processing of provoking stimuli within the aggressive encounter was investigated in study 2. Moreover, this experiment examined the combined impact of stress and aggression on ensuing affective information processing. 71 male and female participants were either exposed to the stress or to the control condition. Following this, half of each group received high or low levels of provocation during the Taylor Aggression Paradigm. At the end of the experiment, a passive viewing paradigm with affective pictures depicting positive, negative, or aggressive scenes with either humans or objects was realized. The results revealed that men were not affected by a stress-induced rise in cortisol on a behavioral level, showing neither impaired response inhibition nor enhanced aggressive behavior. In contrast, women showed enhanced overt and covert aggressive behavior under a surge of endogenous cortisol, confirming previous results, albeit only in case of high provocation and only up to the level of the control group. Unlike this rather moderate impact on behavior, cortisol showed a distinct impact on neural correlates of information processing throughout inhibitory control, aggression-eliciting stimuli, and emotional pictures for both men and women. At this, stress-induced increase of cortisol resulted in enhanced N2 amplitudes to Go stimuli, whereas P2 amplitudes to both and N2 to Nogo amplitudes retained unchanged, indicating an overcorrection and caution of the response activation in favor of successful inhibitory control. The processing of aggression-eliciting stimuli during the aggressive encounter was complexly altered by stress differently for women and men. Under increased cortisol levels, the frontal or parietal P3 amplitude patterns were either diminished or reversed in the case of high provocation compared to the control group and to cortisol-nonresponders, indicating a desensitization towards aggression-eliciting stimuli in males, but a more elaborate processing of those in women. Moreover, stress-induced cortisol and provocation jointly altered subsequent affective information processing at early as well as later stages of the information processing stream. Again, increased levels of cortisol led opposite directed amplitudes in the case of high provocation relative to the control group and cortisol-nonresponders, with enhanced N2 amplitudes in men and reduced P3 and LPP amplitudes in men and women for all affective pictures, suggesting initially enhanced emotional reactivity in men, but ensuing reduced motivational attention and enhanced emotion regulation in both, men and women. As a result, these present findings confirm the relevance of HPA activity in the elicitation and persistence of human aggressive behavior. Moreover, they reveal the significance of compensatory and emotion regulatory strategies and mechanisms in response to stress and provocation, indorsing the relevance of social information and cognitive control processes. Still, more research is needed to clarify the conditions which lead to the facilitation of aggression and by which compensatory mechanisms this is prevented.
In splitting theory of locally convex spaces we investigate evaluable characterizations of the pairs (E, X) of locally convex spaces such that each exact sequence 0 -> X -> G -> E -> 0 of locally convex spaces splits, i.e. either X -> G has a continuous linear left inverse or G -> E has a continuous linear right inverse. In the thesis at hand we deal with splitting of short exact sequences of so-called PLH spaces, which are defined as projective limits of strongly reduced spectra of strong duals of Fréchet-Hilbert spaces. This class of locally convex spaces contains most of the spaces of interest for application in the theory of partial differential operators as the space of Schwartz distributions , the space of real analytic functions and various spaces of ultradifferentiable functions and ultradistributions. It also contains non-Schwartz spaces as B(2,k,loc)(Ω) and spaces of smooth and square integrable functions that are not covered by the current theory for PLS spaces. We prove a complete characterizations of the above problem in the case of X being a PLH space and E either being a Fréchet-Hilbert space or a strong dual of one by conditions of type (T ). To this end, we establish the full homological toolbox of Yoneda Ext functors in exact categories for the category of PLH spaces including the long exact sequence, which in particular involves a thorough discussion of the proper concept of exactness. Furthermore, we exhibit the connection to the parameter dependence problem via the Hilbert tensor product for hilbertizable locally convex spaces. We show that the Hilbert tensor product of two PLH spaces is again a PLH space which in particular proves the positive answer to Grothendieck- problème des topologies. In addition to that we give a complete characterization of the vanishing of the first derivative of the functor proj for tensorized PLH spectra if one of the PLH spaces E and X meets some nuclearity assumptions. To apply our results to concrete cases we establish sufficient conditions of (DN)-(Ω) type and apply them to the parameter dependence problem for partial differential operators with constant coefficients on B(2,k,loc)(Ω) spaces as well as to the smooth and square integrable parameter dependence problem. Concluding we give a complete solution of all the problems under consideration for PLH spaces of Köthe type.
Chapter 2: Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, this study examines the relation-ship between immigrant residential segregation and immigrants" satisfaction with the neighbor-hood. The estimates show that immigrants living in segregated areas are less satisfied with the neighborhood. This is consistent with the hypothesis that housing discrimination rather than self-selection plays an important role in immigrant residential segregation. Our result holds true even when controlling for other influences such as household income and quality of the dwelling. It also holds true in fixed effects estimates that account for unobserved time-invariant influences. Chapter 3: Using survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, this study shows that immigrants living in segregated residential areas are more likely to report discrimination because of their ethnic background. This applies to both segregated areas where most neighbors are immigrants from the same country of origin as the surveyed person and segregated areas where most neighbors are immigrants from other countries of origin. The results suggest that housing discrimination rather than self-selection plays an important role in immigrant residential segregation. Chapter 4: Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and administrative data from 1996 to 2009, I investigate the question whether or not right-wing extremism of German residents is affected by the ethnic concentration of foreigners living in the same residential area. My results show a positive but insignificant relationship between ethnic concentration at the county level and the probability of extreme right-wing voting behavior for West Germany. However, due to potential endogeneity issues, I additionally instrument the share of foreigners in a county with the share of foreigners in each federal state (following an approach of Dustmann/Preston 2001). I find evidence for the interethnic contact theory, predicting a negative relationship between foreign-ers" share and right-wing voting. Moreover, I analyze the moderating role of education and the influence of cultural traits on this relationship. Chapter 5: Using data from the Socio-Economic Panel from 1998 to 2009 and administrative data on regional ethnic diversity, I show that ethnic diversity inhibits significantly people- political interest and participation in political organizations in West Germany. People seem to isolate themselves from political participation if exposed to more ethnic diversity which is particularly relevant with respect to the ongoing integration process of the European Union and the increasing transfer of legislative power from the national to European level. The results are robust if an instrumental variable strategy suggested by Dustmann and Preston (2001) is used to take into account that ethnic diversity measured on a local spatial level could be endogenous due to residential sorting. Interestingly, participation in non-political organizations is positively affected by ethnic diversity if selection bias is corrected for.
The main achievement of this thesis is an analysis of the accuracy of computations with Loader's algorithm for the binomial density. This analysis in later progress of work could be used for a theorem about the numerical accuracy of algorithms that compute rectangle probabilities for scan statistics of a multinomially distributed random variable. An example that shall illustrate the practical use of probabilities for scan statistics is the following, which arises in epidemiology: Let n patients arrive at a clinic in d = 365 days, each of the patients with probability 1/d at each of these d days and all patients independently from each other. The knowledge of the probability, that there exist 3 adjacent days, in which together more than k patients arrive, helps deciding, after observing data, if there is a cluster which we would not suspect to have occurred randomly but for which we suspect there must be a reason. Formally, this epidemiological example can be described by a multinomial model. As multinomially distributed random variables are examples of Markov increments, which is a fact already used implicitly by Corrado (2011) to compute the distribution function of the multinomial maximum, we can use a generalized version of Corrado's Algorithm to compute the probability described in our example. To compute its result, the algorithm for rectangle probabilities for Markov increments always uses transition probabilities of the corresponding Markov Chain. In the multinomial case, the transition probabilities of the corresponding Markov Chain are binomial probabilities. Therefore, we start an analysis of accuracy of Loader's algorithm for the binomial density, which for example the statistical software R uses. With the help of accuracy bounds for the binomial density we would be able to derive accuracy bounds for the computation of rectangle probabilities for scan statistics of multinomially distributed random variables. To figure out how sharp derived accuracy bounds are, in examples these can be compared to rigorous upper bounds and rigorous lower bounds which we obtain by interval-arithmetical computations.
In the first part of this work we generalize a method of building optimal confidence bounds provided in Buehler (1957) by specializing an exhaustive class of confidence regions inspired by Sterne (1954). The resulting confidence regions, also called Buehlerizations, are valid in general models and depend on a designated statistic'' that can be chosen according to some desired monotonicity behaviour of the confidence region. For a fixed designated statistic, the thus obtained family of confidence regions indexed by their confidence level is nested. Buehlerizations have furthermore the optimality property of being the smallest (w.r.t. set inclusion) confidence regions that are increasing in their designated statistic. The theory is eventually applied to normal, binomial, and exponential samples. The second part deals with the statistical comparison of pairs of diagnostic tests and establishes relations 1. between the sets of lower confidence bounds, 2. between the sets of pairs of comparable lower confidence bounds, and 3. between the sets of admissible lower confidence bounds in various models for diverse parameters of interest.
Knowledge acquisition comprises various processes. Each of those has its dedicated research domain. Two examples are the relations between knowledge types and the influences of person-related variables. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge is another crucial domain in educational research. I investigated these three processes through secondary analyses in this dissertation. Secondary analyses comply with the broadness of each field and yield the possibility of more general interpretations. The dissertation includes three meta-analyses: The first meta-analysis reports findings on the predictive relations between conceptual and procedural knowledge in mathematics in a cross-lagged panel model. The second meta-analysis focuses on the mediating effects of motivational constructs on the relationship between prior knowledge and knowledge after learning. The third meta-analysis deals with the effect of instructional methods in transfer interventions on knowledge transfer in school students. These three studies provide insights into the determinants and processes of knowledge acquisition and transfer. Knowledge types are interrelated; motivation mediates the relation between prior and later knowledge, and interventions influence knowledge transfer. The results are discussed by examining six key insights that build upon the three studies. Additionally, practical implications, as well as methodological and content-related ideas for further research, are provided.
As the oldest genre in New Zealand literature written in English, poetry always played a significant role in the country's literary debate and was generally considered to be an indicator of the country's cultural advancement. Throughout the 20th century, the question of home, of where it is and what it entails, became a crucial issue in discussing a distinct New Zealand sense of identity and in strengthening its independent cultural status. The establishment of a national sense of home was thus of primary concern, and poetry was regarded as the cultural marker of New Zealand's independence as a nation. In this politically motivated cultural debate, the writing of women was only considered on the margin, largely because their writing was considered too personal and too intimately tied together with daily life, especially domestic life, as to be able to contribute to a larger cultural statement. Such criticism built on gender role stereotypes, like for instance women's roles as mothers and housewives in the 1950s. The strong alignment of women with the home environment is not coincidental but a construct that was, and still is, predominantly shaped by white patriarchal ideology. However, it is in particular women's, both Pakeha and Maori, thorough investigation into the concept of home from within New Zealand's society that bears the potential for revealing a more profound relationship between actual social reality and the poetic imagination. The close reading of selected poems by Ursula Bethell, Mary Stanley, Lauris Edmond and J.C. Sturm in this thesis reveals the ways in which New Zealand women of different backgrounds subvert, transcend and deconstruct such paradigms through their poetic imagination. Bethell, Stanley, Edmond and Sturm position their concepts of home at the crossroads between the public and the private realm. Their poems explore the correspondence between personal and national concerns and assess daily life against the backdrop of New Zealand's social development. Such complex socio-cultural interdependence has not been paid sufficient attention to in literary criticism, largely because a suitable approach to capturing the complexity of this kind of interconnectedness was lacking. With Spaces of Overlap and Spaces of Mediation this thesis presents two critical models that seek to break the tight critical frames in the assessment of poetic concepts of home. Both notions are based on a contextualised approach to the poetic imagination in relation to social reality and seek to carve out the concept of home in its interconnected patterns. Eventually, this approach helps to comprehend the ways in which women's intimate negotiations of home translate into moments of cultural insight and transcend the boundaries of the individual poets' concerns. The focus on women's (re)negotiations of home counteracts the traditionally male perspective on New Zealand poetry and provides a more comprehensive picture of New Zealand's cultural fabric. In highlighting the works of Ursula Bethell, Mary Stanley, Lauris Edmond and J.C. Sturm, this thesis not only emphasises their individual achievements but makes clear that a traditional line of New Zealand women's poetry exists that has been neglected far too long in the estimation of New Zealand's literary history.
Estimation and therefore prediction -- both in traditional statistics and machine learning -- encounters often problems when done on survey data, i.e. on data gathered from a random subset of a finite population. Additional to the stochastic generation of the data in the finite population (based on a superpopulation model), the subsetting represents a second randomization process, and adds further noise to the estimation. The character and impact of the additional noise on the estimation procedure depends on the specific probability law for subsetting, i.e. the survey design. Especially when the design is complex or the population data is not generated by a Gaussian distribution, established methods must be re-thought. Both phenomena can be found in business surveys, and their combined occurrence poses challenges to the estimation.
This work introduces selected topics linked to relevant use cases of business surveys and discusses the role of survey design therein: First, consider micro-econometrics using business surveys. Regression analysis under the peculiarities of non-normal data and complex survey design is discussed. The focus lies on mixed models, which are able to capture unobserved heterogeneity e.g. between economic sectors, when the dependent variable is not conditionally normally distributed. An algorithm for survey-weighted model estimation in this setting is provided and applied to business data.
Second, in official statistics, the classical sampling randomization and estimators for finite population totals are relevant. The variance estimation of estimators for (finite) population totals plays a major role in this framework in order to decide on the reliability of survey data. When the survey design is complex, and the number of variables is large for which an estimated total is required, generalized variance functions are popular for variance estimation. They allow to circumvent cumbersome theoretical design-based variance formulae or computer-intensive resampling. A synthesis of the superpopulation-based motivation and the survey framework is elaborated. To the author's knowledge, such a synthesis is studied for the first time both theoretically and empirically.
Third, the self-organizing map -- an unsupervised machine learning algorithm for data visualization, clustering and even probability estimation -- is introduced. A link to Markov random fields is outlined, which to the author's knowledge has not yet been established, and a density estimator is derived. The latter is evaluated in terms of a Monte-Carlo simulation and then applied to real world business data.
Many real-life phenomena, such as computer systems, communication networks, manufacturing systems, supermarket checkout lines as well as structural military systems can be represented by means of queueing models. Looking at queueing models, a controller may considerably improve the system's performance by reducing queue lengths, or increasing the throughput, or diminishing the overhead, whereas in the absence of a controller the system behavior may get quite erratic, exhibiting periods of high load and long queues followed by periods, during which the servers remain idle. The theoretical foundations of controlled queueing systems are led in the theory of Markov, semi-Markov and semi-regenerative decision processes. In this thesis, the essential work consists in designing controlled queueing models and investigation of their optimal control properties for the application in the area of the modern telecommunication systems, which should satisfy the growing demands for quality of service (QoS). For two types of optimization criterion (the model without penalties and with set-up costs), a class of controlled queueing systems is defined. The general case of the queue that forms this class is characterized by a Markov Additive Arrival Process and heterogeneous Phase-Type service time distributions. We show that for these queueing systems the structural properties of optimal control policies, e.g. monotonicity properties and threshold structure, are preserved. Moreover, we show that these systems possess specific properties, e.g. the dependence of optimal policies on the arrival and service statistics. In order to practically use controlled stochastic models, it is necessary to obtain a quick and an effective method to find optimal policies. We present the iteration algorithm which can be successfully used to find an optimal solution in case of a large state space.
In this study, candidate loci for periodic catatonia (SCZD10, OMIM #605419) on chromosome 15q15 and 22q13.33 have been fine mapped and investigated. Previously, several studies found evidences for a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 15q15 and a further potential locus on 22q13.33 pointing to genetic heterogeneity. Fine mapping was done in our multiplex families through linkage and mutational analysis using genomic markers selected from public databases. Positional candidate genes like SPRED1 and BRD1, and ultra-conserved elements were investigated by direct sequencing in these families. The results narrow down the susceptibility locus on chromosome 15q14-15q15.1 to a region between markers D15S1042 and D15S968, as well as exclusion of SPRED1 and ultra-conserved elements as susceptibility candidates. Fine mapping for two chromosome 23q13.33-linked families showed that the recombination events would place the disease-causing gene to a telomeric ~577 Kb interval and SNP rs138880 investigation revealed an A-allele in the affected person, therefore excludes BRD1 as well as confirmed MLC1 to be the candidate gene for periodic catatonia.
Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with a higher risk for diseases in adulthood. Changes in the immune system have been proposed to underlie this association. Although higher levels of inflammation and immunosenescence have been reported, data on cell-specific immune effects are largely absent. In addition, stress systems and health behaviors are altered in ELA, which may contribute to the generation of the "ELA immune phenotype". In this thesis, we have investigated the ELA immune phenotype on a cellular level and whether this is an indirect consequence of changes in behavior or stress reactivity. To address these questions the EpiPath cohort was established, consisting of 115 young adults with or without ELA. ELA participants had experienced separation from their parents in early childhood and were subsequently adopted, which is a standard model for ELA, whereas control participants grew up with their biological parents. At a first visit, blood samples were taken for analysis of epigenetic markers and immune parameters. A selection of the cohort underwent a standardized laboratory stress test (SLST). Endocrine, immune, and cardiovascular parameters were assessed at several time points before and after stress. At a second visit, participants underwent structural clinical interviews and filled out psychological questionnaires. We observed a higher number of activated T cells in ELA, measured by HLA-DR and CD25 expression. Neither cortisol levels nor health-risk behaviors explained the observed group differences. Besides a trend towards higher numbers of CCR4+CXCR3-CCR6+ CD4 T cells in ELA, relative numbers of immune cell subsets in circulation were similar between groups. No difference was observed in telomere length or in methylation levels of age-related CpGs in whole blood. However, we found a higher expression of senescence markers (CD57) on T cells in ELA. In addition, these cells had an increased cytolytic potential. A mediation analysis demonstrated that cytomegalovirus infection " an important driving force of immunosenescence " largely accounted for elevated CD57 expression. The psychological investigations revealed that after adoption, family conditions appeared to have been similar to the controls. However, PhD thesis MMC Elwenspoek 18 ELA participants scored higher on a depression index, chronic stress, and lower on self-esteem. Psychological, endocrine, and cardiovascular parameters significantly responded to the SLST, but were largely similar between the two groups. Only in a smaller subset of groups matched for gender, BMI, and age, the cortisol response seemed to be blunted in ELA participants. Although we found small differences in the methylation level of the GR promoter, GR sensitivity and mRNA expression levels GR as well as expression of the GR target genes FKBP5 and GILZ were similar between groups. Taken together, our data suggest an elevated state of immune activation in ELA, in which particularly T cells are affected. Furthermore, we found higher levels of T cells immunosenescence in ELA. Our data suggest that ELA may increase the risk of cytomegalovirus infection in early childhood, thereby mediating the effect of ELA on T cell specific immunosenescence. Importantly, we found no evidence of HPA dysregulation in participants exposed to ELA in the EpiPath cohort. Thus, the observed immune phenotype does not seem to be secondary to alterations in the stress system or health-risk behaviors, but rather a primary effect of early life programming on immune cells. Longitudinal studies will be necessary to further dissect cause from effect in the development of the ELA immune phenotype.
The influence of the dopamine agonist Ritalin-® on performance in a card sorting task involving a monetary reward component was tested in 43 healthy male participants. It was investigated whether Ritalin-® would have differential behavioral effects as a function of the participants' parental bonding experiences and the personality variable "Novelty Seeking". When activity and performance accuracy were stimulated my monetary reward, Ritalin-® reduced activity in response to reward and added to the reward-induced increase in performance accuracy. However, performance accuracy after drug challenge was improved only in the low care participants. In the high care participants, it was contrarily impaired. This observation suggests that the successful therapeutic administration of Ritalin-® in ADHD may be influenced by early life parental care. Suggesting an association between the personality dimension of "Novelty Seeking" and the dopamine system, high "Novelty Seeking" scores positively correlated with sensitivity to Ritalin-® challenge.
Family firms play a crucial role in the DACH region (Germany, Austria, Switzerland). They are characterized by a long tradition, a strong connection to the region, and a well-established network. However, family firms also face challenges, especially in finding a suitable successor. Wealthy entrepreneurial families are increasingly opting to establish Single Family Offices (SFOs) as a solution to this challenge. An SFO takes on the management and protection of family wealth. Its goal is to secure and grow the wealth over generations. In Germany alone, there are an estimated 350 to 450 SFOs, with 70% of them being established after the year 2000. However, research on SFOs is still in its early stages, particularly regarding the role of SFOs as firm owners. This dissertation delves into an exploration of SFOs through four quantitative empirical studies. The first study provides a descriptive overview of 216 SFOs from the DACH-region. Findings reveal that SFOs exhibit a preference for investing in established companies and real estate. Notably, only about a third of SFOs engage in investments in start-ups. Moreover, SFOs as a group are heterogeneous. Categorizing them into three groups based on their relationship with the entrepreneurial family and the original family firm reveals significant differences in their asset allocation strategies. Subsequent studies in this dissertation leverage a hand-collected sample of 173 SFO-owned firms from the DACH region, meticulously matched with 684 family-owned firms from the same region. The second study focusing on financial performance indicates that SFO-owned firms tend to exhibit comparatively poorer financial performance than family-owned firms. However, when members of the SFO-owning family hold positions on the supervisory or executive board of the firm, there's a notable improvement. The third study, concerning cash holdings, reveals that SFO-owned firms maintain a higher cash holding ratio compared to family-owned firms. Notably, this effect is magnified when the SFO has divested its initial family firms. Lastly, the fourth study regarding capital structure highlights that SFO-owned firms tend to display a higher long-term debt ratio than family-owned firms. This suggests that SFO-owned firms operate within a trade-off theory framework, like private equity-owned firms. Furthermore, this effect is stronger for SFOs that sold their original family firm. The outcomes of this research are poised to provide entrepreneurial families with a practical guide for effectively managing and leveraging SFOs as a strategic long-term instrument for succession and investment planning.
The Eurosystem's Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) collects micro data on private households' balance sheets, income and consumption. It is a stylised fact that wealth is unequally distributed and that the wealthiest own a large share of total wealth. For sample surveys which aim at measuring wealth and its distribution, this is a considerable problem. To overcome it, some of the country surveys under the HFCS umbrella try to sample a disproportionately large share of households that are likely to be wealthy, a technique referred to as oversampling. Ignoring such types of complex survey designs in the estimation of regression models can lead to severe problems. This thesis first illustrates such problems using data from the first wave of the HFCS and canonical regression models from the field of household finance and gives a first guideline for HFCS data users regarding the use of replicate weight sets for variance estimation using a variant of the bootstrap. A further investigation of the issue necessitates a design-based Monte Carlo simulation study. To this end, the already existing large close-to-reality synthetic simulation population AMELIA is extended with synthetic wealth data. We discuss different approaches to the generation of synthetic micro data in the context of the extension of a synthetic simulation population that was originally based on a different data source. We propose an additional approach that is suitable for the generation of highly skewed synthetic micro data in such a setting using a multiply-imputed survey data set. After a description of the survey designs employed in the first wave of the HFCS, we then construct new survey designs for AMELIA that share core features of the HFCS survey designs. A design-based Monte Carlo simulation study shows that while more conservative approaches to oversampling do not pose problems for the estimation of regression models if sampling weights are properly accounted for, the same does not necessarily hold for more extreme oversampling approaches. This issue should be further analysed in future research.
This dissertation is dedicated to the analysis of the stabilty of portfolio risk and the impact of European regulation introducing risk based classifications for investment funds.
The first paper examines the relationship between portfolio size and the stability of mutual fund risk measures, presenting evidence for economies of scale in risk management. In a unique sample of 338 fund portfolios we find that the volatility of risk numbers decreases for larger funds. This finding holds for dispersion as well as tail risk measures. Further analyses across asset classes provide evidence for the robustness of the effect for balanced and fixed income portfolios. However, a size effect did not emerge for equity funds, suggesting that equity fund managers simply scale their strategy up as they grow. Analyses conducted on the differences in risk stability between tail risk measures and volatilities reveal that smaller funds show higher discrepancies in that respect. In contrast to the majority of prior studies on the basis of ex-post time series risk numbers, this study contributes to the literature by using ex-ante risk numbers based on the actual assets and de facto portfolio data.
The second paper examines the influence of European legislation regarding risk classification of mutual funds. We conduct analyses on a set of worldwide equity indices and find that a strategy based on the long term volatility as it is imposed by the Synthetic Risk Reward Indicator (SRRI) would lead to substantial variations in exposures ranging from short phases of very high leverage to long periods of under investments that would be required to keep the risk classes. In some cases, funds will be forced to migrate to higher risk classes due to limited means to reduce volatilities after crises events. In other cases they might have to migrate to lower risk classes or increase their leverage to ridiculous amounts. Overall, we find if the SRRI creates a binding mechanism for fund managers, it will create substantial interference with the core investment strategy and may incur substantial deviations from it. Fruthermore due to the forced migrations the SRRI degenerates to a passive indicator.
The third paper examines the impact of this volatility based fund classification on portfolio performance. Using historical data on equity indices we find initially that a strategy based on long term portfolio volatility, as it is imposed by the Synthetic Risk Reward Indicator (SRRI), yields better Sharpe Ratios (SRs) and Buy and Hold Returns (BHRs) for the investment strategies matching the risk classes. Accounting for the Fama-French factors reveals no significant alphas for the vast majority of the strategies. In our simulation study where volatility was modelled through a GJR(1,1) - model we find no significant difference in mean returns, but significantly lower SRs for the volatility based strategies. These results were confirmed in robustness checks using alternative models and timeframes. Overall we present evidence which suggests that neither the higher leverage induced by the SRRI nor the potential protection in downside markets does pay off on a risk adjusted basis.
The discretization of optimal control problems governed by partial differential equations typically leads to large-scale optimization problems. We consider flow control involving the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations as state equation which is stamped by exactly this property. In order to avoid the difficulties of dealing with large-scale (discretized) state equations during the optimization process, a reduction of the number of state variables can be achieved by employing a reduced order modelling technique. Using the snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition method, one obtains a low-dimensional model for the computation of an approximate solution to the state equation. In fact, often a small number of POD basis functions suffices to obtain a satisfactory level of accuracy in the reduced order solution. However, the small number of degrees of freedom in a POD based reduced order model also constitutes its main weakness for optimal control purposes. Since a single reduced order model is based on the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for a specified control, it might be an inadequate model when the control (and consequently also the actual corresponding flow behaviour) is altered, implying that the range of validity of a reduced order model, in general, is limited. Thus, it is likely to meet unreliable reduced order solutions during a control problem solution based on one single reduced order model. In order to get out of this dilemma, we propose to use a trust-region proper orthogonal decomposition (TRPOD) approach. By embedding the POD based reduced order modelling technique into a trust-region framework with general model functions, we obtain a mechanism for updating the reduced order models during the optimization process, enabling the reduced order models to represent the flow dynamics as altered by the control. In fact, a rigorous convergence theory for the TRPOD method is obtained which justifies this procedure also from a theoretical point of view. Benefiting from the trust-region philosophy, the TRPOD method guarantees to save a lot of computational work during the control problem solution, since the original state equation only has to be solved if we intend to update our model function in the trust-region framework. The optimization process itself is completely based on reduced order information only.
Some of the largest firms in the DACH region (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) are (partially) owned by a foundation and/or a family office, such as Aldi, Bosch, or Rolex. Despite their growing importance, prior research neglected to analyze the impact of these intermediaries on the firms they own. This dissertation closes this research gap by contributing to a deeper understanding of two increasingly used family firm succession vehicles, through four empirical quantitative studies. The first study focuses on the heterogeneity in foundation-owned firms (FOFs) by applying a descriptive analysis to a sample of 169 German FOFs. The results indicate that the family as a central stakeholder in a family foundation fosters governance that promotes performance and growth. The second study examines the firm growth of 204 FOFs compared to matched non-FOFs from the DACH region. The findings suggest that FOFs grow significantly less in terms of sales but not with regard to employees. In addition, it seems that this negative effect is stronger for the upper than for the middle or lower quantiles of the growth distribution. Study three adopts an agency perspective and investigates the acquisition behavior within the group of 164 FOFs. The results reveal that firms with charitable foundations as owners are more likely to undertake acquisitions and acquire targets that are geographically and culturally more distant than firms with a family foundation as owner. At the same time, they favor target companies from the same or related industries. Finally, the fourth study scrutinizes the capital structure of firms owned by single family-offices (SFOs). Drawing on a hand-collected sample of 173 SFO-owned firms in the DACH region, the results show that SFO-owned firms display a higher long-term debt ratio than family-owned firms, indicating that SFO-owned firms follow trade-off theory, similar to private equity-owned firms. Additional analyses show that this effect is stronger for SFOs that sold their original family firm. In conclusion, the outcomes of this dissertation furnish valuable research contributions and offer practical insights for families navigating such intermediaries or succession vehicles in the long term.
The stress hormone cortisol as the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been found to play a crucial role in the release of aggressive behavior (Kruk et al., 2004; Böhnke et al., 2010). In order to further explore potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between stress and aggression, such as changes in (social) information processing, we conducted two experimental studies that are presented in this thesis. In both studies, acute stress was induced by means of the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test (SECP) designed by Schwabe et al. (2008). Stressed participants were classified as either cortisol responders or nonresponders depending on their rise in cortisol following the stressor. Moreover, basal HPA axis activity was measured prior to the experimental sessions and EEG was recorded throughout the experiments. The first study dealt with the influence of acute stress on cognitive control processes. 41 healthy male participants were assigned to either the stress condition or the non-stressful control procedure of the SECP. Before as well as after the stress induction, all participants performed a cued task-switching paradigm in order to measure cognitive control processes. Results revealed a significant influence of acute and basal cortisol levels, respectively, on the motor preparation of the upcoming behavioral response, that was reflected in changes in the magnitude of the terminal Contingent Negative Variation (CNV). In the second study, the effect of acute stress and subsequent social provocation on approach-avoidance motivation was examined. 72 healthy students (36 males, 36 females) took part in the study. They performed an approach-avoidance task, using emotional facial expressions as stimuli, before as well as after the experimental manipulation of acute stress (again via the SECP) and social provocation realized by means of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (Taylor, 1967). Additionally to salivary cortisol, testosterone samples were collected at several points in time during the experimental session. Results indicated a positive relationship between acute testosterone levels and the motivation to approach social threat stimuli in highly provoked cortisol responders. Similar results were found when the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio at baseline was taken into account instead of acute testosterone levels. Moreover, brain activity during the approach-avoidance task was significantly influenced by acute stress and social provocation, as reflected in reductions of early (P2) as well as of later (P3) ERP components in highly provoked cortisol responders. This may indicate a less accurate, rapid processing of socially relevant stimuli due to an acute increase in cortisol and subsequent social provocation. In conclusion, the two studies presented in this thesis provide evidence for significant changes in information processing due to acute stress, basal cortisol levels and social provocation, suggesting an enhanced preparation for a rapid behavioral response in the sense of a fight-or-flight reaction. These results confirm the model of Kruk et al. (2004) proposing a mediating role of changed information processes in the stress-aggression-link.
Every day we are exposed to a large set of appetitive food cues, mostly of high caloric, high carbohydrate content. Environmental factors like food cue exposition can impact eating behavior, by triggering anticipatory endocrinal responses and reinforcing the reward value of food. Additionally, it has been shown that eating behavior is largely influence by neuroendocrine factors. Energy homeostasis is of great importance for survival in all animal species. It is challenged under the state of food deprivation which is considered to be a metabolic stressor. Interestingly, the systems regulating stress and food intake share neural circuits. Adrenal glucocorticoids, as cortisol, and the pancreatic hormone insulin have been shown to be crucial to maintain catabolic and anabolic balance. Cortisol and insulin can cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with receptors distributed throughout the brain, influencing appetite and eating behavior. At the same time, these hormones have an important impact on the stress response. The aim of the current work is to broaden the knowledge on reward related food cue processing. With that purpose, we studied how food cue processing is influenced by food deprivation in women (in different phases of the menstrual cycle) and men. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of the stress/metabolic hormones, insulin and cortisol, at neural sites important for energy metabolism and in the processing of visual food cues. The Chapter I of this thesis details the underlying mechanisms of the startle response and its application in the investigation of food cue processing. Moreover, it describes the effects of food deprivation and of the stress-metabolic hormones insulin and cortisol in reward related processing of food cues. It explains the rationale for the studies presented in Chapter II-IV and describes their main findings. A general discussion of the results and recommendations for future research is given. In the study described in Chapter II, startle methodology was used to study the impact of food deprivation in the processing of reward related food cues. Women in different phases of the menstrual cycle and men were studied, in order to address potential effects of sex and menstrual cycle. All participants were studied either satiated or food deprived. Food deprivation provoked enhanced acoustic startle (ASR) response during foreground presentation of visual food cues. Sex and menstrual cycle did not influence this effect. The startle pattern towards food cues during fasting can be explained by a frustrative nonreward effect (FNR), driven by the impossibility to consume the exposed food. In Chapter III, a study is described, which was carried out to explore the central effects of insulin and cortisol, using continuous arterial spin labeling to map cerebral blood flow patterns. Following standardized periods of fasting, male participants received either intranasal insulin, oral cortisol, both, or placebo. Intranasal insulin increased resting regional cerebral blood flow in the putamen and insular cortex, structures that are involved in the regulation of eating behavior. Neither cortisol nor interaction effects were found. These results demonstrate that insulin exerts an action in metabolic centers during resting state, which is not affected by glucocorticoids. The study described in Chapter IV uses a similar pharmacological manipulation as the one presented in Chapter III, while assessing processing of reward related food cues through the startle paradigm validated in Chapter II. A sample of men was studied during short-term food deprivation. Considering the importance of both cortisol and insulin in glucose metabolism, food pictures were divided by glycemic index. Cortisol administration enhanced ASR during foreground presentation of "high glycemic" food pictures. This result suggests that cortisol provokes an increase in reward value of high glycemic food cues, which is congruent with previous research on stress and food consumption. This thesis gives support to the FNR hypothesis towards food cues during states of deprivation. Furthermore, it highlights the potential effects of stress related hormones in metabolism-connected neuronal structures, and in the reward related mechanisms of food cue processing. In a society marked by increased food exposure and availability, alongside with increased stress, it is important to better understand the impact of food exposition and its interaction with relevant hormones. This thesis contributes to the knowledge in this field. More research in this direction is needed.
As a target for condemnation, the thematic prevalence of racism in African American novels of satire is not surprising. In order to confront this vice in its shifting manifestations, however, the African American satirist has to employ special techniques. This thesis examines some of these devices as they occur in George Schuyler- Black No More, Charles Wright- The Wig, and Percival Everett- Erasure. Given the reciprocity of target and technique in the satiric context, close attention is paid to how the authors under study locate and interrogate racism in their narratives. In this respect, the significance of anti-essentialist Marxist criticism in Schuyler- Black No More and the author- portrayal of the society of his time as capitalist machinery is examined. While Schuyler is concerned with exposing the general socioeconomic workings of the 1920s from a Marxist perspective, Wright offers the reader perspective into how this oppressive machinery psychologically manipulates and corrupts the individual in the historic context of Lyndon B. Johnson- political vision of the Great Society. Everett then elaborates on the epistemological concern which is traceable in Wright- work and addresses the role media representation plays in manufacturing images and rigid categories that shape systematic racism. As such, the present study not only highlights the versatility of satire as a rhetorical secret weapon and thus ventures toward the idiosyncrasies of the African American novel of satire, it also makes an effort to trace the ever-changing face of racial discrimination.
The following dissertation contains three studies examining academic boredom development in five high-track German secondary schools (AVG-project data; Study 1: N = 1,432; Study 2: N = 1,861; Study 3: N = 1,428). The investigation period spanned 3.5 years, with four waves of measurement from grades 5 to 8 (T1: 5th grade, after transition to secondary school; T2: 5th grade, after mid-term evaluations; T3: 6th grade, after mid-term evaluations; T4: 8th grade, after mid-term evaluations). All three studies featured cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, separating, and comparing the subject domains of mathematics and German.
Study 1 provided an investigation of academic boredom’s factorial structure alongside correlational and reciprocal relations of different forms of boredom and academic self-concept. Analyses included reciprocal effects models and latent correlation analyses. Results indicated separability of boredom intensity, boredom due to underchallenge and boredom due to overchallenge, as separate, correlated factors. Evidence for reciprocal relations between boredom and academic self-concept was limited.
Study 2 examined the effectiveness and efficacy of full-time ability grouping for as a boredom intervention directed at the intellectually gifted. Analyses included propensity score matching, and latent growth curve modelling. Results pointed to limited effectiveness and efficacy for full-time ability grouping regarding boredom reduction.
Study 3 explored gender differences in academic boredom development, mediated by academic interest, academic self-concept, and previous academic achievement. Analyses included measurement invariance testing, and multiple-indicator-multi-cause-models. Results showed one-sided gender differences, with boys reporting less favorable boredom development compared to girls, even beyond the inclusion of relevant mediators.
Findings from all three studies were embedded into the theoretical framework of control-value theory (Pekrun, 2006; 2019; Pekrun et al., 2023). Limitations, directions for future research, and practical implications were acknowledged and discussed.
Overall, this dissertation yielded important insights into boredom’s conceptual complexity. This concerned factorial structure, developmental trajectories, interrelations to other learning variables, individual differences, and domain specificities.
Keywords: Academic boredom, boredom intensity, boredom due to underchallenge, boredom due to overchallenge, ability grouping, gender differences, longitudinal data analysis, control-value theory
Building Fortress Europe Economic realism, China, and Europe’s investment screening mechanisms
(2023)
This thesis deals with the construction of investment screening mechanisms across the major economic powers in Europe and at the supranational level during the post-2015 period. The core puzzle at the heart of this research is how, in a traditional bastion of economic liberalism such as Europe, could a protectionist tool such as investment screening be erected in such a rapid manner. Within a few years, Europe went from a position of being highly welcoming towards foreign investment to increasingly implementing controls on it, with the focus on China. How are we to understand this shift in Europe? I posit that Europe’s increasingly protectionist shift on inward investment can be fruitfully understood using an economic realist approach, where the introduction of investment screening can be seen as part of a process of ‘balancing’ China’s economic rise and reasserting European competitiveness. China has moved from being the ‘workshop of the world’ to becoming an innovation-driven economy at the global technological frontier. As China has become more competitive, Europe, still a global economic leader, broadly situated at the technological frontier, has begun to sense a threat to its position, especially in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. A ‘balancing’ process has been set in motion, in which Europe seeks to halt and even reverse the narrowing competitiveness gap between it and China. The introduction of investment screening measures is part of this process.
Academic achievement is a central outcome in educational research, both in and outside higher education, has direct effects on individual’s professional and financial prospects and a high individual and public return on investment. Theories comprise cognitive as well as non-cognitive influences on achievement. Two examples frequently investigated in empirical research are knowledge (as a cognitive determinant) and stress (as a non-cognitive determinant) of achievement. However, knowledge and stress are not stable, what raises questions as to how temporal dynamics in knowledge on the one hand and stress on the other contribute to achievement. To study these contributions in the present doctoral dissertation, I used meta-analysis, latent profile transition analysis, and latent state-trait analysis. The results support the idea of knowledge acquisition as a cumulative and long-term process that forms the basis for academic achievement and conceptual change as an important mechanism for the acquisition of knowledge in higher education. Moreover, the findings suggest that students’ stress experiences in higher education are subject to stable, trait-like influences, as well as situational and/or interactional, state-like influences which are differentially related to achievement and health. The results imply that investigating the causal networks between knowledge, stress, and academic achievement is a promising strategy for better understanding academic achievement in higher education. For this purpose, future studies should use longitudinal designs, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analytical techniques. Potential practical applications include taking account of students’ prior knowledge in higher education teaching and decreasing stress among higher education students.
Earth observation (EO) is a prerequisite for sustainable land use management, and the open-data Landsat mission is at the forefront of this development. However, increasing data volumes have led to a "digital-divide", and consequently, it is key to develop methods that account for the most data-intensive processing steps, then used for the generation and provision of analysis-ready, standardized, higher-level (Level 2 and Level 3) baseline products for enhanced uptake in environmental monitoring systems. Accordingly, the overarching research task of this dissertation was to develop such a framework with a special emphasis on the yet under-researched drylands of Southern Africa. A fully automatic and memory-resident radiometric preprocessing streamline (Level 2) was implemented. The method was applied to the complete Angolan, Zambian, Zimbabwean, Botswanan, and Namibian Landsat record, amounting 58,731 images with a total data volume of nearly 15 TB. Cloud/shadow detection capabilities were improved for drylands. An integrated correction of atmospheric, topographic and bidirectional effects was implemented, based on radiative theory with corrections for multiple scatterings, and adjacency effects, as well as including a multilayered toolset for estimating aerosol optical depth over persistent dark targets or by falling back on a spatio-temporal climatology. Topographic and bidirectional effects were reduced with a semi-empirical C-correction and a global set of correction parameters, respectively. Gridding and reprojection were already included to facilitate easy and efficient further processing. The selection of phenologically similar observations is a key monitoring requirement for multi-temporal analyses, and hence, the generation of Level 3 products that realize phenological normalization on the pixel-level was pursued. As a prerequisite, coarse resolution Land Surface Phenology (LSP) was derived in a first step, then spatially refined by fusing it with a small number of Level 2 images. For this purpose, a novel data fusion technique was developed, wherein a focal filter based approach employs multi-scale and source prediction proxies. Phenologically normalized composites (Level 3) were generated by coupling the target day (i.e. the main compositing criterion) to the input LSP. The approach was demonstrated by generating peak, end and minimum of season composites, and by comparing these with static composites (fixed target day). It was shown that the phenological normalization accounts for terrain- and land cover class-induced LSP differences, and the use of Level 2 inputs enables a wide range of monitoring options, among them the detection of within state processes like forest degradation. In summary, the developed preprocessing framework is capable of generating several analysis-ready baseline EO satellite products. These datasets can be used for regional case studies, but may also be directly integrated into more operational monitoring systems " e.g. in support of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) incentive. In reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of Trier University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. If interested in reprinting/republishing IEEE copyrighted material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution, please go to http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/rights_link.html to learn how to obtain a License from RightsLink.
Das erste Kapitel "ECOWAS" capability and potential to overcome constraints to growth and poverty reduction of its member states" diskutiert die Analyse wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Barrieren für ökonomisches Wachstum " eine der Hauptelemente für Entwicklungs- und Armutsreduktionsstrategien in Entwicklungsländern. Die Form der länderspezifischen Analyse von Wachstumsbarrieren wurde nach dem Scheitern der auf alle Länder generalisierten Entwicklungsstrategie des Washington Consensus insbesondere durch den Ansatz der "Growth Diagnostics" der Harvard Professoren Hausman, Rodrik und Velasco eingeführt. Es zeigt sich jedoch, dass bisher der Fokus rein auf den länderspezifischen Analysen bzw. Strategieentwicklungen liegt. Diese Arbeit erweiterte die Diskussion auf die regionale Ebene, indem es beispielhaft an der Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) die länderspezifischen Wachstumsbarrieren mit den regionalen Wachstumsbarrieren vergleicht. Dies erfolgt mittels einer Darstellung der in Studien und Strategien bereits identifizierten, länderspezifischen Wachstumsbarrieren in den jeweiligen Ländern sowie mit der Auswertung der regionalen Strategien der ECOWAS. Dazu wird ermittelt, inwieweit auf der regionalen Ebene auch messbare Ergebnisse bei der Bekämpfung von Wachstumsbarrieren erzielt werden. Es zeigt sich, dass ,trotz der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Diversität der Region, die ECOWAS den Großteil der in den Ländern identifizierten Wachstumsbarrieren ebenfalls auflistet und darüber hinaus sogar mit messbaren Ergebnissen dazu beiträgt, Veränderungen des Status Quo zu erreichen. Die Erweiterung des Ansatzes der Growth Diagnostics auf die regionale Ebene sowie die Erweiterung um das vergleichende Element von länderspezifischen und regionalen Wachstumsbarrieren zeigen sich als praktikabler Weg, Entwicklungsstrategien auf regionaler Ebene zu prüfen und subsidiär weiterzuentwickeln. Das zweite Kapitel "Simplifying evaluation of potential causalities in development projects using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)" diskutiert die Methode der qualitativen komperativen Analyse (QCA) als Evaluierungsmethodik für Projekte der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Hierbei stehen die adäquate Messung sowie die verständliche Darstellung der Wirkung von Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im Vordergrund. Dies ist ein Beitrag zu der intensiv geführten Diskussion, wie Wirkung von Hilfe in Entwicklungsländern gemessen und daraus für weitere Projekte gelernt werden kann. Mit der beispielhaften Anwendung der QCA auf einen Datensatz der deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im Senegal wird erstmalig diese Methode für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit in der Praxis angewandt. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Überprüfung von bestimmten Programmtheorien, d.h. der Annahme bestimmter Zusammenhänge zwischen eingesetzten Mitteln, äußeren Umständen und den Projektergebnissen bei der Implementierung von Projekten. Während solche Programmtheorien in dem Großteil der Projektskizzen der deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit enthalten sind, werden die wenigsten dieser Programmtheorien geprüft. Diese Arbeit zeigt QCA als eine effiziente Methode für diese Überprüfung. Eine eindeutige Bestätigung oder Falsifizierung dieser Theorien ist mittels dieser Methodik möglich. Dazu können die Ergebnisse bei den beiden einfacheren Formen der QCA, der crisp-set sowie der multi-value QCA, leicht nachvollziehbar vermittelt werden. Des Weiteren zeigt die Arbeit, dass QCA ebenfalls die Weiterentwicklung einer Programmtheorie ermöglicht, allerdings ist diese Weiterentwicklung nur begrenzt effizient und stark von den vorliegenden Daten sowie der Datenstruktur abhängig. Die Arbeit zeigt somit das Potential der QCA insbesondere für den Test von Programmtheorien auf und stellt die praktische Anwendung für mögliche Replizierung beispielhaft dar. Das dritte und letzte Kapitel der Doktorarbeit "The regional trade dynamics of Turkey: a panel data gravity model" analysiert den türkischen Handel, um die Veränderungen der letzten Jahrzehnte aufzuzeigen und daran zu diskutieren, inwieweit sich die Türkei als aufstrebendes Schwellenland von den bestehenden Handelsstrukturen loslöst. Diese Arbeit ist ein Beitrag zur Diskussion der sich Verschiebenden Machtkonstellationen durch das wirtschaftliche Aufholen der Schwellenländer. Bei der Türkei ist diese Diskussion zusätzlich interessant, da die Frage, ob die Türkei sich von der westlichen Welt, Nordamerika und Europa, abwendet, berücksichtigt wird. Mittels Dummy-Variablen für verschiedene Regionen in einem Gravitätsmodell werden die türkischen Handelsdaten zuerst insgesamt und nach Sektoren analysiert und die Veränderungen über verschieden Perioden des türkischen Außenhandels betrachtet. Es zeigt sich, dass in den türkischen Handelsbeziehungen eine Regionalisierung und eine Diversifizierung der Handelspartner stattfinden. Allerdings geht dies nicht mit einer Abkehr von westlichen Handelspartnern einher.
The present dissertation was developed to emphasize the importance of self-regulatory abilities and to derive novel opportunities to empower self-regulation. From the perspective of PSI (Personality Systems Interactions) theory (Kuhl, 2001), interindividual differences in self-regulation (action vs. state orientation) and their underlying mechanisms are examined in detail. Based on these insights, target-oriented interventions are derived, developed, and scientifically evaluated. The present work comprises a total of four studies which, on the one hand, highlight the advantages of a good self-regulation (e.g., enacting difficult intentions under demands; relation with prosocial power motive enactment and well-being). On the other hand, mental contrasting (Oettingen et al., 2001), an established self-regulation method, is examined from a PSI perspective and evaluated as a method to support individuals that struggle with self-regulatory deficits. Further, derived from PSI theory`s assumptions, I developed and evaluated a novel method (affective shifting) that aims to support individuals in overcoming self-regulatory deficits. Thereby affective shifting supports the decisive changes in positive affect for successful intention enactment (Baumann & Scheffer, 2010). The results of the present dissertation show that self-regulated changes between high and low positive affect are crucial for efficient intention enactment and that methods such as mental contrasting and affective shifting can empower self-regulation to support individuals to successfully close the gap between intention and action.
Data used for the purpose of machine learning are often erroneous. In this thesis, p-quasinorms (p<1) are employed as loss functions in order to increase the robustness of training algorithms for artificial neural networks. Numerical issues arising from these loss functions are addressed via enhanced optimization algorithms (proximal point methods; Frank-Wolfe methods) based on the (non-monotonic) Armijo-rule. Numerical experiments comprising 1100 test problems confirm the effectiveness of the approach. Depending on the parametrization, an average reduction of the absolute residuals of up to 64.6% is achieved (aggregated over 100 test problems).
My dissertation is concerned with contemporary (Anglo-)Canadian immigrant fiction and proposes an analytic grid with which it may be appreciated and compared more adequately. As a starting-point serves the general observation that the works of many Canadian immigrant writers are characterised by a focus on their respective home cultures as well as on their Canadian host culture. Following the ground-breaking work of Northrop Frye, Margaret Atwood and David Staines, the categories of "there" and "here" are suggested in order to reflect this double encoding of Canadian immigrant literature. However, "here" and "there" are more than spatial configurations in that they represent a concern with issues of multiculturalism and postcolonialism. Both of which are informed by an emphasis on difference and identity, and difference and identity are also what the narratives of M.G. Vassanji, Neil Bissoondath and Rohinton Mistry are preoccupied with. My study sets out to show two things: On the one hand, it attempts to exemplify the complexity and interrelatedness of "there" and "here" in a representative fashion. Hence in their treatments of difference, M.G. Vassanji, Neil Bissoondath and Rohinton Mistry come up with comparable identity constructions "here" and "there" respectively. On the other hand, special attention is paid to the strategies by which Vassanji, Bissoondath and Mistry construct difference and corroborate their respective understandings of identity.
During pregnancy every eighth woman is treated with glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids inhibit cell division but are assumed to accelerate the differentiation of cells. In this review animal models for the development of the human fetal and neonatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are investigated. It is possible to show that during pregnancy in humans, as in most of the here-investigated animal models, a stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) is present. In this period, the fetus is facing reduced glucocorticoid concentrations, by low or absent fetal glucocorticoid synthesis and by reduced exposure to maternal glucocorticoids. During that phase, sensitive maturational processes in the brain are assumed, which could be inhibited by high glucocorticoid concentrations. In the SHRP, species-specific maximal brain growth spurt and neurogenesis of the somatosensory cortex take place. The latter is critical for the development of social and communication skills and the secure attachment of mother and child. Glucocorticoid treatment during pregnancy needs to be further investigated especially during this vulnerable SHRP. The hypothalamus and the pituitary stimulate the adrenal glucocorticoid production. On the other hand, glucocorticoids can inhibit the synthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus and of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the pituitary. Alterations in this negative feedback are assumed among others in the development of fibromyalgia, diabetes and factors of the metabolic syndrome. In this work it is shown that the fetal cortisol surge at the end of gestation is at least partially due to reduced glucocorticoid negative feedback. It is also assumed that androgens are involved in the control of fetal glucocorticoid synthesis. Glucocorticoids seem to prevent masculinization of the female fetus by androgens during the sexual gonadal development. In this work a negative interaction of glucocorticoids and androgens is detectable.
Water-deficit stress, usually shortened to water- or drought stress, is one of the most critical abiotic stressors limiting plant growth, crop yield and quality concerning food production. Today, agriculture consumes about 80-90% of the global freshwater used by humans and about two thirds are used for crop irrigation. An increasing world population and a predicted rise of 1.0-2.5-°C in the annual mean global temperature as a result of climate change will further increase the demand of water in agriculture. Therefore, one of the most challenging tasks of our generation is to reduce the amount water used per unit yield to satisfy the second UN Sustainable Development Goal and to ensure global food security. Precision agriculture offers new farming methods with the goal to improve the efficiency of crop production by a sustainable use of resources. Plant responses to water stress are complex and co-occur with other environmental stresses under natural conditions. In general, water stress causes plant physiological and biochemical changes that depend on the severity and the duration of the actual plant water deficit. Stomatal closure is one of the first responses to plant water stress causing a decrease in plant transpiration and thus an increase in plant temperature. Prolonged or severe water stress leads to irreversible damage to the photosynthetic machinery and is associated with decreasing chlorophyll content and leaf structural changes (e.g., leaf rolling). Since a crop can already be irreversibly damaged by only mild water deficit, a pre-visual detection of water stress symptoms is essential to avoid yield loss. Remote sensing offers a non-destructive and spatio-temporal method for measuring numerous physiological, biochemical and structural crop characteristics at different scales and thus is one of the key technologies used in precision agriculture. With respect to the detection of plant responses to water stress, the current state-of-the-art hyperspectral remote sensing imaging techniques are based on measurements of thermal infrared emission (TIR; 8-14 -µm), visible, near- and shortwave infrared reflectance (VNIR/SWIR; 0.4-2.5 -µm), and sun-induced fluorescence (SIF; 0.69 and 0.76 -µm). It is, however, still unclear how sensitive these techniques are with respect to water stress detection. Therefore, the overall aim of this dissertation was to provide a comparative assessment of remotely sensed measures from the TIR, SIF, and VNIR/SWIR domains for their ability to detect plant responses to water stress at ground- and airborne level. The main findings of this thesis are: (i) temperature-based indices (e.g., CWSI) were most sensitive for the detection of plant water stress in comparison to reflectance-based VNIR/SWIR indices (e.g., PRI) and SIF at both, ground- and airborne level, (ii) for the first time, spectral emissivity as measured by the new hyperspectral TIR instrument could be used to detect plant water stress at ground level. Based on these findings it can be stated that hyperspectral TIR remote sensing offers great potential for the detection of plant responses to water stress at ground- and airborne level based on both TIR key variables, surface temperature and spectral emissivity. However, the large-scale application of water stress detection based on hyperspectral TIR measures in precision agriculture will be challenged by several problems: (i) missing thresholds of temperature-based indices (e.g., CWSI) for the application in irrigation scheduling, (ii) lack of current TIR satellite missions with suitable spectral and spatial resolution, (iii) lack of appropriate data processing schemes (including atmosphere correction and temperature emissivity separation) for hyperspectral TIR remote sensing at airborne- and satellite level.
Agricultural monitoring is necessary. Since the beginning of the Holocene, human agricultural
practices have been shaping the face of the earth, and today around one third of the ice-free land
mass consists of cropland and pastures. While agriculture is necessary for our survival, the
intensity has caused many negative externalities, such as enormous freshwater consumption, the
loss of forests and biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions as well as soil erosion and degradation.
Some of these externalities can potentially be ameliorated by careful allocation of crops and
cropping practices, while at the same time the state of these crops has to be monitored in order
to assess food security. Modern day satellite-based earth observation can be an adequate tool to
quantify abundance of crop types, i.e., produce spatially explicit crop type maps. The resources to
do so, in terms of input data, reference data and classification algorithms have been constantly
improving over the past 60 years, and we live now in a time where fully operational satellites
produce freely available imagery with often less than monthly revisit times at high spatial
resolution. At the same time, classification models have been constantly evolving from
distribution based statistical algorithms, over machine learning to the now ubiquitous deep
learning.
In this environment, we used an explorative approach to advance the state of the art of crop
classification. We conducted regional case studies, focused on the study region of the Eifelkreis
Bitburg-Prüm, aiming to develop validated crop classification toolchains. Because of their unique
role in the regional agricultural system and because of their specific phenologic characteristics
we focused solely on maize fields.
In the first case study, we generated reference data for the years 2009 and 2016 in the study
region by drawing polygons based on high resolution aerial imagery, and used these in
conjunction with RapidEye imagery to produce high resolution maize maps with a random forest
classifier and a gaussian blur filter. We were able to highlight the importance of careful residual
analysis, especially in terms of autocorrelation. As an end result, we were able to prove that, in
spite of the severe limitations introduced by the restricted acquisition windows due to cloud
coverage, high quality maps could be produced for two years, and the regional development of
maize cultivation could be quantified.
In the second case study, we used these spatially explicit datasets to link the expansion of biogas
producing units with the extended maize cultivation in the area. In a next step, we overlayed the
maize maps with soil and slope rasters in order to assess spatially explicit risks of soil compaction
and erosion. Thus, we were able to highlight the potential role of remote sensing-based crop type
classification in environmental protection, by producing maps of potential soil hazards, which can
be used by local stakeholders to reallocate certain crop types to locations with less associated
risk.
In our third case study, we used Sentinel-1 data as input imagery, and official statistical records
as maize reference data, and were able to produce consistent modeling input data for four
consecutive years. Using these datasets, we could train and validate different models in spatially
iv
and temporally independent random subsets, with the goal of assessing model transferability. We
were able to show that state-of-the-art deep learning models such as UNET performed
significantly superior to conventional models like random forests, if the model was validated in a
different year or a different regional subset. We highlighted and discussed the implications on
modeling robustness, and the potential usefulness of deep learning models in building fully
operational global crop classification models.
We were able to conclude that the first major barrier for global classification models is the
reference data. Since most research in this area is still conducted with local field surveys, and only
few countries have access to official agricultural records, more global cooperation is necessary to
build harmonized and regionally stratified datasets. The second major barrier is the classification
algorithm. While a lot of progress has been made in this area, the current trend of many appearing
new types of deep learning models shows great promise, but has not yet consolidated. There is
still a lot of research necessary, to determine which models perform the best and most robust,
and are at the same time transparent and usable by non-experts such that they can be applied
and used effortlessly by local and global stakeholders.
Floods are hydrological extremes that have enormous environmental, social and economic consequences.The objective of this thesis was a contribution to the implementation of a processing chain that integrates remote sensing information into hydraulic models. Specifically, the aim was to improve water elevation and discharge simulations by assimilating microwave remote sensing-derived flood information into hydraulic models. The first component of the proposed processing chain is represented by a fully automated flood mapping algorithm that enables the automated, objective, and reliable flood extent extraction from Synthetic Aperture Radar images, providing accurate results in both rural and urban regions. The method operates with minimum data requirements and is efficient in terms of computational time. The map obtained with the developed algorithm is still subject to uncertainties, both introduced by the flood mapping algorithm and inherent in the image itself. In this work, particular attention was given to image uncertainty deriving from speckle. By bootstrapping the original satellite image pixels, several synthetic images were generated and provided as input to the developed flood mapping algorithm. From the analysis performed on the mapping products, speckle uncertainty can be considered as a negligible component of the total uncertainty. In the final step of the proposed processing chain real event water elevations, obtained from satellite observations, were assimilated in a hydraulic model with an adapted version of the Particle Filter, modified to work with non-Gaussian distribution of observations. To deal with model structure error and possibly biased observations, a global and a local weight variant of the Particle Filter were tested. The variant to be preferred depends on the level of confidence that is attributed to the observations or to the model. This study also highlighted the complementarity of remote sensing derived and in-situ data sets. An accurate binary flood map represents an invaluable product for different end users. However, deriving from this binary map additional hydraulic information, such as water elevations, is a way of enhancing the value of the product itself. The derived data can be assimilated into hydraulic models that will fill the gaps where, for technical reasons, Earth Observation data cannot provide information, also enabling a more accurate and reliable prediction of flooded areas.
Even though in most cases time is a good metric to measure costs of algorithms, there are cases where theoretical worst-case time and experimental running time do not match. Since modern CPUs feature an innate memory hierarchy, the location of data is another factor to consider. When most operations of an algorithm are executed on data which is already in the CPU cache, the running time is significantly faster than algorithms where most operations have to load the data from the memory. The topic of this thesis is a new metric to measure costs of algorithms called memory distance—which can be seen as an abstraction of the just mentioned aspect. We will show that there are simple algorithms which show a discrepancy between measured running time and theoretical time but not between measured time and memory distance. Moreover we will show that in some cases it is sufficient to optimize the input of an algorithm with regard to memory distance (while treating the algorithm as a black box) to improve running times. Further we show the relation between worst-case time, memory distance and space and sketch how to define "the usual" memory distance complexity classes.
A matrix A is called completely positive if there exists an entrywise nonnegative matrix B such that A = BB^T. These matrices can be used to obtain convex reformulations of for example nonconvex quadratic or combinatorial problems. One of the main problems with completely positive matrices is checking whether a given matrix is completely positive. This is known to be NP-hard in general. rnrnFor a given matrix completely positive matrix A, it is nontrivial to find a cp-factorization A=BB^T with nonnegative B since this factorization would provide a certificate for the matrix to be completely positive. But this factorization is not only important for the membership to the completely positive cone, it can also be used to recover the solution of the underlying quadratic or combinatorial problem. In addition, it is not a priori known how many columns are necessary to generate a cp-factorization for the given matrix. The minimal possible number of columns is called the cp-rank of A and so far it is still an open question how to derive the cp-rank for a given matrix. Some facts on completely positive matrices and the cp-rank will be given in Chapter 2. Moreover, in Chapter 6, we will see a factorization algorithm, which, for a given completely positive matrix A and a suitable starting point, computes the nonnegative factorization A=BB^T. The algorithm therefore returns a certificate for the matrix to be completely positive. As introduced in Chapter 3, the fundamental idea of the factorization algorithm is to start from an initial square factorization which is not necessarily entrywise nonnegative, and extend this factorization to a matrix for which the number of columns is greater than or equal to the cp-rank of A. Then it is the goal to transform this generated factorization into a cp-factorization. This problem can be formulated as a nonconvex feasibility problem, as shown in Section 4.1, and solved by a method which is based on alternating projections, as proven in Chapter 6. On the topic of alternating projections, a survey will be given in Chapter 5. Here we will see how to apply this technique to several types of sets like subspaces, convex sets, manifolds and semialgebraic sets. Furthermore, we will see some known facts on the convergence rate for alternating projections between these types of sets. Considering more than two sets yields the so called cyclic projections approach. Here some known facts for subspaces and convex sets will be shown. Moreover, we will see a new convergence result on cyclic projections among a sequence of manifolds in Section 5.4. In the context of cp-factorizations, a local convergence result for the introduced algorithm will be given. This result is based on the known convergence for alternating projections between semialgebraic sets. To obtain cp-facrorizations with this first method, it is necessary to solve a second order cone problem in every projection step, which is very costly. Therefore, in Section 6.2, we will see an additional heuristic extension, which improves the numerical performance of the algorithm. Extensive numerical tests in Chapter 7 will show that the factorization method is very fast in most instances. In addition, we will see how to derive a certificate for the matrix to be an element of the interior of the completely positive cone. As a further application, this method can be extended to find a symmetric nonnegative matrix factorization, where we consider an additional low-rank constraint. Here again, the method to derive factorizations for completely positive matrices can be used, albeit with some further adjustments, introduced in Section 8.1. Moreover, we will see that even for the general case of deriving a nonnegative matrix factorization for a given rectangular matrix A, the key aspects of the completely positive factorization approach can be used. To this end, it becomes necessary to extend the idea of finding a completely positive factorization such that it can be used for rectangular matrices. This yields an applicable algorithm for nonnegative matrix factorization in Section 8.2. Numerical results for this approach will suggest that the presented algorithms and techniques to obtain completely positive matrix factorizations can be extended to general nonnegative factorization problems.
This thesis is divided into three main parts: The description of the calibration problem, the numerical solution of this problem and the connection to optimal stochastic control problems. Fitting model prices to given market prices leads to an abstract least squares formulation as calibration problem. The corresponding option price can be computed by solving a stochastic differential equation via the Monte-Carlo method which seems to be preferred by most practitioners. Due to the fact that the Monte-Carlo method is expensive in terms of computational effort and requires memory, more sophisticated stochastic predictor-corrector schemes are established in this thesis. The numerical advantage of these predictor-corrector schemes ispresented and discussed. The adjoint method is applied to the calibration. The theoretical advantage of the adjoint method is discussed in detail. It is shown that the computational effort of gradient calculation via the adjoint method is independent of the number of calibration parameters. Numerical results confirm the theoretical results and summarize the computational advantage of the adjoint method. Furthermore, provides the connection to optimal stochastic control problems is proven in this thesis.
Traditional workflow management systems support process participants in fulfilling business tasks through guidance along a predefined workflow model.
Flexibility has gained a lot of attention in recent decades through a shift from mass production to customization. Various approaches to workflow flexibility exist that either require extensive knowledge acquisition and modelling effort or an active intervention during execution and re-modelling of deviating behaviour. The pursuit of flexibility by deviation is to compensate both of these disadvantages through allowing alternative unforeseen execution paths at run time without demanding the process participant to adapt the workflow model. However, the implementation of this approach has been little researched so far.
This work proposes a novel approach to flexibility by deviation. The approach aims at supporting process participants during the execution of a workflow through suggesting work items based on predefined strategies or experiential knowledge even in case of deviations. The developed concepts combine two renowned methods from the field of artificial intelligence - constraint satisfaction problem solving with process-oriented case-based reasoning. This mainly consists of a constraint-based workflow engine in combination with a case-based deviation management. The declarative representation of workflows through constraints allows for implicit flexibility and a simple possibility to restore consistency in case of deviations. Furthermore, the combined model, integrating procedural with declarative structures through a transformation function, increases the capabilities for flexibility. For an adequate handling of deviations the methodology of case-based reasoning fits perfectly, through its approach that similar problems have similar solutions. Thus, previous made experiences are transferred to currently regarded problems, under the assumption that a similar deviation has been handled successfully in the past.
Necessary foundations from the field of workflow management with a focus on flexibility are presented first.
As formal foundation, a constraint-based workflow model was developed that allows for a declarative specification of foremost sequential dependencies of tasks. Procedural and declarative models can be combined in the approach, as a transformation function was specified that converts procedural workflow models to declarative constraints.
One main component of the approach is the constraint-based workflow engine that utilizes this declarative model as input for a constraint solving algorithm. This algorithm computes the worklist, which is proposed to the process participant during workflow execution. With predefined deviation handling strategies that determine how the constraint model is modified in order to restore consistency, the support is continuous even in case of deviations.
The second major component of the proposed approach constitutes the case-based deviation management, which aims at improving the support of process participants on the basis of experiential knowledge. For the retrieve phase, a sophisticated similarity measure was developed that integrates specific characteristics of deviating workflows and combines several sequence similarity measures. Two alternative methods for the reuse phase were developed, a null adaptation and a generative adaptation. The null adaptation simply proposes tasks from the most similar workflow as work items, whereas the generative adaptation modifies the constraint-based workflow model based on the most similar workflow in order to re-enable the constraint-based workflow engine to suggest work items.
The experimental evaluation of the approach consisted of a simulation of several types of process participants in the exemplary domain of deficiency management in construction. The results showed high utility values and a promising potential for an investigation of the transfer on other domains and the applicability in practice, which is part of future work.
Concluding, the contributions are summarized and research perspectives are pointed out.
Due to the transition towards climate neutrality, energy markets are rapidly evolving. New technologies are developed that allow electricity from renewable energy sources to be stored or to be converted into other energy commodities. As a consequence, new players enter the markets and existing players gain more importance. Market equilibrium problems are capable of capturing these changes and therefore enable us to answer contemporary research questions with regard to energy market design and climate policy.
This cumulative dissertation is devoted to the study of different market equilibrium problems that address such emerging aspects in liberalized energy markets. In the first part, we review a well-studied competitive equilibrium model for energy commodity markets and extend this model by sector coupling, by temporal coupling, and by a more detailed representation of physical laws and technical requirements. Moreover, we summarize our main contributions of the last years with respect to analyzing the market equilibria of the resulting equilibrium problems.
For the extension regarding sector coupling, we derive sufficient conditions for ensuring uniqueness of the short-run equilibrium a priori and for verifying uniqueness of the long-run equilibrium a posteriori. Furthermore, we present illustrative examples that each of the derived conditions is indeed necessary to guarantee uniqueness in general.
For the extension regarding temporal coupling, we provide sufficient conditions for ensuring uniqueness of demand and production a priori. These conditions also imply uniqueness of the short-run equilibrium in case of a single storage operator. However, in case of multiple storage operators, examples illustrate that charging and discharging decisions are not unique in general. We conclude the equilibrium analysis with an a posteriori criterion for verifying uniqueness of a given short-run equilibrium. Since the computation of equilibria is much more challenging due to the temporal coupling, we shortly review why a tailored parallel and distributed alternating direction method of multipliers enables to efficiently compute market equilibria.
For the extension regarding physical laws and technical requirements, we show that, in nonconvex settings, existence of an equilibrium is not guaranteed and that the fundamental welfare theorems therefore fail to hold. In addition, we argue that the welfare theorems can be re-established in a market design in which the system operator is committed to a welfare objective. For the case of a profit-maximizing system operator, we propose an algorithm that indicates existence of an equilibrium and that computes an equilibrium in the case of existence. Based on well-known instances from the literature on the gas and electricity sector, we demonstrate the broad applicability of our algorithm. Our computational results suggest that an equilibrium often exists for an application involving nonconvex but continuous stationary gas physics. In turn, integralities introduced due to the switchability of DC lines in DC electricity networks lead to many instances without an equilibrium. Finally, we state sufficient conditions under which the gas application has a unique equilibrium and the line switching application has finitely many.
In the second part, all preprints belonging to this cumulative dissertation are provided. These preprints, as well as two journal articles to which the author of this thesis contributed, are referenced within the extended summary in the first part and contain more details.
This work is concerned with two kinds of objects: regular expressions and finite automata. These formalisms describe regular languages, i.e., sets of strings that share a comparatively simple structure. Such languages - and, in turn, expressions and automata - are used in the description of textual patterns, workflow and dependence modeling, or formal verification. Testing words for membership in any given such language can be implemented using a fixed - i.e., finite - amount of memory, which is conveyed by the phrasing finite-automaton. In this aspect they differ from more general classes, which require potentially unbound memory, but have the potential to model less regular, i.e., more involved, objects. Other than expressions and automata, there are several further formalisms to describe regular languages. These formalisms are all equivalent and conversions among them are well-known.However, expressions and automata are arguably the notions which are used most frequently: regular expressions come natural to humans in order to express patterns, while finite automata translate immediately to efficient data structures. This raises the interest in methods to translate among the two notions efficiently. In particular,the direction from expressions to automata, or from human input to machine representation, is of great practical relevance. Probably the most frequent application that involves regular expressions and finite automata is pattern matching in static text and streaming data. Common tools to locate instances of a pattern in a text are the grep application or its (many) derivatives, as well as awk, sed and lex. Notice that these programs accept slightly more general patterns, namely ''POSIX expressions''. Concerning streaming data, regular expressions are nowadays used to specify filter rules in routing hardware.These applications have in common that an input pattern is specified in form a regular expression while the execution applies a regular automaton. As it turns out, the effort that is necessary to describe a regular language, i.e., the size of the descriptor,varies with the chosen representation. For example, in the case of regular expressions and finite automata, it is rather easy to see that any regular expression can be converted to a finite automaton whose size is linear in that of the expression. For the converse direction, however, it is known that there are regular languages for which the size of the smallest describing expression is exponential in the size of the smallest describing automaton.This brings us to the subject at the core of the present work: we investigate conversions between expressions and automata and take a closer look at the properties that exert an influence on the relative sizes of these objects.We refer to the aspects involved with these consideration under the titular term of Relative Descriptional Complexity.
High-resolution projections of the future climate are required to assess climate change realistically at a regional scale. This is in particular important for climate change impact studies since global projections are much too coarse to represent local conditions adequately. A major concern is thereby the change of extreme values in a warming climate due to their severe impact on the natural environment, socio-economical systems and the human health. Regional climate models (RCMs) are, however, able to reproduce much of those local features. Current horizontal resolutions are about 18-25km, which is still too coarse to directly resolve small-scale processes such as deep-convection. For this reason, projections of a possible future climate were simulated in this study with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM at horizontal resolutions of 4.5km and 1.3km for the region of Saarland-Lorraine-Luxemburg and Rhineland-Palatinate for the first time. At a horizontal scale of about 1km deep-convection is treated explicitly, which is expected to improve particularly the simulation of convective summer precipitation and a better resolved orography is expected to improve near surface fields such as 2m temperature. These simulations were performed as 10-year long time-slice experiments for the present climate (1991"2000), the near future (2041"2050) and the end of the century (2091"2100). The climate change signals of the annual and seasonal means and the change of extremes are analysed with respect to precipitation and 2m temperature and a possible added value due to the increased resolution is investigated. To assess changes in extremes, extreme indices have been applied and 10- and 20-year return levels were estimated by "peak-over-threshold" models. Since it is generally known that model output of RCMs should not directly be used for climate change impact studies, the precipitation and temperature fields were bias-corrected with several quantile-matching methods. Among them is a new developed parametric method which includes an extension for extreme values and is hence expected to improve the correction. In addition, the impact of the bias-correction on the climate change signals and on the extreme value statistics was investigated. The results reveal a significant warming of the annual mean by about +1.7 -°C until 2041"2050 and +3.7 -°C until 2091"2100, but considerably stronger signals of up to +5 -°C in summer in the Rhine Valley. Furthermore, the daily variability increases by about +0.8 -°C in summer but decreases by about -0.8 -°C in winter. Consequently, hot extremes increase moderately until the mid of the century but strongly thereafter, in particular in the Rhine Valley. Cold extremes warm continuously in the complete domain in the next 100 years but strongest in mountainous areas. The change signals with regard to annual precipitation are of the order -±10% but not significant. Significant, however, are a predicted increase of +32% of the seasonal precipitation in autumn until 2041"2050 and a decrease of -28% in summer until 2091-2100. No significant changes were found for days with intensities > 20 mm/day, but the results indicate that extremes with return periods ≤2 years increase as well as the frequency and duration of dry periods. The bias-corrections amplified positive signals but dampened negative signals and considerably reduced the power of detection. Moreover, absolute values and frequencies of extremes were altered by the correction but change signals remained approximately constant. The new method outperformed other parametric methods, in particular with regard to extreme value correction and related extreme indices and return levels. Although the bias correction removed systematic errors, it should be treated as an additional layer of uncertainty in climate change studies. Finally, the increased resolution of 1.3km improved predominantly the representation of temperature fields and extremes in terms of spatial heterogeneity. The benefits for summer precipitation were not as clear due to a severe dry-bias in summer, but it could be shown that in principle the onset and intensity of convection improves. This work demonstrates that climate change will have severe impacts in this investigation area and that in particular extremes may change considerably. An increased resolution provides thereby an added value to the results. These findings encourage further investigations, for other variables as for example near-surface wind, which will be more feasible with growing computing resources. These analyses should, however, be repeated with longer time series, different RCMs and anthropogenic scenarios to determine the robustness and uncertainty of these results more extensively.
The fragmentation of landscapes has an important impact on the conservation of biodiversity. The genetic diversity is an important factor for a population- viability, influenced by the landscape structure. However, different species with differing ecological demands react rather differently on the same landscape pattern. To address this feature, we studied ten xerothermophilous butterfly species with differing habitat requirements (habitat specialists with low dispersal power in contrast to habitat generalists with low dispersal power and habitat generalists with higher dispersal power). We analysed allozyme loci for about 10 populations (Ã 40 individuals) of each species in a western German study region with adjoining areas in Luxemburg and north-eastern France. The genetic diversity and genetic differentiation between local populations was discussed under conservation genetic aspects. For generalists we detected a more or less panmictic structure and for species with lower abundance and sedentarily behaviour the effect of isolation by distance. On the other hand, the isolation of specialists was mostly reflected by strong genetic differentiation patterns between the investigated populations. Parameters of genetic diversity were mostly significantly higher in generalists, compared to specialists. Substructures within populations as an answer of low intrapatch migration, low population densities and high population fluctuations could be shown as well. Aspects of landscape history (the historical distribution of habitats resulting of the presence of limestone areas) and the changes of extensive sheep pasturing and the loss of potential habitats in the last few decades (recent fragmentation) are discussed against the gained genetic data-set of the ten butterflies.
Due to the breath-taking growth of the World Wide Web (WWW), the need for fast and efficient web applications becomes more and more urgent. In this doctoral thesis, the emphasis will be on two concrete tasks for improving Internet applications. On the one hand, a major problem of many of today's Internet applications may be described as the performance of the Client/Server-communication: servers often take a long time to respond to a client's request. There are several strategies to overcome this problem of high user-perceived latencies; one of them is to predict future user-requests. This way, time-consuming calculations on the server's side can be performed even before the corresponding request is being made. Furthermore, in certain situations, also the pre-fetching or the pre-sending of data might be appropriate. Those ideas will be discussed in detail in the second part of this work. On the other hand, a focus will be placed on the problem of proposing hyperlinks to improve the quality of rapid written texts, at first glance, an entirely different problem to predicting client requests. Ultra-modern online authoring systems that provide possibilities to check link-consistencies and administrate link management should also propose links in order to improve the usefulness of the produced HTML-documents. In the third part of this elaboration, we will describe a possibility to build a hyperlink-proposal module based on statistical information retrieval from hypertexts. These two problem categories do not seem to have much in common. It is one aim of this work to show that there are certain, similar solution strategies to look after both problems. A closer comparison and an abstraction of both methodologies will lead to interesting synergetic effects. For example, advanced strategies to foresee future user-requests by modeling time and document aging can be used to improve the quality of hyperlink-proposals too.
When humans encounter attitude objects (e.g., other people, objects, or constructs), they evaluate them. Often, these evaluations are based on attitudes. Whereas most research focuses on univalent (i.e., only positive or only negative) attitude formation, little research exists on ambivalent (i.e., simultaneously positive and negative) attitude formation. Following a general introduction into ambivalence, I present three original manuscripts investigating ambivalent attitude formation. The first manuscript addresses ambivalent attitude formation from previously univalent attitudes. The results indicate that responding to a univalent attitude object incongruently leads to ambivalence measured via mouse tracking but not ambivalence measured via self-report. The second manuscript addresses whether the same number of positive and negative statements presented block-wise in an impression formation task leads to ambivalence. The third manuscript also used an impression formation task and addresses the question of whether randomly presenting the same number of positive and negative statements leads to ambivalence. Additionally, the effect of block size of the same valent statements is investigated. The results of the last two manuscripts indicate that presenting all statements of one valence and then all statements of the opposite valence leads to ambivalence measured via self-report and mouse tracking. Finally, I discuss implications for attitude theory and research as well as future research directions.
Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to changes in liking that are due to the pairing of stimuli, and is one of the effects studied in order to understand the processes of attitude formation. Initially, EC had been conceived of as driven by processes that are unique to the formation of attitudes, and that occur independent of whether or not individuals engage in conscious and effortful propositional processes. However, propositional processes have gained considerable popularity as an explanatory concept for the boundary conditions observed in EC studies, with some authors going as far as to suggest that the evidence implies that EC is driven primarily by propositional processes. In this monograph I present research which questions the validity of this claim, and I discuss theoretical challenges and avenues for future EC research.
The allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to small molecular weight compounds is a common inflammatory skin reaction. ACD is restricted to industrialized countries, has an enormous sociomedical and socioeconomic impact. About 2,800 compounds from the six million chemicals known in our environment are believed to have allergic, and to a lesser degree also contact-sensitizing or immunogenic properties causing allergic contact dermatitis. ACD results from T cell responses to harmless, low molecular weight chemicals (haptens) applied to the skin. Haptens are not directly recognized by the cells of the immune system. They need to be presented by subsets of antigen presenting cells to the cells of the immune system. In this regard, epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) and the cells into which they mature (dendritic cells) are believed to play a pivotal role in the sensitization process for ACD. LC are able to bind the haptens, internalize them, and present them to naive T cells and induce thereby the development of effector T cells. They are so-called professional antigen presenting cells. This process is initiated and maintained by the release of several mediators, which are released by various cells after their contact with the haptens. One of the first proteins secreted into the environment is interleukin (IL)-1ß. This cytokine is produced and secreted minutes after an antigen enters the cell. It is commonly believed that the large amounts of this protein and other cytokines such as granulocyte-colony stimulation factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ï¡) needed for the initiation and activation of ACD are coming first from other cells residing in the skin, e.g., keratinocytes, monocytes and macrophages. These cytokines provide the danger signals needed for the activation of the Langerhans cell (LC), which then produce via a positive feedback loop various cytokines themselves. In addition, other proteins such as chemokines influence the generation of danger signals, migration, homing of T cells in the local lymph nodes as well as the recruitment of T cells into the skin. Thus, a small molecular compounds or hapten needs to be able to induce danger signals in order to become immunogenic. In this study, we investigated whether para-phenylenediamine (PPD), an arylamine and common contact allergen, is able to induce danger signals and likely provide the signals needed for an initiation of an immune response[162, 163]. PPD is used as an antioxidant, an ingredient of hair dyes, intermediate of dyestuff, and PPD is found in chemicals used for photographic processing. But up to date, it has not been clearly demonstrated if PPD itself is a sensitizing agent. Thus, this study aimed on the potential of PPD to provide the danger signals by studying IL-1β, TNF-ï¡, and monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCP-1) in human monocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy volunteers, and also in two human monocyte cell lines namely U937, and THP-1. This study found that PPD decreased dose- and time-dependently the expression and release of three relevant mediators involved in the generation of danger signals. Namely, PPD reduced the mRNA and protein levels for IL-1ß, TNF-ï¡, and MCP-1 in primary human monocytes from various donors. These findings were extended and validated by investigations using the cell line U937. The data were highly specific for PPD, and no such results were gained for its known auto oxidation product called Bandrowski- base or for meta-phenylenediamine (MPD), and ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD). Therefore, we can speculate that this effect is likely to be dependent on the para-substitution. Based on these results we conclude that PPD itself is not able to mount a cascade for the induction of danger signals. It should be mentioned that it is still possible that PPD induces danger signals for sensitization by other unknown processes. Therefore, more research is still needed focusing on this subject especially in professional antigen presenting cells in order to solve the still open question whether PPD itself sensitizes naive T cells or if PPD is solely an allergen. Independently we found unexpectedly that PPD as well as other haptens such as 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, nickelsulfate, as well as some terpenoide increased clearly the expression of CC chemokin receptor 2 (CCR2), the receptor for the chemokine MCP-1. Up to date, the main importance for the CCR2 receptor comes from results demonstrating that CCR2 is critical for the migration of monocytes after encounter with bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Under these circumstances the receptor disappears from the cell surface and is down regulated. An up regulation of CCR2 has not been reported for haptens, and deserves further investigations.
With two-thirds to three-quarters of all companies, family firms are the most common firm type worldwide and employ around 60 percent of all employees, making them of considerable importance for almost all economies. Despite this high practical relevance, academic research took notice of family firms as intriguing research subjects comparatively late. However, the field of family business research has grown eminently over the past two decades and has established itself as a mature research field with a broad thematic scope. In addition to questions relating to corporate governance, family firm succession and the consideration of entrepreneurial families themselves, researchers mainly focused on the impact of family involvement in firms on their financial performance and firm strategy. This dissertation examines the financial performance and capital structure of family firms in various meta-analytical studies. Meta-analysis is a suitable method for summarizing existing empirical findings of a research field as well as identifying relevant moderators of a relationship of interest.
First, the dissertation examines the question whether family firms show better financial performance than non-family firms. A replication and extension of the study by O’Boyle et al. (2012) based on 1,095 primary studies reveals a slightly better performance of family firms compared to non-family firms. Investigating the moderating impact of methodological choices in primary studies, the results show that outperformance holds mainly for large and publicly listed firms and with regard to accounting-based performance measures. Concerning country culture, family firms show better performance in individualistic countries and countries with a low power distance.
Furthermore, this dissertation investigates the sensitivity of family firm performance with regard to business cycle fluctuations. Family firms show a pro-cyclical performance pattern, i.e. their relative financial performance compared to non-family firms is better in economically good times. This effect is particularly pronounced in Anglo-American countries and emerging markets.
In the next step, a meta-analytic structural equation model (MASEM) is used to examine the market valuation of public family firms. In this model, profitability and firm strategic choices are used as mediators. On the one hand, family firm status itself does not have an impact on firms‘ market value. On the other hand, this study finds a positive indirect effect via higher profitability levels and a negative indirect effect via lower R&D intensity. A split consideration of family ownership and management shows that these two effects are mainly driven by family ownership, while family management results in less diversification and internationalization.
Finally, the dissertation examines the capital structure of public family firms. Univariate meta-analyses indicate on average lower leverage ratios in family firms compared to non-family firms. However, there is significant heterogeneity in mean effect sizes across the 45 countries included in the study. The results of a meta-regression reveal that family firms use leverage strategically to secure their controlling position in the firm. While strong creditor protection leads to lower leverage ratios in family firms, strong shareholder protection has the opposite effect.
Broadcast media such as television have spread rapidly worldwide in the last century. They provide viewers with access to new information and also represent a source of entertainment that unconsciously exposes them to different social norms and moral values. Although the potential impact of exposure to television content have been studied intensively in economic research in recent years, studies examining the long-term causal effects of media exposure are still rare. Therefore, Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis contribute to the better understanding of long-term effects of television exposure.
Chapter 2 empirically investigates whether access to reliable environmental information through television can influence individuals' environmental awareness and pro-environmental behavior. Analyzing exogenous variation in Western television reception in the German Democratic Republic shows that access to objective reporting on environmental pollution can enhance concerns regarding pollution and affect the likelihood of being active in environmental interest groups.
Chapter 3 utilizes the same natural experiment and explores the relationship between exposure to foreign mass media content and xenophobia. In contrast to the state television broadcaster in the German Democratic Republic, West German television regularly confronted its viewers with foreign (non-German) broadcasts. By applying multiple measures for xenophobic attitudes, our findings indicate a persistent mitigating impact of foreign media content on xenophobia.
Chapter 4 deals with another unique feature of West German television. In contrast to East German media, Western television programs regularly exposed their audience to unmarried and childless characters. The results suggest that exposure to different gender stereotypes contained in television programs can affect marriage, divorce, and birth rates. However, our findings indicate that mainly women were affected by the exposure to unmarried and childless characters.
Chapter 5 examines the influence of social media marketing on crowd participation in equity crowdfunding. By analyzing 26,883 investment decisions on three German equity crowdfunding platforms, our results show that startups can influence the success of their equity crowdfunding campaign through social media posts on Facebook and Twitter.
In Chapter 6, we incorporate the concept of habit formation into the theoretical literature on trade unions and contribute to a better understanding of how internal habit preferences influence trade union behavior. The results reveal that such internal reference points lead trade unions to raise wages over time, which in turn reduces employment. Conducting a numerical example illustrates that the wage effects and the decline in employment can be substantial.