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Entrepreneurship is a process of discovering and exploiting opportunities, during which two crucial milestones emerge: in the very beginning when entrepreneurs start their businesses, and in the end when they determine the future of the business. This dissertation examines the establishment and exit of newly created as well as of acquired firms, in particular the behavior and performance of entrepreneurs at these two important stages of entrepreneurship. The first part of the dissertation investigates the impact of characteristics at the individual and at the firm level on an entrepreneur- selection of entry modes across new venture start-up and business takeover. The second part of the dissertation compares firm performance across different entrepreneurship entry modes and then examines management succession issues that family firm owners have to confront. This study has four main findings. First, previous work experience in small firms, same sector experience, and management experience affect an entrepreneur- choice of entry modes. Second, the choice of entry mode for hybrid entrepreneurs is associated with their characteristics, such as occupational experience, level of education, and gender, as well as with the characteristics of their firms, such as location. Third, business takeovers survive longer than new venture start-ups, and both entry modes have different survival determinants. Fourth, the family firm- decision of recruiting a family or a nonfamily manager is not only determined by a manager- abilities, but also by the relationship between the firm- economic and non-economic goals and the measurability of these goals. The findings of this study extend our knowledge on entrepreneurship entry modes by showing that new venture start-ups and business takeovers are two distinct entrepreneurship entry modes in terms of their founders" profiles, their survival rates and survival determinants. Moreover, this study contributes to the literature on top management hiring in family firms: it establishes family firm- non-economic goals as another factor that impacts the family firm- hiring decision between a family and a nonfamily manager.
Startups are essential agents for the evolution of economies and the creative destruction of established market conditions for the benefit of a more effective and efficient economy. Their significance is manifested in their drive for innovation and technological advancements, their creation of new jobs, their contribution to economic growth, and their impact on increased competition and increased market efficiency. By reason of their attributes of newness and smallness, startups often experience a limitation in accessing external financial resources. Extant research on entrepreneurial finance examines the capital structure of startups, various funding tools, financing environments in certain regions, and investor selection criteria among other topics. My dissertation contributes to this research area by examining the becoming increasingly important funding instrument of venture debt. Prior research on venture debt only investigated the business model of venture debt, the concept of venture debt, the selection criteria of venture debt providers, and the role of patents in the venture debt provider’s selection process. Based on qualitative and quantitative methods, the dissertation outlines the emergence of venture debt in Europe as well as the impact of venture debt on startups to open up a better understanding of venture debt.
The results of the qualitative studies indicate that venture debt was formed based on a ‘Kirznerian’ entrepreneurial opportunity and venture debt impacts startups positive and negative in their development via different impact mechanisms.
Based on these results, the dissertation analyzes the empirical impact of venture debt on a startup’s ability to acquire additional financial resources as well as the role of the reputation of venture debt providers. The results suggest that venture debt increases the likelihood of acquiring additional financial resources via subsequent funding rounds and trade sales. In addition, a higher venture debt provider reputation increases the likelihood of acquiring additional financial resources via IPOs.
Broadcast media such as television have spread rapidly worldwide in the last century. They provide viewers with access to new information and also represent a source of entertainment that unconsciously exposes them to different social norms and moral values. Although the potential impact of exposure to television content have been studied intensively in economic research in recent years, studies examining the long-term causal effects of media exposure are still rare. Therefore, Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis contribute to the better understanding of long-term effects of television exposure.
Chapter 2 empirically investigates whether access to reliable environmental information through television can influence individuals' environmental awareness and pro-environmental behavior. Analyzing exogenous variation in Western television reception in the German Democratic Republic shows that access to objective reporting on environmental pollution can enhance concerns regarding pollution and affect the likelihood of being active in environmental interest groups.
Chapter 3 utilizes the same natural experiment and explores the relationship between exposure to foreign mass media content and xenophobia. In contrast to the state television broadcaster in the German Democratic Republic, West German television regularly confronted its viewers with foreign (non-German) broadcasts. By applying multiple measures for xenophobic attitudes, our findings indicate a persistent mitigating impact of foreign media content on xenophobia.
Chapter 4 deals with another unique feature of West German television. In contrast to East German media, Western television programs regularly exposed their audience to unmarried and childless characters. The results suggest that exposure to different gender stereotypes contained in television programs can affect marriage, divorce, and birth rates. However, our findings indicate that mainly women were affected by the exposure to unmarried and childless characters.
Chapter 5 examines the influence of social media marketing on crowd participation in equity crowdfunding. By analyzing 26,883 investment decisions on three German equity crowdfunding platforms, our results show that startups can influence the success of their equity crowdfunding campaign through social media posts on Facebook and Twitter.
In Chapter 6, we incorporate the concept of habit formation into the theoretical literature on trade unions and contribute to a better understanding of how internal habit preferences influence trade union behavior. The results reveal that such internal reference points lead trade unions to raise wages over time, which in turn reduces employment. Conducting a numerical example illustrates that the wage effects and the decline in employment can be substantial.
Schüler*innenfirmen
(2022)
Schüler*innenunternehmen, nachfolgend als Schüler*innenfirmen bezeichnet, sind nicht nur Gelegenheiten, Wirtschaftskompetenz in einem handlungsorientierten realen Setting anzubahnen, sondern auch eine Möglichkeit für Schüler*innen, sich mit Angeboten außerhalb der Schule in Gemeinde und Gesellschaft zu engagieren.
Les mini-entreprises
(2022)
Les entreprises d’élèves, ci-après désignées mini-entreprises, ne présentent pas seulement des occasions de développer des compétences économiques dans un contexte réel orienté vers l’action, mais aussi une possibilité pour les élèves de s’engager en dehors de l’école à travers des offres au sein de la communauté et de la société.
Entrepreneurial ventures are associated with economic growth, job creation, and innovation. Most entrepreneurial ventures need external funding to succeed. However, they often find it difficult to access traditional forms of financing, such as bank loans. To overcome this hurdle and to provide entrepreneurial ventures with badly-needed external capital, many types of entrepreneurial finance have emerged over the past decades and continue to emerge today. Inspired by these dynamics, this postdoctoral thesis contains five empirical studies that address novel questions regarding established (e.g., venture capital, business angels) and new types of entrepreneurial finance (i.e., initial coin offerings).