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Knowledge acquisition comprises various processes. Each of those has its dedicated research domain. Two examples are the relations between knowledge types and the influences of person-related variables. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge is another crucial domain in educational research. I investigated these three processes through secondary analyses in this dissertation. Secondary analyses comply with the broadness of each field and yield the possibility of more general interpretations. The dissertation includes three meta-analyses: The first meta-analysis reports findings on the predictive relations between conceptual and procedural knowledge in mathematics in a cross-lagged panel model. The second meta-analysis focuses on the mediating effects of motivational constructs on the relationship between prior knowledge and knowledge after learning. The third meta-analysis deals with the effect of instructional methods in transfer interventions on knowledge transfer in school students. These three studies provide insights into the determinants and processes of knowledge acquisition and transfer. Knowledge types are interrelated; motivation mediates the relation between prior and later knowledge, and interventions influence knowledge transfer. The results are discussed by examining six key insights that build upon the three studies. Additionally, practical implications, as well as methodological and content-related ideas for further research, are provided.
When humans encounter attitude objects (e.g., other people, objects, or constructs), they evaluate them. Often, these evaluations are based on attitudes. Whereas most research focuses on univalent (i.e., only positive or only negative) attitude formation, little research exists on ambivalent (i.e., simultaneously positive and negative) attitude formation. Following a general introduction into ambivalence, I present three original manuscripts investigating ambivalent attitude formation. The first manuscript addresses ambivalent attitude formation from previously univalent attitudes. The results indicate that responding to a univalent attitude object incongruently leads to ambivalence measured via mouse tracking but not ambivalence measured via self-report. The second manuscript addresses whether the same number of positive and negative statements presented block-wise in an impression formation task leads to ambivalence. The third manuscript also used an impression formation task and addresses the question of whether randomly presenting the same number of positive and negative statements leads to ambivalence. Additionally, the effect of block size of the same valent statements is investigated. The results of the last two manuscripts indicate that presenting all statements of one valence and then all statements of the opposite valence leads to ambivalence measured via self-report and mouse tracking. Finally, I discuss implications for attitude theory and research as well as future research directions.
Social entrepreneurship is a successful activity to solve social problems and economic
challenges. Social entrepreneurship uses for-profit industry techniques and tools to build
financially sound businesses that provide nonprofit services. Social entrepreneurial activities
also lead to the achievement of sustainable development goals. However, due to the complex,
hybrid nature of the business, social entrepreneurial activities are typically supported by macrolevel
determinants. To expand our knowledge of how beneficial macro-level determinants can
be, this work examines empirical evidence about the impact of macro-level determinants on
social entrepreneurship. Another aim of this dissertation is to examine the impact at the micro
level, as the growth ambitions of social and commercial entrepreneurs differ. At the beginning,
the introductory section is explained in Chapter 1, which contains the motivation for the
research, the research question, and the structure of the work.
There is an ongoing debate about the origin and definition of social entrepreneurship.
Therefore, the numerous phenomena of social entrepreneurship are examined theoretically in
the previous literature. To determine the common consensus on the topic, Chapter 2 presents
the theoretical foundations and definition of social entrepreneurship. The literature shows that
a variety of determinants at the micro and macro levels are essential for the emergence of social
entrepreneurship as a distinctive business model (Hartog & Hoogendoorn, 2011; Stephan et
al., 2015; Hoogendoorn, 2016). It is impossible to create a society based on a social mission without the support of micro and macro-level-level determinants. This work examines the
determinants and consequences of social entrepreneurship from different methodological
perspectives. The theoretical foundations of the micro- and macro-level determinants
influencing social entrepreneurial activities were discussed in Chapter 3
The purpose of reproducibility in research is to confirm previously published results
(Hubbard et al., 1998; Aguinis & Solarino, 2019). However, due to the lack of data, lack of
transparency of methodology, reluctance to publish, and lack of interest from researchers, there
is a lack of promoting replication of the existing research study (Baker, 2016; Hedges &
Schauer, 2019a). Promoting replication studies has been regularly emphasized in the business
and management literature (Kerr et al., 2016; Camerer et al., 2016). However, studies that
provide replicability of the reported results are considered rare in previous research (Burman
et al., 2010; Ryan & Tipu, 2022). Based on the research of Köhler and Cortina (2019), an
empirical study on this topic is carried out in Chapter 4 of this work.
Given this focus, researchers have published a large body of research on the impact of microand
macro-level determinants on social inclusion, although it is still unclear whether these
studies accurately reflect reality. It is important to provide conceptual underpinnings to the
field through a reassessment of published results (Bettis et al., 2016). The results of their
research make it abundantly clear that the macro determinants support social entrepreneurship.
In keeping with the more narrative approach, which is a crucial concern and requires attention,
Chapter 5 considered the reproducibility of previous results, particularly on the topic of social
entrepreneurship. We replicated the results of Stephan et al. (2015) to establish the trend of
reproducibility and validate the specific conclusions they drew. The literal and constructive
replication in the dissertation inspired us to explore technical replication research on social
entrepreneurship. Chapter 6 evaluates the fundamental characteristics that have proven to be key factors in the
growth of social ventures. The current debate reviews and references literature that has
specifically focused on the development of social entrepreneurship. An empirical analysis of
factors directly related to the ambitious growth of social entrepreneurship is also carried out.
Numerous social entrepreneurial groups have been studied concerning this association. Chapter
6 compares the growth ambitions of social and traditional (commercial) entrepreneurship as
consequences at the micro level. This study examined many characteristics of social and
commercial entrepreneurs' growth ambitions. Scholars have claimed to some extent that the
growth of social entrepreneurship differs from commercial entrepreneurial activities due to
objectivity differences (Lumpkin et al., 2013; Garrido-Skurkowicz et al., 2022). Qualitative
research has been used in studies to support the evidence on related topics, including Gupta et
al (2020) emphasized that research needs to focus on specific concepts of social
entrepreneurship for the field to advance. Therefore, this study provides a quantitative,
analysis-based assessment of facts and data. For this purpose, a data set from the Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2015 was used, which examined 12,695 entrepreneurs from
38 countries. Furthermore, this work conducted a regression analysis to evaluate the influence
of various social and commercial characteristics of entrepreneurship on economic growth in
developing countries. Chapter 7 briefly explains future directions and practical/theoretical
implications.
Der zentrale Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Rechtsfigur des Indigenats im Kontext der württembergischen und preußischen Staatenlandschaft. Das Indigenat lässt sich als ein Recht bestimmen, das seine potenziellen Rechtsträger maßgeblich über das Abstammungsprinzip definiert und ein Verhältnis zwischen Rechtsträger und einem übergeordneten Rechtssubjekt zum Ausdruck bringt, sei es lehns- oder standes-, staats- oder auch bundes- beziehungsweise reichsrechtlicher Natur. Der zeitliche Schwerpunkt der Betrachtung liegt auf dem 19. Jahrhundert. Es werden jedoch auch Rückblicke in die Frühe Neuzeit geworfen, weil Wandel und Kontinuität in der Entwicklung des Indigenats in einer solch langen Perspektive besonders klar hervortreten können. Die zentrale These dieser Arbeit ist, dass ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen der im 19. Jahrhundert entstehenden und bis heute geläufigen Form der Zuordnung von Menschen zum Staat und den aus diesem Verhältnis entspringenden Rechten einerseits und dem frühneuzeitlichen Indigenat andererseits besteht. Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass Gesellschaften ihre politischen Machtpositionen gegenüber „fremdstämmigen“, etwa zuwandernden Personen abschirmten, indem sie sich auf indigenatrechtliche, ethnische Bestimmungen beriefen.
Anmerkung: Es handelt sich um die 2. überarbeitete Auflage der Dissertation.
1. Auflage siehe:
"https://ubt.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2083".
Ausgangspunkt der politisch-ikonographischen Untersuchung, in deren
Zentrum zwei Staatsporträts König Maximilians II. von Bayern stehen, ist die Beobachtung, dass diese beiden Bildnisse grundsätzlich unterschiedliche Inszenierungsformen wählen. Das erste von Max Hailer gefertigte Werk zeigt Maximilian II. im vollen bayerischen Krönungsornat und greift eine tradierte Darstellungsweise im Staatsporträt auf. Es entstand zwei Jahre nach Maximilians II. Thronbesteigung und damit nach den revolutionären Unruhen der Jahre 1848/49 im Jahr 1850. Das zweite wurde von Joseph Bernhardt 1857 bis 1858 gemalt und im Jahr 1858 zum zehnjährigen Thronjubiläum des Monarchen erstmals präsentiert. Die Inszenierung ändert sich im zweiten Bildnis: Das bayerische Krönungsornat ist der Generalsuniform gewichen, ebenso weitere Details, die sich noch in der ersten Darstellung finden: Draperie und Wappen fehlen, der übliche bayerisch-königliche Thronsessel ist durch einen anderen ersetzt. In den Hintergrund gedrängt ist die Verfassung, immerhin seit 1818 staatliche Rechtsgrundlage des bayerischen Königreichs. Die beiden Staatsporträts Maximilians II. leiten offensichtlich von den Herrscherbildnissen im vollen bayerischen Krönungsornat seines Großvaters Maximilian I. und Vaters Ludwig I. über zu einer solchen in Uniform mit Krönungsmantel wie sie sich bei Napoleon III. und Friedrich Wilhelm IV. finden und wie sie sein Sohn Ludwig II. weiterführte. Es stellt sich somit die Frage, welche Faktoren zu diesem prägnanten Wandel in der Inszenierung Maximilians II. als König von Bayern führten. Die Arbeit geht der These nach, dass beide Darstellungen grundlegend auf eine reaktionäre, gegen die Revolution 1848/49 gerichtete Politik ausgelegt sind, wobei dieser reaktionäre Charakter in Maximilians II. Bildnis von 1858 noch eine Steigerung im Vergleich zu derjenigen von 1850 erfährt. Zudem wandelt sich die innenpolitisch-historische Ausrichtung des ersten Porträts bei der zweiten Darstellung des bayerischen Monarchen in eine außenpolitisch-progressive. Die Legitimation Maximilians II. begründet sich nicht mehr, wie bei ersterem, in der Geschichte und der Herrschaft der Wittelsbacher, sondern in seinen eigenen Errungenschaften und seiner eigenen Herrschaft. Dieser Wechsel der politischen Bildaussage fußt sowohl auf den politischen Veränderungen und Entwicklungen innerhalb und außerhalb Bayerns als auch auf der Entwicklung des Staatsporträts in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Nach nur zehn Jahren wird so eine veränderte Botschaft über Maximilians II. Position und Machtanspruch ausgesendet.
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have become a valuable treatment for patients with advanced heart failure. Women appear to be disadvantaged in the usage of LVADs and concerning clinical outcomes such as death and adverse events after LVAD implant. Contrary to typical clinical characteristics (e.g., disease severity), device-related factors such as the intended device strategy, bridge to a heart transplantation or destination therapy, are often not considered in research on gender differences. In addition, the relevance of pre-implant psychosocial risk factors, such as substance abuse and limited social support, for LVAD outcomes is currently unclear. Thus, the aim of this dissertation is to explore the role of pre-implant psychosocial risk factors for gender differences in clinical outcomes, accounting for clinical and device-related risk factors.
In the first article, gender differences in pre-implant characteristics of patients registered in The European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) were investigated. It was found that women and men differed in multiple pre-implant characteristics depending on device strategy. In the second article, gender differences in major clinical outcomes (i.e., death, heart transplant, device explant due to cardiac recovery, device replacement due to complications) were evaluated for patients in the device strategy destination therapy in the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulation (INTERMACS). Additionally, the association of gender and psychosocial risk factors with the major outcomes were analyzed. Women had similar probabilities to die on LVAD support, and even higher probabilities to experience explant of the device due to cardiac recovery compared with men in the destination therapy subgroup. Pre-implant psychosocial risk factors were not associated with major outcomes. The third article focused on gender differences in 10 adverse events (e.g., device malfunction, bleeding) after LVAD implant in INTERMACS. The association of a psychosocial risk indicator with gender and adverse events after LVAD implantation was evaluated. Women were less likely to have psychosocial risk pre-implant but more likely to experience seven out of 10 adverse events compared with men. Pre-implant psychosocial risk was associated with adverse events, even suggesting a dose response-relationship. These associations appeared to be more pronounced in women.
In conclusion, women appear to have similar survival to men when accounting for device strategy. They have higher probabilities of recovery, but higher probabilities of device replacement and adverse events compared with men. Regarding these adverse events, women may be more susceptible to psychosocial risk factors than men. The results of this dissertation illustrate the importance of gender-sensitive research and suggest considering device strategy when studying gender differences in LVAD recipients. Further research is warranted to elucidate the role of specific psychosocial risk factors that lead to higher probabilities of adverse events, to intervene early and improve patient care in both, women and men