The cumulative and bidirectional groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interaction along a stream is defined as hydrological turnover (HT) influencing solute transport and source water composition. However, HT proves to be highly variable, producing spatial exchange patterns influenced by local groundwater, geology, and topography. Hence, identifying factors controlling HT poses a challenge. We studied spatiotemporal HT variability at two reaches of a third order tributary of the river Mosel, Germany. Additionally, we sampled for silica concentrations in the stream and in the near-stream groundwater. Thus, creating snapshots of the boundary layer between ground- and surface water where HT occurs, driven by mixing processes in the hyporheic zone. We utilize an enhanced hydrograph separation method, unveiling reach differences in storage drainage based on aquifer dimension and connectivity. The data shows a site-specific negative correlation of HT with discharge, while hydraulic gradients correlate with HT only at the reach with faster catchment drainage behavior. Examining silica concentrations between stream and wells shows that silica variation increases significantly with the decrease of HT under low flow conditions at the slower draining reach. At the fast draining reach this relationship is seasonal. In Summary, our results show that stream discharge shapes the influence of HT on solute transport. Yet, reach drainage behavior shapes seasonal states of groundwater storages and can be an additional control of HT. Hence, concentration change of pollutants could be masked by HT. Thus, our findings contribute to the understanding of HT variability along streams and its ability of influencing physico-chemical stream water composition.

Investment theory and related theoretical approaches suggest a dynamic interplay between crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and investment traits like need for cognition. Although cross-sectional studies have found positive correlations between these constructs, longitudinal research testing all of their relations over time is scarce. In our pre-registered longitudinal study, we examined whether initial levels of crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and need for cognition predicted changes in each other. We analyzed data from 341 German students in grades 7–9 who were assessed twice, one year apart. Using multi-process latent change score models, we found that changes in fluid intelligence were positively predicted by prior need for cognition, and changes in need for cognition were positively predicted by prior fluid intelligence. Changes in crystallized intelligence were not significantly predicted by prior Gf, prior NFC, or their interaction, contrary to theoretical assumptions. This pattern of results was largely replicated in a model including all constructs simultaneously. Our findings support the notion that intelligence and investment traits, particularly need for cognition, positively interact during cognitive development, but this interplay was unexpectedly limited to Gf.

Job crafting is the behavior that employees engage in to create personally better fitting work environments, for example, by increasing challenging job demands. To better understand the driving forces behind employees’ engagement in job crafting, we investigated implicit and explicit power motives. While implicit motives tend to operate at the unconscious, explicit motives operate at the unconscious level. We focused on power motives, as power is an agentic motive characterized by the need to influence your environment. Although power is relevant to job crafting in its entirety, in this study, we link it to increasing challenging job demands due to its relevance to job control, which falls under the umbrella of power. Using a cross-sectional design, we collected survey data from a sample of Lebanese nurses (N = 360) working in 18 different hospitals across the country. In both implicit and explicit power motive measures, we focused on integrative power that enable people to stay calm and integrate opposition. The results showed that explicit power predicted job crafting (H1) and that implicit power amplified this effect (H2). Furthermore, job crafting mediated the relationship between congruently high power motives and positive work-related outcomes (H3) that were interrelated (H4). Our findings unravel the driving forces behind one of the most important dimensions of job crafting and extend the benefits of motive congruence to work-related outcomes.

The turnover and stabilization of organic matter (OM) in soils depend on mass and energy fluxes. Understanding the energy content of soil organic matter (SOM) is therefore of crucial importance, but this has hardly been studied so far, especially in mineral soils. In this study, combustion calorimetry (bomb calorimetry) was applied to determine the energy content (combustion enthalpy, ΔCH) of various materials: litter inputs, forest floor layers (OL, OF, OH), and bulk soil and particulate organic matter (POM) from topsoils (0–5 cm). Samples were taken from 35-year-old monocultural stands of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), black pine (Pinus nigra), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), and red oak (Quercus rubra) grown under highly similar soil, landscape and boundary conditions. This allowed to investigate the influence of the degree of transformation and litter quality on the ΔCH of SOM. Tree species fuel the soil C cycle with high-energy litter (38.9 ± 1.1 kJ g−1C) and fine root biomass (35.9 ± 1.1 kJ g−1C). As plant material is transformed to SOM, ΔCH decreases in the order: OL (36.8 ± 1.6 kJ g−1C) ≥ OF (35.9 ± 3.7 kJ g−1C) > OH (30.6 ± 7.0 kJ g−1C) > 0–5 cm bulk soil (22.9 ± 8.2 kJ g−1C). It indicates that the energy content of OM decreases with transformation and stabilization, as microorganisms extract energy from organic compounds for growth and maintenance, resulting in lower-energy bulk SOM. The POM fraction has 1.6-fold higher ΔCH compared to the bulk SOM. Tree species significantly affect ΔCH of SOM in the mineral soil with the lowest values under beech (12.7 ± 3.4 kJ g−1C). The energy contents corresponded to stoichiometric and isotopic parameters as proxies for the degree of transformation. In conclusion, litter quality, in terms of elemental composition and energy content, defines the pathway and degree of the energy-driven microbially mediated transformation and stabilization of SOM.

The viviparous eelpout Zoarces viviparus is a common fish across the North Atlantic and has successfully colonized habitats across environmental gradients. Due to its wide distribution and predictable phenotypic responses to pollution, Z. viviparus is used as an ideal marine bioindicator organism and has been routinely sampled over decades by several countries to monitor marine environmental health. Additionally, this species is a promising model to study adaptive processes related to environmental change, specifically global warming. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome assembly of Z. viviparus, which has a size of 663 Mb and consists of 607 scaffolds (N50 = 26 Mb). The 24 largest represent the 24 chromosomes of the haploid Z. viviparus genome, which harbors 98% of the complete Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologues defined for ray-finned fish, indicating that the assembly is highly contiguous and complete. Comparative analyses between the Z. viviparus assembly and the chromosome-level genomes of two other eelpout species revealed a high synteny, but also an accumulation of repetitive elements in the Z. viviparus genome. Our reference genome will be an important resource enabling future in-depth genomic analyses of the effects of environmental change on this important bioindicator species.

Introduction: Conventional agricultural land-use may negatively impact biodiversity and the environment due to the increased disturbances to the soil ecosystem by tillage, for example. Cultivation of the perennial grain intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium, IWG, Kernza®) is a nature-based solution for sustainable agriculture, improving nutrient retention mainly through its extensive root system. Nematodes serve as sensitive bioindicators, detecting early changes in the soil food web, reflecting in changes in their community structure. Materials and Methods:IWG and annual wheat sites in South France, Belgium and South Sweden were investigated in April 2022 for two depths (5–15 cm; 25–35 cm) to evaluate the difference in nematode community structure among the cropping systems. Results: Sites with IWG cultivation held an accumulation of structure indicators (c-p 3–5 nematodes) compared to sites with annual wheat cultivation. A generalised linear mixed model revealed significantly more root feeders, especially for the subsoil, under IWG as a result of the perennial cultivation. The maturity index, plant-parasitic index, channel index and structure index were greater for IWG sites. The enrichment index was greater for annual wheat sites due to the dominance of bacterivores and enrichment indicators (c-p 1 nematodes). The nematode community structure (weighted faunal profile analysis) indicates IWG sites as being a generally undisturbed system with efficient nutrient cycling and balanced distribution of feeding types, as well as higher metabolic footprint values for root feeders (including plant-parasitic nematodes) and fungivores. Annual wheat sites, on the other hand, held indicators of a disturbed system with increased occurrence of opportunistic species and a more bacterial driven pathway. The topsoil had an increased occurrence of structure indicators in both cropping systems. Conclusion: IWG creates favourable conditions for a diverse food web, including improved nutrient cycling and a heterogeneous resource environment, regardless of climatic conditions, establishing it as a stable and resilient agricultural management system.

Introduction: This study examined the sources and factors of resilience in Russian sexual and gender minorities. We hypothesized that, through their involvement in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community (source of resilience), LGBT people establish friendships that provide them with social support (factor of resilience), which in turn should contribute to their mental health. Method: The study sample consisted of 1,127 young and middle-aged LGBT adults (18 to 50 years) from Russia. We collected the data online and anonymously. Results: Partial mediation could be confirmed. LGBT people who were involved in “their” community reported more social support from friends, which partially mediated the positive association between community involvement and mental health. The mediation remained significant when we controlled for demographics and outness as potential covariates. Additional analyses showed that the present sample reported lower mental health but not less social support than Russian nonminority samples recruited in previous research. Conclusion: Our study underlines the importance of the LGBT community in times of increasing stigmatization of sexual and gender minorities.

The cold pressor test (CPT) elicits strong cardiovascular reactions via activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), yielding subsequent increases in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). However, little is known on how exposure to the CPT affects cardiac ventricular repolarization. Twenty-eight healthy males underwent both a bilateral feet CPT and a warm water (WW) control condition on two separate days, one week apart. During pre-stress baseline and stress induction cardiovascular signals (ECG lead II, Finometer BP) were monitored continuously. Salivary cortisol and subjective stress ratings were assessed intermittently. Corrected QT (QTc) interval length and T-wave amplitude (TWA) were assessed for each heartbeat and subsequently aggregated individually over baseline and stress phases, respectively. CPT increases QTc interval length and elevates the TWA. Stress-induced changes in cardiac repolarization are only in part and weakly correlated with cardiovascular and cortisol stress-reactivity. Besides its already well-established effects on cardiovascular, endocrine, and subjective responses, CPT also impacts on cardiac repolarization by elongation of QTc interval length and elevation of TWA. CPT effects on cardiac repolarization share little variance with the other indices of stress reactivity, suggesting a potentially incremental value of this parameter for understanding psychobiological adaptation to acute CPT stress.

Using validated stimulus material is crucial for ensuring research comparability and replicability. However, many databases rely solely on bidimensional valence ratings, ranging from negative to positive. While this material might be appropriate for certain studies, it does not reflect the complexity of attitudes and therefore might hamper the unambiguous interpretation of some study results. In fact, most databases cannot differentiate between neutral (i.e., neither positive nor negative) and ambivalent (i.e., simultaneously positive and negative) attitudes. Consequently, even presumably univalent (only positive or negative) stimuli cannot be clearly distinguished from ambivalent ones when selected via bipolar rating scales. In the present research, we introduce the Trier Univalence Neutrality Ambivalence (TUNA) database, a database containing 304,262 validation ratings from heterogeneous samples of 3,232 participants and at least 20 (M = 27.3, SD = 4.84) ratings per self-report scale per picture for a variety of attitude objects on split semantic differential scales. As these scales measure positive and negative evaluations independently, the TUNA database allows to distinguish univalence, neutrality, and ambivalence (i.e., potential ambivalence). TUNA also goes beyond previous databases by validating the stimulus materials on affective outcomes such as experiences of conflict (i.e., felt ambivalence), arousal, anger, disgust, and empathy. The TUNA database consists of 796 pictures and is compatible with other popular databases. It sets a focus on food pictures in various forms (e.g., raw vs. cooked, non-processed vs. highly processed), but includes pictures of other objects that are typically used in research to study univalent (e.g., flowers) and ambivalent (e.g., money, cars) attitudes for comparison. Furthermore, to facilitate the stimulus selection the TUNA database has an accompanying desktop app that allows easy stimulus selection via a ultitude of filter options.

The French Enlightenment is a pivotal period in European intellectual and literary history, which can be studied through this dataset of French novels first published between 1751 and 1800. This collection contains 200 French novels in TEI/XML, encoded according to the ‘level-1 schema’ of the European Literary Text Collection (ELTeC), and carefully compiled to reflect the known historical publication of French Novels in that period regarding publication year, gender of author and narrative form. The dataset is connected to a bigger knowledge graph of 331,671 Resource Description Framework triples (RDF) built within the project ‘Mining and Modeling Text’ at Trier University, Germany (2019–2023).

Peter Krause verstarb am 19. Februar 2023 nur wenige Tage vor seinem 87. Geburtstag. Zum Andenken an Peter Krause fand am 21. Juni 2024 eine Gedächtnisfeier an der Universität Trier statt – der Universität, an der Peter Krause von 1974 bis zu seiner Emeritierung am 31. März 2004 als ordentlicher Professor für Öffentliches Recht, Sozialrecht und Rechtsphilosophie forschte und lehrte und deren Gründung er maßgeblich begleitete. Die auf der Gedächtnisfeier gehaltenen Vorträge wurden für die vorliegende Schrift überarbeitet. Sie befassen sich mit Themen, die dem Verstorbenen während seines juristischen Wirkens ein Anliegen waren und spiegeln das breite wissenschaftliche Interessen- und Betätigungsfeld Peter Krauses wider.

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

This thesis contains three parts that are all connected by their contribution to research about the effects of trading apps on investment behavior. The primary motivation for this study is to investigate the previously undetermined consequences and effects of trading apps, which are a new phenomenon in the broker market, on the investment and risk behavior of Neobroker users. Chapter 2 addresses the characteristics of a typical Neobroker user and a former Neobroker user and the impact of trading apps on the investment and risk behavior of their users. The results show that Neobroker users are significantly more risk tolerant than the general German population and are influenced by trading apps regarding their investment and risk behavior. Low trading fees and the low minimum investment amount are the main reasons for the use of trading apps. Investors who stop using trading apps mostly stop investing altogether. Another worrying result is that financial literacy among all groups is low and most Neobroker users have wrong conceptions about how trading apps earn money. In general, the financial literacy of all groups considered in this chapter is surprisingly low. The third chapter investigates the effects of trading apps on investment behavior over time and compares the investment and risk behavior of Neobroker users and general investors. By using representative data of German Neobroker users, who were surveyed repeatedly over a 8-month time interval, it becomes possible to determine causal effects of the use of trading apps over time. In total, the financial literacy of Neobroker users increases with the longer use of a trading app. A worrying result is that the risk tolerance of Neobroker users rises significantly over time. Male Neobroker users gain a higher annual return (non-risk-adjusted) than female Neobroker users. In comparison to general investors, Neobroker users are significantly younger, more risk tolerant, more likely to buy derivatives and gain a higher annual return (non-risk-adjusted). The fourth chapter analyses the impact of personality traits on the investment and risk behavior of Neobroker users. The results show that the BIG-5 personality traits have an impact on the investment behavior of Neobroker users. Two personality traits, openness and conscientiousness, stand out the most, as these two have explanatory power over various aspects of the behavior of Neobroker users. In particular, whether they buy different financial products than planned, the time they inform themselves about financial markets, the variety of financial products owned, and the reasons to use a Neobroker. Surprisingly, the risk tolerance of Neobroker users and the reasons to invest are not connected to any personal dimension. Whether a participant uses a trading app or a traditional broker to invest is respectively influenced by different personality traits.

In machine learning, classification is the task of predicting a label for each point within a data set. When the class of each point in the labeled subset is already known, this information is used to recognize patterns and make predictions about the points in the remainder of the set, referred to as the unlabeled set. This scenario falls in the field of supervised learning. However, the number of labeled points can be restricted, because, e.g., it is expensive to obtain this information. Besides, this subset may be biased, such as in the case of self-selection in a survey. Consequently, the classification performance for unlabeled points may be limited. To improve the reliability of the results, semi-supervised learning tackles the setting of labeled and unlabeled data. Moreover, in many cases, additional information about the size of each class can be available from undisclosed sources. This cumulative thesis presents different studies to combine this external cardinality constraint information within three important algorithms for binary classification in the supervised context: support vector machines (SVM), classification trees, and random forests. From a mathematical point of view, we focus on mixed-integer programming (MIP) models for semi-supervised approaches that consider a cardinality constraint for each class for each algorithm. Furthermore, since the proposed MIP models are computationally challenging, we also present techniques that simplify the process of solving these problems. In the SVM setting, we introduce a re-clustering method and further computational techniques to reduce the computational cost. In the context of classification trees, we provide correct values for certain bounds that play a crucial role for the solver performance. For the random forest model, we develop preprocessing techniques and an intuitive branching rule to reduce the solution time. For all three methods, our numerical results show that our approaches have better statistical performances for biased samples than the standard approach.

Nachdem er in den 1750er und 1760er Jahren graphische Bildsatiren zu aktuellen innen- und außenpolitischen Themen veröffentlich hatte, wurde William Hogarth selbst in zahlreichen Karikaturen verspottet und verleumdet. Ausgehend von dieser Beobachtung fragt die vorliegende Dissertation, welche Haltung sich den politischen Blättern des Künstlers entnehmen lässt und mit welchen künstlerischen Mitteln er dieser Ausdruck verlieh. Durch Analyse der politischen Ikonographie lassen sich die Themen und Akteure beschreiben. Mit der rezeptionsästhetischen Methode unter Hinzunahme der Sprech- und Bildakttheorie und der Propaganda Studies werden ihre tendenziösen Aussagen und manipulative Absichten entschlüsselt. In ihrer Regierungsaffinität unterscheidet sich Hogarths politische Kunst maßgeblich von der oppositionellen Bildsatire Londons. Die Differenz spiegelt sich v. a. in den persönlichen Angriffen, mit denen zeitgenössische Satiriker Hogarth kritisierten. Als erstes reagierte Paul Sandby („The Painter’s March from Finchly“, 1753) auf Hogarths Darstellung des Jakobitischen Aufstandes 1745, womit er eine Begründung für die von William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland angestrebte Militärreform lieferte („March of the Guards to Finchley“, 1751); Für seine Gin Act-Kampagne („Gin Lane“ und „Beer Street“, 1750/51) erweiterte er die Pro-Gin-Ikonographie der 1730er Jahre (Anonymous: „The lamentable Fall of Madam Geneva”, 1736, Anonymous: „To those melancholly Sufferers the Destillers […] The Funeral Procession of Madam Geneva“, 1751), um sich für die staatliche Reglementierung der Destillen auszusprechen. In seinen Publikationen zum Siebenjährigen Krieg, mit denen er die Politik der jeweiligen Regierungen unter Thomas Pellham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle und William Pitt (the Elder) („The Invasion“, 1756) oder John Stuart, Earl of Bute („The Times Pl. 1“, 1763) unterstützte, zeigt sich Hogarths Opportunismus. Letztlich wurde seine Fürsprache für die unbeliebte Tory-Regierung und seine Kritik an William Pitt Anlass für Hogarths Herabwürdigung durch die Whig-treue Satire. Nach diesem Bruch publizierten beide Seiten verunglimpfende Portraitkarikaturen, die auf Rufmord des Gegners durch Kriminalisierung, Deformation und Dämonisierung setzten (William Hogarth: „John Wilkes Esqr.“, 1763, Anonymous „Tit for Tat“, 1763, Anonymous: „An Answer to the Print of John Wilkes Esqr. by WM Hogarth“, 1763, Anonymous: „Pug the snarling cur chastised Or a Cure for the Mange“, 1763). Die Bildvergleiche zwischen Hogarths politischen Werken und den Reaktionen, die sie hervorriefen, zeigen, dass der Unterschied nicht im Bildgegenstand oder der politischen Ikonographie liegt, sondern in der Ausrichtung ihrer politischen Einflussnahme. Dabei ist vor allem Hogarths regierungsloyale Haltung hervorzuheben. Folglich muss die Forschungsmeinung von einer grundsätzlich kritischen Haltung Hogarths redigiert werden, da er sich nachweislich konservativ positioniert und dem Regierungshandeln und Machterhalt der Eliten Vorschub leistete. Das vorliegende Dissertationsvorhaben untersucht die propagandistische Qualität der Werke Hogarths im Vergleich zu den zeitgenössischen Satirikern und macht die unterschiedliche politische Stoßrichtung sichtbar. Aufschluss gibt dabei die Anwendung künstlerischer und karikaturesker Mittel (das „Wie“) zum Zweck der burlesque (Posse/Parodie), des ridicule (Lächerlichmachung/Spott) bis bin zur Agitation, sowohl in Hogarths Werken als auch in den Karikaturen, die gegen ihn gerichtet waren. Da William Hogarth diese Stilmittel maßgeblich prägte und ihre Entwicklung forcierte, werden sie in der vorliegenden Arbeit unter dem Begriff Hogarthian Wit summiert. Mithilfe der Methode und Begriffe der Propaganda Studies lassen sich Intention und Zweck (das „Was“) als Bildakte beschreiben: Während es sich bei den Werken grundsätzlich um bias handelte, die basierend auf einer Ideologie die öffentliche Meinung beeinflusste, nahm ihre Schlagkraft in den 1760er Jahren stark zu; auf verrätselte Stellungnahmen folgte persönliche und offene Kritik an öffentlichen Personen, bis hin zum Rufmord. Dabei rezipierten sich die Künstler gegenseitig und bildeten Thesen und Antithesen aus. Hogarths einseitige Darstellungen wurden korrigiert und ergänzt, seine politische Kunst als Propaganda enttarnt. Schließlich wurden ihm Lügen und üble Nachrede vorgeworfen. Indem sie ihn anklagten oder durch Sekundärstigmatisierung eine Bestrafung in effigie vornahmen, forderten die Werke vom Rezipienten ein strafendes Urteil. Zu den künstlerischen Mitteln, die dabei zur Anwendung kommen, gehören eine politische Ikonographie und stereotype Feindbilder sowie nationale Konstruktionen, rezeptionsästhetische Mittel wie Juxtapositionen, Rezeptions- und Identifikationsfiguren sowie rhetorische und Mittel des Sprechakts, bis hin zu Perlokutionen. Die Werke lassen sich als Propaganda und somit als hierarchische Kommunikation beschreiben, die manipulative Bildstrategien nutzten, welche nicht nur der Beeinflussung der öffentlichen Meinung dienten, sondern politische Handlungen forcierten. Bezeichnend ist, dass beide Seiten dieselben Ikonographie, Stil-, Kompositions- und Kommunikationsmittel anwendeten, unabhängig von ihrer politischen Aussage, wodurch der Hogarthian Wit gefestigt und stetig weiterentwickelt wurde.

Cette contribution pratique présente les principales méthodes d’analyse qui peuvent être utilisées dans diverses matières à l’école, mais qui peuvent aussi favoriser la réflexion sur des conflits personnels qui surviennent au sein de la famille, de la classe ou de la communauté scolaire.

Les émotions sont le reflet de nos besoins personnels. Dans les discussions sur les conflits ou dans la médiation, en particulier, il est important de ne pas se concentrer uniquement sur le moment où un conflit est survenu, mais de déceler aussi les besoins et les émotions qui ont eu un impact sur nos actions, nos réflexions et notre ressenti. Le matériel que nous allons vous présenter vous permettra de découvrir comment aborder, en tant qu’enseignant·e, les émotions et les disputes avec des enfants dans l’enseignement fondamental.