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Institut
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Because EU water quality policy can result in infrastructure creation or adaptation at the local level across member states, compliance cases are worth examining critically from a sustainable spatial planning perspective. In this study, the 2000 EU Water Framework Directive’s (WFD) reach to local implementation efforts in average towns and cities is shown through the case study of nonconforming household wastewater infrastructure in the German state of Rhineland Palatinate. Seeing wastewater as a socio-technical infrastructure, we ask how the WFD implementation can be understood in the context of local infrastructure development, sustainability, and spatial planning concepts. In particular, this study examines what compliance meant for the centralization or decentralization of local wastewater infrastructure systems—and the sustainability implications for cities
from those choices.
Dry tropical forests undergo massive conversion and degradation processes. This also holds true for the extensive Miombo forests that cover large parts of Southern Africa. While the largest proportional area can be found in Angola, the country still struggles with food shortages, insufficient medical and educational supplies, as well as the ongoing reconstruction of infrastructure after 27 years of civil war. Especially in rural areas, the local population is therefore still heavily dependent on the consumption of natural resources, as well as subsistence agriculture. This leads, on one hand, to large areas of Miombo forests being converted for cultivation purposes, but on the other hand, to degradation processes due to the selective use of forest resources. While forest conversion in south-central rural Angola has already been quantitatively described, information about forest degradation is not yet available. This is due to the history of conflicts and the therewith connected research difficulties, as well as the remote location of this area. We apply an annual time series approach using Landsat data in south-central Angola not only to assess the current degradation status of the Miombo forests, but also to derive past developments reaching back to times of armed conflicts. We use the Disturbance Index based on tasseled cap transformation to exclude external influences like inter-annual variation of rainfall. Based on this time series, linear regression is calculated for forest areas unaffected by conversion, but also for the pre-conversion period of those areas that were used for cultivation purposes during the observation time. Metrics derived from linear regression are used to classify the study area according to their dominant modification processes.rnWe compare our results to MODIS latent integral trends and to further products to derive information on underlying drivers. Around 13% of the Miombo forests are affected by degradation processes, especially along streets, in villages, and close to existing agriculture. However, areas in presumably remote and dense forest areas are also affected to a significant extent. A comparison with MODIS derived fire ignition data shows that they are most likely affected by recurring fires and less by selective timber extraction. We confirm that areas that are used for agriculture are more heavily disturbed by selective use beforehand than those that remain unaffected by conversion. The results can be substantiated by the MODIS latent integral trends and we also show that due to extent and location, the assessment of forest conversion is most likely not sufficient to provide good estimates for the loss of natural resources.
The reduction of information contained in model time series through the use of aggregating statistical performance measures is very high compared to the amount of information that one would like to draw from it for model identification and calibration purposes. It is readily known that this loss imposes important limitations on model identification and -diagnostics and thus constitutes an element of the overall model uncertainty as essentially different model realizations with almost identical performance measures (e.g. r-² or RMSE) can be generated. In three consecutive studies the present work proposes an alternative approach towards hydrological model evaluation based on the application of Self-Organizing Maps (SOM; Kohonen, 2001). The Self-Organizing Map is a type of artificial neural network and unsupervised learning algorithm that is used for clustering, visualization and abstraction of multidimensional data. It maps vectorial input data items with similar patterns onto contiguous locations of a discrete low-dimensional grid of neurons. The iterative training of the SOM causes the neurons to form a discrete, data-compressed representation of the high-dimensional input data. Using appropriate visualization techniques, information on distributions, patterns and relationships in complex data sets can be extracted. Irrespective of their potential, SOM applications have earned very little attention in hydrological modelling compared to other artificial neural network techniques. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to demonstrate that the application of Self-Organizing Maps has very high potential to address fundamental issues of model evaluation: It is shown that the clustering and classification of model time series by means of SOM can provide useful insights into model behaviour. In combination with the diagnostic properties of Signature Indices (Gupta et al., 2008; Yilmaz et al., 2008) SOM provides a novel tool for interpreting the model parameters in the hydrological context and identifying parameter sets that simultaneously meet multiple objectives, even if the corresponding model realizations belong to different models. Moreover, the presented studies and reviews also encourage further studies on the application of SOM in hydrological modelling.
Soil loss by water-erosion is world-wide one of the main risks in soil protection. However, the reasons for soil erosion and its degree differ within the different regions of the world. The main focus of the PhD-Theses was to investigate the main factors for soil erosion in two regions differing in parent material, climate, soil type, and land use, namely Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany) and Turkey (Middle Anatolia). The results can be summarized as followed: 1. The salt content and the electric conductivity of the soils in Middle Anatolia were higher compared with the soils in Rhineland-Palatinate. This resulted in a reduced aggregate stability, a reduced water infiltration rate, and consequently in a compaction of the soil surface. 2. The amounts of soil organic matter were lower in the soils of Middle Anatolia compared to the German soils. 3. According to the universal soil loss equation (USLE) the K-factor was higher in the soils of Middle Anatolia compared to the German soils. 4. Just as the K-factor the R-factor was higher in the soils of Middle Anatolia compared to the German soils.
In addition to flood disasters on major rivers, damage caused by the flooding of smaller and medium-sized tributaries is also of considerable significance. To ensure that flood protection measures are effective, engineering flood prevention measures on the rivers must be supported by integrated catchment management. This includes decentralised water retention measures implemented in the sectors of forestry, agriculture and in residential areas. Within this scope new instruments have to be elaborated and introduced, such as GIS-based systems and systems for the evaluation of economic consequences and eco-efficiency of flood damage precaution measures associated with land-use. These are extremely significant for improving information management, the prevention of advice to the general public and for the acceptance of flood precaution measures. The conference intends to promote scientific exchange between specialists working on all areas concerning integrated catchment management. This includes the methodology for identification of catchment types prone to flooding hazards, the control and validation of land-use concepts for decentralised water retention as well as its combination and upscaling procedures up to mesoscale catchments. As catchment management is not only the concern of natural scientists the strategies for enhancing catchment management and the development of decision-support tools will also be important topics of the conference. ***Addenda *1. The articles from page 136 to 161 belong to session 5 *2. Article page 107: Ancient irrigation strategies: land use and hazard mitigation in Ma-´rib, Yemen (New list of authors: Ueli Brunner (a) , Michael Schütz (b), Dana Pietsch (c), Peter Kühn (c), Thomas Scholten (c), Iris Gerlach (d))
In the context of accelerated global socio-environmental change, the Water-Energy-Food Nexus has received increasing attention within science and international politics by promoting integrated resource governance. This study explores the scientific nexus debates from a discourse analytical perspective to reveal knowledge and power relations as well as geographical settings of nexus research. We also investigate approaches to socio-nature relations that influence nexus research and subsequent political implications. Our findings suggest that the leading nexus discourse is dominated by natural scientific perspectives and a neo-Malthusian framing of environmental challenges. Accordingly, the promoted cross-sectoral nexus approach to resource governance emphasizes efficiency, security, future sustainability, and poverty reduction. Water, energy, and food are conceived as global trade goods that require close monitoring, management and control, to be achieved via quantitative assessments and technological interventions. Within the less visible discourse, social scientific perspectives engage with the social, political, and normative elements of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus. These perspectives criticize the dominant nexus representation for itsmanagerial, neoliberal, and utilitarian approach to resource governance. The managerial framing is critiqued for masking power relations and social inequalities, while alternative framings acknowledge the political nature of resource governance and socio-nature relations. The spatial dimensions of the nexus debate are also discussed. Notably, the nexus is largely shaped by western knowledge, yet applied mainly in specific regions of the Global South. In order for the nexus to achieve integrative solutions for sustainability, the debate needs to overcome its current discursive and spatial separations. To this end, we need to engage more closely with alternative nexus discourses, embrace epistemic pluralism and encourage multi-perspective debates about the socio-nature relations we actually intend to promote.
The trophic niche is a life trait that identifies the consumer’s position in a local food web. Several factors, such as ontogeny, competitive ability and resource availability contribute in shaping species trophic niches. To date, information on the diet of European Hydromantes salamanders are only available for a limited number of species, no dietary studies have involved more than one species of the genus at a time, and there are limited evidences on how multiple factors interact in determining diet variation. In this study we examined the diet of multiple populations of six out of the eight European cave salamanders, providing the first data on the diet for five of them. In addition, we assessed whether these closely related generalist species show similar diet and, for each species, we tested whether season, age class or sex influence the number and the type of prey consumed. Stomach condition (empty/full) and the number of prey consumed were strongly related to seasonality and to the activity level of individuals. Empty stomachs were more frequent in autumn, in individuals far from cave entrance and in juveniles. Diet composition was significantly different among species. Hydromantes imperialis and H. supramontis were the most generalist species; H. flavus and H. sarrabusensis fed mostly on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera Staphylinidae, while H. genei and H. ambrosii mostly consumed Arachnida and Endopterygota larvae. Furthermore, we detected seasonal shifts of diet in the majority of the species examined. Conversely, within each species, we did not find diet differences between females, males and juveniles. Although being assumed to have very similar dietary habits, here Hydromantes species were shown to be characterized by a high divergence in diet composition and in the stomach condition of individuals.
Seit 2005 wird auf der Deponie Muertendall (Luxemburg) der Wasserhaushalt einer Oberflächenabdeckung anhand eines Testfeldes untersucht. Die Deponie wurde 1979 in Betrieb genommen. 1991 wurde sie erstmals geschlossen, da ihre Kapazität ausgeschöpft war. Anschließend wurde die Deponie saniert und mit einer Basisabdichtung ausgestattet. Der sanierte Altmüllkörper wurde mit einer 80 cm starken Oberflächenabdeckung versehen. In diesem Bereich der Deponie wurde 2005 ein Testfeld angelegt, um den Wasserhaushalt der Abdeckung zu untersuchen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es den Wasserhaushalt der derzeitigen Abdeckung zu bilanzieren und ihre Wasserdurchlässigkeit zu beurteilen. Die Auswertung der Daten zeigt, dass zwischen 30 und 66% des Niederschlages jährlich unterhalb der Abdeckung als Drainageabfluss auftreten. Deutlich zu erkennen ist eine jahreszeitliche Abhängigkeit mit höheren Abflüssen im Winter. Der auftretende Oberflächenabfluss ist vernachlässigbar. In Hinblick auf die Wasserdurchlässigkeit ist die auf der Deponie bestehende Abdeckung nicht geeignet um die Sickerwassermengen deutlich zu minimieren. Da der Wasserhaushalt von Oberflächenabdeckungen die biologischen Abbauprozesse im Deponiekörper maßgeblich beeinflusst, wurden auf der Deponie ebenfalls Untersuchungen am Altmüllkörper durchgeführt, um Rückschlüsse auf den Fortschritt der biologischen Abbauprozesse zu gewinnen. Die ermittelten Wassergehalte im Deponiekörper liegen bei nur 33 Gew. % und sind somit nicht optimal für die biologischen Abbauprozesse. Der untersuchte Altmüll besteht zum Großteil nur noch aus der Fraktion <20 mm als Resultat der biologischen Abbauprozesse. Der übrige Teil besteht größtenteils aus Stoffgruppen, die nur noch schwer biologisch abbaubar sind. Weitere chemisch- physikalische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass im Altmüll immer noch Organik vorhanden ist, die aber durch die biologischen Abbauprozesse nur noch schwer abgebaut werden kann. Aus den gewonnen Ergebnissen werden Vorschläge für die endgültige Abdeckung der Deponie Muertendall gemacht.
"Ökosystemare Aspekte von Wildtiernutzungsstrategien auf der Südhalbkugel" Die stark anwachsende Bevölkerung und z. T. nicht nachhaltig organisierte bzw. falsche Landnutzungsstrategien sind unter Armutsbedingungen die stärkste Bedrohung für endemitenreiche Ökosysteme. Fehlende Ökosystem- und Artenkenntnisse, unterentwickeltes Verständnis für utilitaristische Ansätze, die sich das Motiv der Existenzsicherung der Menschen in den ländlichen Regionen zu Nutze machen oder fehlende Einsichten in unterschiedliche Kulturen erschweren jedoch bisher die Umsetzung von "wise use" Kooperationsmodellen zwischen "Natur" und "Mensch" zum beiderseitigen Nutzen. Vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass nicht nur einzelne Arten, sondern ebenso die ökosystemare Diversität ein Differenzierungspotential für Nutzungs- und Vermarktungsstrategien besitzen. Aufbauend auf einer interdisziplinären Analyse werden in einem zweiten Arbeitsschritt die ökologischen, ökonomischen und soziokulturellen Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Wildtiernutzungsstrategien aufgezeigt und belegt, dass durch sie Chancen zur Sicherung der Wildtierbestände bei gleichzeitiger Senkung der ländlichen Armutsbedingungen gegeben sein können. Dabei spielt eine naturnahe Bewirtschaftung von Lebensräumen durch den sog. Jagdtourismus eine besondere Rolle. Bei entsprechenden Kontrollmechanismen besitzt gerade er auf marginalen Standorten ein bisher noch nicht genügend genutztes Entwicklungs- und Schutzpotential. Insbesondere in den Pufferzonen um bzw. zwischen den Nationalparks ist dadurch eine Neubewertung der Wildtiere als Ressource zu beobachten, die durch wirtschaftliche Interessen der lokalen Bevölkerung das Verständnis für eine Koexistenz mit den Wildtieren fördert. Die sorgfältigen Analysen belegen dabei, dass ökosystemgerechter Jagdtourismus bei einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung die Kriterien einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung von Naturressourcen und die Ansprüche einer Low Impact & High Profit-Strategie erfüllt. Jagdtourismus kann somit als Element des Ökotourismus verstanden werden.