This thesis seeks to improve the understanding of evolution and habitat as key factors forming tadpole morphology (i.e. of larvae of the order Anura), uncovers existing gaps in current research and recommends strategies and directions for future research. The present study improves the knowledge about the influences of evolution and habitat on the bauplan of tadpoles in a global scale ensuring maximum standardization and comparability of the data. In relation to the total number of tadpoles assumed to exist, only a small proportion has been described and only a few of them have been identified genetically. The lack of a global standard for their description makes it difficult to compare data. Using the tadpole of a harlequin frog (Atelopus) from Guiana region, it is shown that only an integrative approach with morphological and genetic data can solve taxonomic problems. In the study area of Madagascar, it becomes evident that in this region the common genetic history only has little influence on morphology, in contrast to the aquatic way of life. Tadpoles from flowing waters develop larger eyes, more robust tail muscles and smaller fins to cope better with current conditions and move more efficiently. In an additional study, the examination is extended to an almost global level. To achieve the intended standardization, over 1000 individuals (tadpoles) from 144 species have been examined. It can be shown that the common evolutionary history on a global scale influences morphology as strongly as the habitat. In addition, the influence of specialized nutrition and the climate is investigated.

This thesis examines how Europe sustains its leadership and competitiveness as a global center for foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade between 1991 and 2023. While EU membership historically functioned as the dominant determinant of inward FDI and trade integration, its relative influence has declined as new structural factors, based on trade dynamics and export-platform strategies, have emerged, together with the growing presence of Asian, especially Chinese, investors establishing production hubs in Central and Eastern Europe to serve the wider EU market. Lower trade costs within Europe have reinforced this shift, leading EU investors to focus on vertical FDI, while non-EU investors to adopt export-platform FDI patterns. Chinese investment has moved from infrastructure-focused projects to strategic-sector FDI, highlighting Europe’s exposure to evolving global industrial and geopolitical dynamics. Chapter 2 examines how traditional determinants of FDI, including EU membership, interact with emerging drivers, such as trade interdependence, export-platform strategies, and Asian influence, to shape investment patterns in Europe. It employs a gravity-based empirical framework augmented with newly developed indicators, comprising the Bilateral Trade Interdependence Index, the Export-Platform Indicator, and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) participation, together with a functional integration approach, covering over 95% of European countries and their global partners from 2010 to 2023. The findings indicate that trade dependency with non-EU partners grew most rapidly, increasing by 55% between 2011 and 2023. Stronger bilateral trade interdependence is found to significantly predict higher FDI inflows. The BRI analysis and functional classification indicate a shift from infrastructure-focused Chinese investment to strategic sectors, including electric vehicles and semiconductors. Since 2018, export-platform strategies have expanded from Europe’s core economies into Central and Eastern Europe, forming emerging production hubs, and have subsequently moved toward the Western Balkans and Turkey, likely reflecting evolving EU regulations and broader supply-chain realignments. Chapter 3 expands the FDI analysis to cover a longer timeframe, from 1991 to 2017, focusing on the period when EU membership exerted a strong influence on FDI in Europe, transforming member countries from primarily cost-attractive destinations into global investment centers. Using an augmented gravity model covering 39 host and origin countries, the analysis finds that EU membership increased FDI inflows by 23%, with investments from core EU members expanding into new EU member states, while FDI from non-EU countries decreased. At the same time, EU membership may also be driven by trade, and EEA participation reflects non-FDI motivations. The chapter also highlights that EU accession strengthens both market-seeking (horizontal) and efficiency-seeking (vertical) FDI motives and applies methods to address negative and zero FDI values issues, ensuring robust estimation. The inclusion of lagged and lead variables shows that the EU integration process is phased over time, affecting FDI inflows with lags of up to 10–15 years after accession. Chapter 4 expands the range of FDI determinants by deriving trade cost indices as a proxy for connectivity and extending the geographic scope of the analysis. In addition to EU members, the sample includes the Western Balkans, Turkey, and new EU candidates and applicants (Moldova, Ukraine, and Georgia) over the period 2000 to 2020, covering approximately 80% of European FDI flows. Trade costs are calculated for each country in the sample with its trade partners, not only within and between European subregions but also with non-EU partners such as China, and are combined with measures of FDI restrictiveness. The results show that China remains among the EU’s top three trading partners in goods and that trade costs significantly influence FDI inflows in Europe. The analysis also highlights that declining trade costs between European countries have reduced market-seeking (horizontal) FDI, while non-European investors, especially China, increasingly pursue export-platform FDI to serve third-country markets. A sharp reduction in trade costs between the Western Balkans and the EU (-45%) and a smaller decline with China (-35%) illustrates how regional integration reduces the need for local horizontal FDI while reinforcing Europe’s role as a hub for global production. Chapter 5 shows that despite concerns about increasing outside influence, developed European countries remain the dominant source of FDI in the region. The chapter focuses on China’s role, examining FDI patterns across advanced EU members, new member states, and Western Balkan economies between 2000 and 2019, while distinguishing the effects of EU integration and BRI participation on FDI. Chinese influence has expanded primarily through the Belt and Road Initiative, particularly in accession and neighboring countries. Although BRI participation does not significantly increase FDI on its own, reflecting the dominant part of loan-financed infrastructure rather than private investment, it has strengthened physical and digital connectivity, laying the groundwork for future, longer-term FDI. The analysis also shows that intra-EU trade costs declined significantly after the 2004 and 2007 enlargements, while trade costs between the Western Balkans and China have fallen steadily since the launch of the BRI in 2013. As a result, Chinese influence is more pronounced in new EU member states and Western Balkan economies than in Western Europe. Over time, enhanced connectivity and supply-chain integration may support more diversified FDI inflows.

Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht das Motiv der Freiheit als zentrales Thema in Werken des DDR-Autors Ulrich Plenzdorf. Ziel ist es, Plenzdorfs literarische Auseinandersetzung mit individuellen Freiheitsbestrebungen unter den Bedingungen der SED-Diktatur eingehend zu erschließen. Die Analyse erfolgt diachron und umfasst Texte aus den 1960er Jahren bis zum Ende der 1980er Jahre, wodurch Entwicklungslinien, thematische Verschiebungen und ästhetische Veränderungen im Werk sichtbar werden. Neben kanonisierten Werken werden auch bislang wenig beachtete Texte einbezogen, um ein vollständigeres Bild von Plenzdorfs literarischer Produktion zu gewinnen und Forschungslücken zu schließen. Methodisch orientiert sich die Studie an einem kulturwissenschaftlichen Ansatz im Sinne des New Historicism, der literarische Texte als Teil kultureller Praktiken und sozialer Machtverhältnisse versteht. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird gezeigt, wie Plenzdorf Freiheitsvorstellungen in unterschiedlichen historischen Phasen der DDR artikuliert und mit Alltagskultur, Subkulturen sowie gesellschaftlichen Konfliktfeldern verknüpft. Diese Dissertation leistet damit einerseits einen Beitrag zur Neubewertung Plenzdorfs und andererseits zur kulturhistorischen Kontextualisierung der DDR-Literatur.

From Gene to Ecosystem – Retrospective molecular biodiversity monitoring of plant-associated arthropod communities and abiotic stress on plants

This thesis serves as proof of concept for the tensile strength simulation-based nonwoven material design. Objective is the adjustment of the parameters of an underlying production process with regard to a desired tensile strength behavior (optimization). As an example, we focus on the nonwoven airlay production and consider a thermobonding procedure for the consolidation of the nonwoven fabrics. To be able to map production parameters to the associated tensile strength behavior, we present a model-simulation framework composed of a model for the nonwoven fiber structure generation and a model for the nonwovens’ mechanical behavior under vertical load. The model for the fiber structure generation replicates the stochastic fiber lay-down of the airlay production and results in a random three-dimensional fiber web. This web is consolidated using a virtual bonding procedure that mimics the thermobonding of the nonwoven material. The topology of the resulting adhered fiber structure can be described by a graph, which serves as basis for the subsequent tensile strength simulation. The model used for this purpose describes the mechanical behavior of the material at fiber network level. Therefore, the considered fiber structure sample is interpreted as truss and the fiber connections are equipped with a nonlinear material law, which allows to describe the elastic phase of the nonwovens’ tensile strength behavior. The existence and uniqueness of a solution to the model as well as its numerical treatment are discussed. Moreover, we present data reduction strategies that enable more efficient simulations by removing fiber structure parts that do not contribute to the tensile strength behavior. As it becomes evident from the numerical experiments, a single tensile strength simulation for a production-like virtual sample is already computational demanding. Costs accumulate further, since Monte-Carlo simulations are required to account for the randomness in the fiber structure generation. Thus, direct simulations provide an infeasible basis for the nonwoven material design. This motivates the use of a predictive surrogate for optimization. Therefore, we consider regression-based approaches at different levels of information within the simulation framework. It turns out that the coupling of a polynomial model, for the fiber structure feature inference, with a linear one, for the stress-strain curve inference, yields accurate predictions. Once trained, the regression models allow for efficient evaluations and thus represent a suitable surrogate for the nonwoven material design. In this context, we discuss two exemplary problems of interest for the application: First, a tracking-type problem that aims to find the production parameters that result in a desired tensile strength behavior, expressed in terms of stress-strain curves. Second, an in-corridor maximization problem, which aims to identify the production parameters that maximize the probability of ending up in a specified stress-strain corridor.

　

　

　

　

　

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit einem historischen Zeitraum des Wandels in China: der Qing-Dynastie (1644–1912). Dabei werden Prosawerke (xiaoshuo 小说) aus einer Zeit relativer Isolation mit denen aus einer Zeit des Semi-Kolonialismus in China verglichen, zeitlich getrennt durch das Trauma des 19. Jahrhunderts. Wie genau wurden Frauen in solchen Prosawerken repräsentiert und inwiefern spiegelten die Autoren dabei, bewusst oder unbewusst, die gesellschaftlichen Werte ihrer Zeit wider? Ist der Wandel von Tradition zu Moderne anhand der Figur der Frau zu spüren, noch vor dem radikalen Einschnitt der 4.-Mai-Bewegung? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, werden in dieser Arbeit diverse Frauenfiguren und ihre Liebesbeziehungen aus vier ausgewählten populären Werken der frühen und späten Qing untersucht. Konkret handelt es sich dabei um die Charaktere Lianxiang 莲香 in Liaozhai zhiyi 聊斋志异, Wang Xifeng 王熙凤 in Honglou meng 红楼梦, Dihua 棣华 in Hen hai 恨海, sowie Fu Caiyun 傅彩云 in Niehai hua 孽海花. Einige dieser Figuren werden als vorbildliche Frauen präsentiert, andere hingegen als moralisch verwerfliche Widersacher, dabei rückt jedoch der zeitliche Kontext der Werke diese Charaktereigenschaften in ein neues Licht.

Price indices play a vital role in economic measurement as they reflect price levels and measure price fluctuations. Price level measures are used with macroeconomic indicators to express them in real terms. These measures are also used to index wages, rents, and pensions. Furthermore, they are used as a reference for monetary policy conducted by central banks. Therefore, the provision of accurate price indices is one of the most important goals of National Statistical Institutes (NSIs), and numerous studies have been devoted to this goal. This cumulative dissertation also contributes to this goal. It contains four chapters, each of which represents a separate research. The first two studies are devoted to the treatment of seasonal products by using different price index methods. The first research is co-authored with Ken van Loon. The third research is dedicated to finding the most accurate method to make price predictions for missing products. The fourth research is focused on the treatment of products by using different price index methods when products’ quality characteristics are available.

This article interprets Novalis' expression of spirit (Geist) across his oeuvre, ranging from his early work "On Inspiration" to his major novels "The Novices of Sais" and "Heinrich von Ofterdingen". His view of the world is based on the Christian dichotomy between "the spirit and the letter" (,,Geist und Buchstabe") and in his works he considers how we might once again achieve the spirit of nature through human written language. However, even the act of inspiration is for him not a total exchange with the spirit of nature, because it is also a moment of producing artwork, and therefore a moment of division between the human and nature. He therefore attempts to reproduce the ideal unity between nature and the human through the representation of atmosphere, which is composed of harmony between several voices in the world as well as various dimensions of times and spaces. This article interprets the above representation as a poetic experiment that seeks to express the spirit through an internally diverse written language, in other words, as an attempt to describe unity as a plurality.

Johannes Kepler's thinking represents a central turning point in the development of the modern understanding of atmosphere. Kepler takes up the ancient conception of the cosmos as a whole divided into living and animated spheres, but reshapes it using specifically modern scientific and epistemological approaches. This gives rise to a view of the Earth as an animated organism, which prefigures modern concepts of atmosphere against the background of a comprehensive vitality of nature. Furthermore, Kepler's embedding of his reflections in the context of astrological prognostics enriches the modern aesthetic discussion with a remarkable perspective: prognostic, i.e. temporal, perception of atmosphere.

The carbuncle as a Christological symbol of atmosphere in Nicholas of Cusa - with reference to the late antique and medieval gemstone allegory. In his De non aliud, Nicholas of Cusa applies the carbuncle as a Christological aenigma, which can be understood as an exemplary object of atmosphere due to its dual nature of light substance and mineral substance. The article will show that the meaning of the carbuncle image as the epistemological method is so closely linked to the character and form of thought in De non alud that an examination of the meaning of the carbuncle in its historical allegory contributes to the question of image theory in Cusanus. By that the question is answered to which extent this far-reaching meaning of the carbuncle can shed light on the anagogic dimension of the perception of atmosphere.

Der deutsch-japanische Band widmet sich dem in der neuen Phänomenologie, vor allem bei Schmitz und Böhme, diskutierten Begriff der Atmosphäre. Anders als die meisten eher systematisch orientierten Ansätze wählt der Band einen historischen Zugang. Dass historische Wurzeln bei Goethe liegen, mit dem Schmitz wie Böhme sich intensiv beschäftigt haben, ist bekannt. Bislang ist aber der Frage nach der Geschichte des Atmosphären-Begriffs und seiner Vorläufer wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt worden. Der Band unternimmt es deswegen, eine Linie zu verfolgen, die von Goethe (Hisayama) und Novalis (Kariya) zu Kepler (Schwaetzer), der für beide eine wichtige Referenz war, und von da aus zu Nikolaus von Kues (Yamaki) und dessen Situierung in Mittelalter und Antike (Bücker) zurückgeht. Er will mit diesem exemplarischen historischen Zugang die systematische Fruchtbarkeit einer geistesgeschichtlichen Perspektive für die Entwicklung einer Philosophie der Atmosphäre zeigen.

The Orbita multimedia and poetry collective, based in Riga, Latvia, has succeeded in making poetry written in Russian an integral part of the Latvian cultural and literary scene, despite the burden borne by Russian language and culture in this society as a result of still unsettled and contested histories of Russian and Soviet imperial domination and cultural imperialism. The article explains this achievement as resulting from the Orbita collective’s practices of “performative translation,” which make translation a highly visible and central element of various forms of artistic activity, including multimedia installations, book publishing, video poetry, public performance, proper, and more. In traditional cultural configurations, translation is thought to transfer the essential features or the spirit of a text from one literary language to another in a manner that makes possible the translation’s readers’ sense of unmediated contact with the original. Such a conception of translation supports the monolingual paradigm – the cultural ideology of separate and distinct national languages – and the political actualities to which it corresponds. Orbita’s practices of performative translation, in contrast, create a multilingual heterotopia in which the actuality of translation as mediation is rendered visible, the boundedness and distinctiveness of national literary languages is undermined, and the social necessity and ubiquity of acts of translation is brought to the fore.

The target of this essay is to open possible pathways to approach the phenomenon of a self-remodeling of classicist poetry in the 20th and early 21st century by focusing on the process from two different angles rarely perceived as related to each other: first, the remodeling of Chinese lyrical classicism through a strand of modern American poetry harking back to Ezra Pound and currently crystallized in the translations of David Hinton and, second, the transition that modern Chinese poetry written in classical language and conforming to prosodic rules of classical style poetry, sometimes referred to as “old style poetry” jiu ti shi, underwent after its rebirth as “unofficial” poetry online since the beginning of this century. Although there are obviously no direct links between the aforementioned tradition of modern American poetry and neoclassicist cyberpoets like Zeng Shaoli I argue that in both cases the classicist inspiration and poetic drive is motivated by concern with the increasing imbalance between natural, social, and individual resources, on the one hand, and an indomitable desire to accumulate economic and political power on the other. A permanent devaluation of language in the human realm, matched by a permanent devaluation of currencies in the economic sphere, provokes poetic responses in the very interest of humanity. The neoclassicist lyricisms that I draw into comparison display both subtle distinctions and common traits in this response to the starkly different environments of their respective contemporary literary scenes.

The paper focuses on two blogger-poets, Maja Solar and Jelena Savić, who create poetry and conceptualize the relationship between philosophy and politics. Maja Solar is a refugee from Croatia, now living in Serbia, who sometimes mixes Serbian and Croatian language standards. In her poems, she combines the lyrical with the experimental, while in her essays, she critically reflects on neo-liberalism. The authors discuss her dual position(s), as a poet and philosopher active in the Gerusija philosophy collective from Novi Sad. Jelena Savić is a poet of Romani descent, whose poetry takes identity politics as both its point of departure and object of critique. The authors examine how her experimental writing embodies this dual position. More specifically, the paper investigates how Solar and Savić construct themselves online as engaged intellectuals, poets and writers. In the case of Maja Solar, the authors focus on “Ispod crte”, a blog created by the collective “Za kulturne politike: politika kulture”, and the Gerusija collective’s magazine “Stvar”. By using these examples, the authors review her place in the micro-social map of younger critical intellectuals. In her blog “Usernamekaspoetry: Biti žena, Romkinja, pesnikinja”, Jelena Savić discusses her paradoxical position as an almost invisible poet in the national context, and questions the place of minorities within the nationally homogenous Serbian society. In 2017, Savić started writing about problems of education in the regional e-magazine “Proлetter” and her work became more visible in the post-Yugoslav context.

In this digitized age, we witness a transnational interest in the ‘aesthetics of imperfection’ – aesthetic gestures that foreground shortcomings, mistakes, and flaws. Blockbusters shot with cheap cameras, trash fashion, consciously blurry photos, glitch music: for the cultural producers and consumers of these and other aesthetic practices, the unpolished object is not a taboo but rather an asset or a hallmark of sincerity, authenticity, and other positive values. With the help of existing scholarship, in this article, I will study and compare the writings of three Russian poets/artists: Vera Khlebnikova, Vera Pavlova, and Linor Goralik. Each uses conceptual as well as formal, grammatical, and/or stylistic imperfections as an aesthetic device. The aim of my analysis is to juxtapose and historically contextualize the social anxieties that inform these and other present-day creative practices that foreground the imperfect.

This volume brings together contributions addressing the intersections of political poetry, performativity, and the internet. The essays are based on presentations given at workshops and conferences organized by the DFG Centre for Advanced Studies “Russian-Language Poetry in Transition: Poetic Forms of Dealing with Boundaries of Genre, Language, Culture and Society between Europe, Asia and America” (2017-2023). The conferences took place in 2018-2019, at a time when neither the coronavirus pandemic nor Russia’s brutal invasion of Ukraine were foreseeable, and the contributions have not been updated in light of these catastrophes. The articles presented here deal with recent poetry and focus on the connection between politics, performativity, and the internet in multiple literatures and intercultural relations. Although the majority of these texts belong to the Russophone world, poetry from Serbia, Latvia, and China is also considered. The contributors demonstrate, on the one hand, how newer poetry softens genre distinctions and formally tends towards multimedia hybridization and, on the other, how it transcends or dissolves linguistic, cultural, and social boundaries. Dr. Ekaterina Friedrichs and Ms. Lena Rosalin Schwarz were involved in preparing this publication for printing. We would like to thank them both for their careful review and wonderful cooperation.

Metaphorical shifts from one subject area to another are a central structural strategy in Inger Christensen’s work. This principle will be demonstrated and discussed in this paper by referring to the poem “Gopler” [“Jellyfish”] from “lys” [“light”], 1962. The Danish contemporary poet Pia Tafdrup, whose work is influenced by Christensen, also makes use of a distinctive, associative imagery in her pentalogy “De fem sanser” [“The Five Senses”] (2014–2022). This paper contrastively explores the ways in which metaphorical shifts function in Christensen’s and Tafdrup’s poetry. Christensen realizes the metaphors’ potential in a radical way through the semantic superimposition of different subject areas. Thus, the regularities of the designed world are solely valid within linguistic structures, opening up new spaces of cognitive experience. In Tafdrup’s work, the texts’ different levels of meaning tend to remain separable. Here, the focus is on an associative technique of erratic and surprising transmissions, often applied to the external and the internal in a way that the cutting conciseness of the poems touch the reader almost sensually.

Inger Christensen’s alfabet is one of the most formative contributions in Danish eco-poetry that also initiates a broad reception of Christensen’s œuvre in German literature. Besides the ecocritical tendencies the text establishes a self-referential dimension that deals with the relation between a human speaker, its speaking about ‘world’ and its reference. In this regard the text implicitly debates the verbal material and its (connotative) semantics that one has to use. This dimension of alfabet is one of the main linking points for a productive reception by Herta Müller. Especially her collages published in Schreibheft expose the materiality of linguistic signs and speech. In addition to this, the specific constitution of the collages which are made of newspapers and magazines shows that linguistic signs not only refer to a real reference but also (and mainly) to discourses and other prior communicative contexts.

This article investigates selected texts and oral performances by two contemporary authors, Nico Bleutge and Mette Moestrup, who adapt or rewrite Christensen’s poems. In the works focused on (Moestrups poems “My Language” and “Hvad betyder det for sommerfuglen”, Bleutge’s speech “Den Wiederholungen folgen” and the poem “fischhaare finden”), translation plays a central role, and animals (especially winged ones) become a motor for transformational movements between languages and authors. Unsettling the semantic and structural level of language, the named birds and butterflies set loose acoustic dynamics that lead us back to Christensen’s reflections on mortality, contingency, and poetics in her essays.

This essay discusses the relationship between Inger Christensen’s work and contemporary Danish eco-literature. Christensen can seem like a towering predecessor. Yet, the relationship is more complex than a question of anxiety of influence. This essay argues that Christensen and contemporary Danish literature exhibit differing ecological imaginaries, and that this becomes clear when one examines Christensen’s utopian writing, her heliocentric utopianism, of the late seventies and early eighties, and when one examines how ecological threats are depicted in her work. For Christensen, the paradigmatic threat to the world is the nuclear bomb and its excessive use of energy, for today’s literature it is the feedback loops of pollution, exemplified in the threat of climate change.