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We study planned changes in protective routines after the COVID-19 pandemic: in a survey in Germany among >650 respondents, we find that the majority plans to use face masks in certain situations even after the end of the pandemic. We observe that this willingness is strongly related to the perception that there is something to be learned from East Asians’ handling of pandemics, even when controlling for perceived protection by wearing masks. Given strong empirical evidence that face masks help prevent the spread of respiratory diseases and given the considerable estimated health and economic costs of such diseases even pre-Corona, this would be a very positive side effect of the current crisis.
Die Praxishefte Demokratische Schulkultur erscheinen halbjährlich und bieten Schulleitungen und Schulpersonal theoretische Grundlagen und praxisorientierte Anleitungen zur demokratiepädagogischen Schulentwicklung. Jedes Themenheft ist jeweils einer demokratiepädagogischen Bauform oder strategischen Frage der Schulentwicklung gewidmet. Die Praxishefte werden allen Luxemburger Schulen als Printausgabe zur Verfügung gestellt und online mit zusätzlichen Materialien und in französischer Fassung vorgehalten.
Forest inventories provide significant monitoring information on forest health, biodiversity,
resilience against disturbance, as well as its biomass and timber harvesting potential. For this
purpose, modern inventories increasingly exploit the advantages of airborne laser scanning (ALS)
and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS).
Although tree crown detection and delineation using ALS can be seen as a mature discipline, the
identification of individual stems is a rarely addressed task. In particular, the informative value of
the stem attributes—especially the inclination characteristics—is hardly known. In addition, a lack
of tools for the processing and fusion of forest-related data sources can be identified. The given
thesis addresses these research gaps in four peer-reviewed papers, while a focus is set on the
suitability of ALS data for the detection and analysis of tree stems.
In addition to providing a novel post-processing strategy for geo-referencing forest inventory plots,
the thesis could show that ALS-based stem detections are very reliable and their positions are
accurate. In particular, the stems have shown to be suited to study prevailing trunk inclination
angles and orientations, while a species-specific down-slope inclination of the tree stems and a
leeward orientation of conifers could be observed.
Agricultural monitoring is necessary. Since the beginning of the Holocene, human agricultural
practices have been shaping the face of the earth, and today around one third of the ice-free land
mass consists of cropland and pastures. While agriculture is necessary for our survival, the
intensity has caused many negative externalities, such as enormous freshwater consumption, the
loss of forests and biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions as well as soil erosion and degradation.
Some of these externalities can potentially be ameliorated by careful allocation of crops and
cropping practices, while at the same time the state of these crops has to be monitored in order
to assess food security. Modern day satellite-based earth observation can be an adequate tool to
quantify abundance of crop types, i.e., produce spatially explicit crop type maps. The resources to
do so, in terms of input data, reference data and classification algorithms have been constantly
improving over the past 60 years, and we live now in a time where fully operational satellites
produce freely available imagery with often less than monthly revisit times at high spatial
resolution. At the same time, classification models have been constantly evolving from
distribution based statistical algorithms, over machine learning to the now ubiquitous deep
learning.
In this environment, we used an explorative approach to advance the state of the art of crop
classification. We conducted regional case studies, focused on the study region of the Eifelkreis
Bitburg-Prüm, aiming to develop validated crop classification toolchains. Because of their unique
role in the regional agricultural system and because of their specific phenologic characteristics
we focused solely on maize fields.
In the first case study, we generated reference data for the years 2009 and 2016 in the study
region by drawing polygons based on high resolution aerial imagery, and used these in
conjunction with RapidEye imagery to produce high resolution maize maps with a random forest
classifier and a gaussian blur filter. We were able to highlight the importance of careful residual
analysis, especially in terms of autocorrelation. As an end result, we were able to prove that, in
spite of the severe limitations introduced by the restricted acquisition windows due to cloud
coverage, high quality maps could be produced for two years, and the regional development of
maize cultivation could be quantified.
In the second case study, we used these spatially explicit datasets to link the expansion of biogas
producing units with the extended maize cultivation in the area. In a next step, we overlayed the
maize maps with soil and slope rasters in order to assess spatially explicit risks of soil compaction
and erosion. Thus, we were able to highlight the potential role of remote sensing-based crop type
classification in environmental protection, by producing maps of potential soil hazards, which can
be used by local stakeholders to reallocate certain crop types to locations with less associated
risk.
In our third case study, we used Sentinel-1 data as input imagery, and official statistical records
as maize reference data, and were able to produce consistent modeling input data for four
consecutive years. Using these datasets, we could train and validate different models in spatially
iv
and temporally independent random subsets, with the goal of assessing model transferability. We
were able to show that state-of-the-art deep learning models such as UNET performed
significantly superior to conventional models like random forests, if the model was validated in a
different year or a different regional subset. We highlighted and discussed the implications on
modeling robustness, and the potential usefulness of deep learning models in building fully
operational global crop classification models.
We were able to conclude that the first major barrier for global classification models is the
reference data. Since most research in this area is still conducted with local field surveys, and only
few countries have access to official agricultural records, more global cooperation is necessary to
build harmonized and regionally stratified datasets. The second major barrier is the classification
algorithm. While a lot of progress has been made in this area, the current trend of many appearing
new types of deep learning models shows great promise, but has not yet consolidated. There is
still a lot of research necessary, to determine which models perform the best and most robust,
and are at the same time transparent and usable by non-experts such that they can be applied
and used effortlessly by local and global stakeholders.
The Second Language Acquisition of English Non-Finite Complement Clauses – A Usage-Based Perspective
(2022)
One of the most essential hypotheses of usage-based theories and many constructionist approaches to language is that language entails the piecemeal learning of constructions on the basis of general cognitive mechanisms and exposure to the target language in use (Ellis 2002; Tomasello 2003). However, there is still a considerable lack of empirical research on the emergence and mental representation of constructions in second language (L2) acquisition. One crucial question that arises, for instance, is whether L2 learners’ knowledge of a construction corresponds to a native-like mapping of form and meaning and, if so, to what extent this representation is shaped by usage. For instance, it is unclear how learners ‘build’ constructional knowledge, i.e. which pieces of frequency-, form- and meaning-related information become relevant for the entrenchment and schematisation of a L2 construction.
To address these issues, the English catenative verb construction was used as a testbed phenomenon. This idiosyncratic complex construction is comprised of a catenative verb and a non-finite complement clause (see Huddleston & Pullum 2002), which is prototypically a gerund-participial (henceforth referred to as ‘target-ing’ construction) or a to-infinitival complement (‘target-to’ construction):
(1) She refused to do her homework.
(2) Laura kept reading love stories.
(3) *He avoids to listen to loud music.
This construction is particularly interesting because learners often show choices of a complement type different from those of native speakers (e.g. Gries & Wulff 2009; Martinez‐Garcia & Wulff 2012) as illustrated in (3) and is commonly claimed to be difficult to be taught by explicit rules (see e.g. Petrovitz 2001).
By triangulating different types of usage data (corpus and elicited production data) and analysing these by multivariate statistical tests, the effects of different usage-related factors (e.g. frequency, proficiency level of the learner, semantic class of verb, etc.) on the representation and development of the catenative verb construction and its subschemas (i.e. target-to and target-ing construction) were examined. In particular, it was assessed whether they can predict a native-like form-meaning pairing of a catenative verb and non-finite complement.
First, all studies were able to show a robust effect of frequency on the complement choice. Frequency does not only lead to the entrenchment of high-frequency exemplars of the construction but is also found to motivate a taxonomic generalisation across related exemplars and the representation of a more abstract schema. Second, the results indicate that the target-to construction, due to its higher type and token frequency, has a high degree of schematicity and productivity than the target-ing construction for the learners, which allows for analogical comparisons and pattern extension with less entrenched exemplars. This schema is likely to be overgeneralised to (less frequent) target-ing verbs because the learners perceive formal and semantic compatibility between the unknown/infrequent verb and this pattern.
Furthermore, the findings present evidence that less advanced learners (A2-B2) make more coarse-grained generalisations, which are centred around high-frequency and prototypical exemplars/low-scope patterns. In the case of high-proficiency learners (C1-C2), not only does the number of native-like complement choices increase but relational information, such as the semantic subclasses of the verb, form-function contingency and other factors, becomes also relevant for a target-like choice. Thus, the results suggests that with increasing usage experience learners gradually develop a more fine-grained, interconnected representation of the catenative verb construction, which gains more resemblance to the form-meaning mappings of native speakers.
Taken together, these insights highlight the importance for language learning and teaching environments to acknowledge that L2 knowledge is represented in the form of highly interconnected form-meaning pairings, i.e. constructions, that can be found on different levels of abstraction and complexity.
This thesis is concerned with two classes of optimization problems which stem
mainly from statistics: clustering problems and cardinality-constrained optimization problems. We are particularly interested in the development of computational techniques to exactly or heuristically solve instances of these two classes
of optimization problems.
The minimum sum-of-squares clustering (MSSC) problem is widely used
to find clusters within a set of data points. The problem is also known as
the $k$-means problem, since the most prominent heuristic to compute a feasible
point of this optimization problem is the $k$-means method. In many modern
applications, however, the clustering suffers from uncertain input data due to,
e.g., unstructured measurement errors. The reason for this is that the clustering
result then represents a clustering of the erroneous measurements instead of
retrieving the true underlying clustering structure. We address this issue by
applying robust optimization techniques: we derive the strictly and $\Gamma$-robust
counterparts of the MSSC problem, which are as challenging to solve as the
original model. Moreover, we develop alternating direction methods to quickly
compute feasible points of good quality. Our experiments reveal that the more
conservative strictly robust model consistently provides better clustering solutions
than the nominal and the less conservative $\Gamma$-robust models.
In the context of clustering problems, however, using only a heuristic solution
comes with severe disadvantages regarding the interpretation of the clustering.
This motivates us to study globally optimal algorithms for the MSSC problem.
We note that although some algorithms have already been proposed for this
problem, it is still far from being “practically solved”. Therefore, we propose
mixed-integer programming techniques, which are mainly based on geometric
ideas and which can be incorporated in a
branch-and-cut based algorithm tailored
to the MSSC problem. Our numerical experiments show that these techniques
significantly improve the solution process of a
state-of-the-art MINLP solver
when applied to the problem.
We then turn to the study of cardinality-constrained optimization problems.
We consider two famous problem instances of this class: sparse portfolio optimization and sparse regression problems. In many modern applications, it is common
to consider problems with thousands of variables. Therefore, globally optimal
algorithms are not always computationally viable and the study of sophisticated
heuristics is very desirable. Since these problems have a discrete-continuous
structure, decomposition methods are particularly well suited. We then apply a
penalty alternating direction method that explores this structure and provides
very good feasible points in a reasonable amount of time. Our computational
study shows that our methods are competitive to
state-of-the-art solvers and heuristics.
Due to the transition towards climate neutrality, energy markets are rapidly evolving. New technologies are developed that allow electricity from renewable energy sources to be stored or to be converted into other energy commodities. As a consequence, new players enter the markets and existing players gain more importance. Market equilibrium problems are capable of capturing these changes and therefore enable us to answer contemporary research questions with regard to energy market design and climate policy.
This cumulative dissertation is devoted to the study of different market equilibrium problems that address such emerging aspects in liberalized energy markets. In the first part, we review a well-studied competitive equilibrium model for energy commodity markets and extend this model by sector coupling, by temporal coupling, and by a more detailed representation of physical laws and technical requirements. Moreover, we summarize our main contributions of the last years with respect to analyzing the market equilibria of the resulting equilibrium problems.
For the extension regarding sector coupling, we derive sufficient conditions for ensuring uniqueness of the short-run equilibrium a priori and for verifying uniqueness of the long-run equilibrium a posteriori. Furthermore, we present illustrative examples that each of the derived conditions is indeed necessary to guarantee uniqueness in general.
For the extension regarding temporal coupling, we provide sufficient conditions for ensuring uniqueness of demand and production a priori. These conditions also imply uniqueness of the short-run equilibrium in case of a single storage operator. However, in case of multiple storage operators, examples illustrate that charging and discharging decisions are not unique in general. We conclude the equilibrium analysis with an a posteriori criterion for verifying uniqueness of a given short-run equilibrium. Since the computation of equilibria is much more challenging due to the temporal coupling, we shortly review why a tailored parallel and distributed alternating direction method of multipliers enables to efficiently compute market equilibria.
For the extension regarding physical laws and technical requirements, we show that, in nonconvex settings, existence of an equilibrium is not guaranteed and that the fundamental welfare theorems therefore fail to hold. In addition, we argue that the welfare theorems can be re-established in a market design in which the system operator is committed to a welfare objective. For the case of a profit-maximizing system operator, we propose an algorithm that indicates existence of an equilibrium and that computes an equilibrium in the case of existence. Based on well-known instances from the literature on the gas and electricity sector, we demonstrate the broad applicability of our algorithm. Our computational results suggest that an equilibrium often exists for an application involving nonconvex but continuous stationary gas physics. In turn, integralities introduced due to the switchability of DC lines in DC electricity networks lead to many instances without an equilibrium. Finally, we state sufficient conditions under which the gas application has a unique equilibrium and the line switching application has finitely many.
In the second part, all preprints belonging to this cumulative dissertation are provided. These preprints, as well as two journal articles to which the author of this thesis contributed, are referenced within the extended summary in the first part and contain more details.
The forward testing effect is an indirect benefit of retrieval practice. It refers to the finding that retrieval practice of previously studied information enhances learning and retention of subsequently studied other information in episodic memory tasks. Here, two experiments were conducted that investigated whether retrieval practice influences participants’ performance in other tasks, i.e., arithmetic tasks. Participants studied three lists of words in anticipation of a final recall test. In the testing condition, participants were immediately tested on lists 1 and 2 after study of each list, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2 after initial study. Before and after study of list 3, participants did an arithmetic task. Finally, participants were tested on list 3, list 2, and list 1. Different arithmetic tasks were used in the two experiments. Participants did a modular arithmetic task in Experiment 1a and a single-digit multiplication task in Experiment 1b. The results of both experiments showed a forward testing effect with interim testing of lists 1 and 2 enhancing list 3 recall in the list 3 recall test, but no effects of recall testing of lists 1 and 2 for participants’ performance in the arithmetic tasks. The findings are discussed with respect to cognitive load theory and current theories of the forward testing effect.
Advances in eye tracking technology have enabled the development of interactive experimental setups to study social attention. Since these setups differ substantially from the eye tracker manufacturer’s test conditions, validation is essential with regard to the quality of gaze data and other factors potentially threatening the validity of this signal. In this study, we evaluated the impact of accuracy and areas of interest (AOIs) size on the classification of simulated gaze (fixation) data. We defined AOIs of different sizes using the Limited-Radius Voronoi-Tessellation (LRVT) method, and simulated gaze data for facial target points with varying accuracy. As hypothesized, we found that accuracy and AOI size had strong effects on gaze classification. In addition, these effects were not independent and differed in falsely classified gaze inside AOIs (Type I errors; false alarms) and falsely classified gaze outside the predefined AOIs (Type II errors; misses). Our results indicate that smaller AOIs generally minimize false classifications as long as accuracy is good enough. For studies with lower accuracy, Type II errors can still be compensated to some extent by using larger AOIs, but at the cost of more probable Type I errors. Proper estimation of accuracy is therefore essential for making informed decisions regarding the size of AOIs in eye tracking research.
The main focus of this work is to study the computational complexity of generalizations of the synchronization problem for deterministic finite automata (DFA). This problem asks for a given DFA, whether there exists a word w that maps each state of the automaton to one state. We call such a word w a synchronizing word. A synchronizing word brings a system from an unknown configuration into a well defined configuration and thereby resets the system.
We generalize this problem in four different ways.
First, we restrict the set of potential synchronizing words to a fixed regular language associated with the synchronization under regular constraint problem.
The motivation here is to control the structure of a synchronizing word so that, for instance, it first brings the system from an operate mode to a reset mode and then finally again into the operate mode.
The next generalization concerns the order of states in which a synchronizing word transitions the automaton. Here, a DFA A and a partial order R is given as input and the question is whether there exists a word that synchronizes A and for which the induced state order is consistent with R. Thereby, we study different ways for a word to induce an order on the state set.
Then, we change our focus from DFAs to push-down automata and generalize the synchronization problem to push-down automata and in the following work, to visibly push-down automata. Here, a synchronizing word still needs to map each state of the automaton to one state but it further needs to fulfill some constraints on the stack. We study three different types of stack constraints where after reading the synchronizing word, the stacks associated to each run in the automaton must be (1) empty, (2) identical, or (3) can be arbitrary.
We observe that the synchronization problem for general push-down automata is undecidable and study restricted sub-classes of push-down automata where the problem becomes decidable. For visibly push-down automata we even obtain efficient algorithms for some settings.
The second part of this work studies the intersection non-emptiness problem for DFAs. This problem is related to the problem of whether a given DFA A can be synchronized into a state q as we can see the set of words synchronizing A into q as the intersection of languages accepted by automata obtained by copying A with different initial states and q as their final state.
For the intersection non-emptiness problem, we first study the complexity of the, in general PSPACE-complete, problem restricted to subclasses of DFAs associated with the two well known Straubing-Thérien and Cohen-Brzozowski dot-depth hierarchies.
Finally, we study the problem whether a given minimal DFA A can be represented as the intersection of a finite set of smaller DFAs such that the language L(A) accepted by A is equal to the intersection of the languages accepted by the smaller DFAs. There, we focus on the subclass of permutation and commutative permutation DFAs and improve known complexity bounds.
Algorithmen als Richter
(2022)
Die menschliche Entscheidungsgewalt wird durch algorithmische
Entscheidungssysteme herausgefordert. Verfassungsrechtlich besonders
problematisch ist dies in Bereichen, die das staatliche Handeln betreffen.
Eine herausgehobene Stellung nimmt durch den besonderen Schutz der
Art. 92 ff. GG die rechtsprechende Gewalt ein. Lydia Wolff fragt daher danach, welche Antworten das Grundgesetz auf digitale Veränderungen in diesem Bereich bereithält und wie sich ein Eigenwert menschlicher Entscheidungen in der Rechtsprechung angesichts technischen Wandels darstellen lässt.
Das Werk erörtert hierzu einen Beitrag zum verfassungsrechtlichen
Richterbegriff und stellt diesen etablierten Begriff in einen Kontext neuer digitaler Herausforderungen durch algorithmische Konkurrenz.
Schule öffnen und vernetzen
(2022)
Schule bereitet junge Menschen aufs gesellschaftliche Leben vor. Kooperationen zwischen Schulen und außerschulischen Partner*innen können dabei eine wichtige Rolle einnehmen: Durch sie werden gesellschaftliche und politische Prozesse, Akteur*innen, Kontroversen und Orte des Engagements in ihren vielfältigen Facetten sicht- und greifbarer.
Transnationale Schulprojekte bieten vielfältige Gelegenheiten, um Schulen zu öffnen und interkulturelle Begegnungen zu ermöglichen. Insbesondere die Großregion mit ihren transnationalen Bezügen und Dynamiken lässt sich als Ort des kulturellen Austauschs und der europäischen Integration „vor der eigenen Haustür“ nutzen.
Für den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt ist ehrenamtliches Engagement – ob in Sportvereinen oder in der Politik, bei der Feuerwehr oder in der Integrationshilfe – von großem Wert. Schüler*innen können hier außerdem demokratiepädagogisch wertvolle Erfahrungen sammeln, sich extracurricularen Themen widmen und ihrer Schule Öffnungs- und Kooperationsmöglichkeiten erschließen.
Surveys play a major role in studying social and behavioral phenomena that are difficult to
observe. Survey data provide insights into the determinants and consequences of human
behavior and social interactions. Many domains rely on high quality survey data for decision
making and policy implementation including politics, health, business, and the social
sciences. Given a certain research question in a specific context, finding the most appropriate
survey design to ensure data quality and keep fieldwork costs low at the same time is a
difficult task. The aim of examining survey research methodology is to provide the best
evidence to estimate the costs and errors of different survey design options. The goal of this
thesis is to support and optimize the accumulation and sustainable use of evidence in survey
methodology in four steps:
(1) Identifying the gaps in meta-analytic evidence in survey methodology by a systematic
review of the existing evidence along the dimensions of a central framework in the
field
(2) Filling in these gaps with two meta-analyses in the field of survey methodology, one
on response rates in psychological online surveys, the other on panel conditioning
effects for sensitive items
(3) Assessing the robustness and sufficiency of the results of the two meta-analyses
(4) Proposing a publication format for the accumulation and dissemination of metaanalytic
evidence
Der vorliegende Text ist als Mantelpapier im Rahmen einer kumulativen Dissertation an der Universität Trier angenommen worden. Er dient der Zusammenfassung, Reflexion und erweiterten theoretischen Betrachtung der empirischen Einzelbeiträge, die alle einen Einzelaspekt des Gesamtgeschehens „Innovationslabor zur Unterstützung unternehmerischen Lernens und der Entwicklung sozialer Dienstleistungsinnovationen“ behandeln. Dabei wird das Innovationslabor grundsätzlich als Personalentwicklungsmaßnahme aufgefasst. In einem gedanklichen Experiment werden die Ergebnisse auf Organisationen der Erwachsenen- und Weiterbildung übertragen.
Das Besondere dieses Rahmenpapiers ist die Verbindung eines relationalen Raumverständnisses mit der lerntheoretischen Untermauerung des Gegenstandes „Innovationslabor“ aus der Perspektive der Organisationspädagogik und Erwachsenenbildung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen den Lernraum Labor als abseits des Arbeitslebens, als semi-autonom angebundenen Raum, wo Lernprozesse auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen stattfinden und angestoßen werden. Das Labor wird als heterotoper (Lern-)Raum diskutiert. Neu ist auch der Einbezug einer kritischen Perspektive, die bislang im Diskurs um Innovationslabore fehlte: Das Labor wird als prekärer Lernraum charakterisiert. Somit liegt mit dieser Arbeit nun eine grundlegende Ausarbeitung des Labors als Lernraum vor, die zahlreiche weitere Anschlussmöglichkeiten für Forschung ermöglicht.
Das Jahr 2020 hat auf vielfältige Weise scheinbare Gewissheiten infrage gestellt. Auf die Ausbreitung des Coronavirus reagierten die Nationalstaaten im globalen Maßstab in verschieden weitereichender Weise mit Freiheitsbeschränkungen und Grenzkontrollen und -schließungen. 35 Jahre nach der Unterzeichnung des Schengener Abkommens waren innerhalb der Europäischen Union erneut Binnengrenzkontrollen auf der Tagesordnung – mit unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen auf Grenzregionen. Basierend auf einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse der Berichterstattung der Saarbrücker Zeitung im Frühjahr 2020 zeigt das Working Paper aus der Perspektive der konstruktivistisch argumentierenden Border Studies zentrale Diskussionsprozesse mit einem räumlichen Fokus auf den grenzüberschreitenden Kooperationsraum der Großregion. Dabei überwiegen die Berichte zur Sicherung von Grenzübergängen gegenüber denen über erneute Grenzöffnungen, was als Hinweis darauf verstanden werden kann, dass die Grenzschließungen eine unerwartete Zäsur mit großen Auswirkungen auf die Bewohner*innen, vor allem die grenzüberschreitenden Pendler*innen, darstellten. Die Akteure forderten als Konsequenz einen deutlichen Ausbau grenzüberschreitender Kommunikation und Kooperation.
In Grenzräumen entsteht für die Akteure der Raumentwicklung und Raumplanung ein besonderer, grenzüberschreitender Abstimmungsbedarf über raumrelevante Herausforderungen und zukunftsorientierte Entwicklungsprozesse. Der Prozess zur Erstellung sowie die Umsetzung grenzüberschreitender Raumentwicklungskonzepte erfordern eine intensive Kommunikation und Kooperation über die Grenzen hinweg. Diese können aber einen wichtigen Beitrag zu einer abgestimmten grenzüberschreitenden räumlichen Entwicklung leisten und damit sowohl Ressourcen bündeln sowie effizient auf abgestimmte Maßnahmen und Projekte lenken. Neben diesem Mehrwert grenzüberschreitender Kooperation bestehen allerdings auch zahlreiche Reibungspunkte und Hemmnisse, die unter anderem auf unterschiedliche Planungstraditionen und -kulturen, Verwaltungssysteme und Zuständigkeiten zurückgehen oder auch mangelnde Kenntnis über planerische Instrumente im grenzüberschreitenden Kontext betreffen. In der grenzüberschreitenden Raumplanungs- und Raumentwick-lungspraxis kann diesen Hemmnissen und den bestehenden räumlichen Herausforderungen auch durch teilräumliche oder fachspezifische Kooperationen, die auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Ebenen institutionalisiert und organisiert sind, begegnet werden. In diesem Themenheft werden Strategien und Konzepte aus der grenzüberschreitenden Raumentwicklung dargestellt und beleuchtet, die sich mit unterschiedlichen Themen der Raumentwicklung beschäftigen, ein Spektrum an grenzüberschreitenden Kooperations- und Organisationsformen spiegeln sowie den Mehrwert diskutieren.
Schüler*innenfirmen
(2022)
Schüler*innenunternehmen, nachfolgend als Schüler*innenfirmen bezeichnet, sind nicht nur Gelegenheiten, Wirtschaftskompetenz in einem handlungsorientierten realen Setting anzubahnen, sondern auch eine Möglichkeit für Schüler*innen, sich mit Angeboten außerhalb der Schule in Gemeinde und Gesellschaft zu engagieren.
Wenn es darum geht, Menschen aus Politik und Gesellschaft in die Schule einzuladen, stellen sich Lehrpersonen meist zahlreiche Fragen. Vor allem, wenn es sich um Politiker*innen handelt, wird manchen gern bang ums Herz. Wie kann man sicherstellen, dass der Austausch gewinnbringend für alle Seiten ist?
Formation et marché du travail transfrontalier : Quelles pistes face aux déséquilibres croissants ?
(2022)
L’objet de ce document est d’alimenter la réflexion sur le rôle de la formation sur le marché du travail transfrontalier, en mobilisant les débats engagés à la fois dans les différents Cahiers de la Grande Ré-gion et lors d’une conférencedébat organisée en ligne le 1er décembre 2020 sur le thème « Inadéquations, Compétences, et formation : Quelles équations pour le marché du travail transfrontalier ? ». Plus précisément, cette contribution vise à répondre à la question suivante : comment la formation et ses différentes pratiques dans les domaines professionnels, mais aussi dans l’enseignement scolaire et universitaire peuvent atténuer les déséquilibres qui se font jour sur le marché du travail de la Grande Région ? Le document propose ainsi quelques pistes de réflexions pour la coopération transfrontalière en matière de formation.
Outre les stages professionnels bien connus, de plus en plus d’écoles offrent à leurs élèves la possibilité de se faire une idée des domaines d’activité que sont les soins, le social ou la médecine, dans le cadre de ce que l’on appelle les stages sociaux. Les jeunes y font des expériences qui offrent de nombreuses possibilités d’apprentissage de la démocratie.
L’engagement bénévole – que ce soit au sein de clubs sportifs ou en politique, chez les pompiers ou dans l’aide à l’intégration – est d’une grande valeur pour la cohésion sociale. Les élèves peuvent en outre y faire de précieuses expériences en matière d’éducation à la démocratie, se consacrer à des thèmes extracurriculaires et offrirà leur école des possibilités d’ouverture et de coopération.
Lorsqu’il s’agit d’inviter des personnalités issues du monde politique et social à l’école, les enseignant·e·s se posent généralement beaucoup de questions. En ce qui concerne les responsables politiques en particulier, cela en chagrine même plus d’un·e. Comment s’assurer que l’échange est profitable pour toutes les parties ?
Les mini-entreprises
(2022)
Les entreprises d’élèves, ci-après désignées mini-entreprises, ne présentent pas seulement des occasions de développer des compétences économiques dans un contexte réel orienté vers l’action, mais aussi une possibilité pour les élèves de s’engager en dehors de l’école à travers des offres au sein de la communauté et de la société.
L’école prépare les jeunes à la vie en société. Les coopérations entre les écoles et les partenaires extrascolaires peuvent jouer un rôle important à cet égard : grâce à elles, les processus sociétaux et politiques, les acteur·rice·s, les controverses et les lieux d’engagement deviennent plus visibles et plus tangibles dans leurs multiples facettes.
Similarity-based retrieval of semantic graphs is a core task of Process-Oriented Case-Based Reasoning (POCBR) with applications in real-world scenarios, e.g., in smart manufacturing. The involved similarity computation is usually complex and time-consuming, as it requires some kind of inexact graph matching. To tackle these problems, we present an approach to modeling similarity measures based on embedding semantic graphs via Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Therefore, we first examine how arbitrary semantic graphs, including node and edge types and their knowledge-rich semantic annotations, can be encoded in a numeric format that is usable by GNNs. Given this, the architecture of two generic graph embedding models from the literature is adapted to enable their usage as a similarity measure for similarity-based retrieval. Thereby, one of the two models is more optimized towards fast similarity prediction, while the other model is optimized towards knowledge-intensive, more expressive predictions. The evaluation examines the quality and performance of these models in preselecting retrieval candidates and in approximating the ground-truth similarities of a graph-matching-based similarity measure for two semantic graph domains. The results show the great potential of the approach for use in a retrieval scenario, either as a preselection model or as an approximation of a graph similarity measure.
Despite significant advances in terms of the adoption of formal Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection, enforcement of and compliance with IPR regulations remains a contested issue in one of the world's major contemporary economies—China. The present review seeks to offer insights into possible reasons for this discrepancy as well as possible paths of future development by reviewing prior literature on IPR in China. Specifically, it focuses on the public's perspective, which is a crucial determinant of the effectiveness of any IPR regime. It uncovers possible differences with public perspectives in other countries and points to mechanisms (e.g., political, economic, cultural, and institutional) that may foster transitions over time in both formal IPR regulation and in the public perception of and compliance with IPR in China. On this basis, the review advances suggestions for future research in order to improve scholars' understanding of the public's perspective of IPR in China, its antecedents and implications.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has also led to many conspiracy theories. While the origin of the pandemic in China led some, including former US president Donald Trump, to dub the pathogen “Chinese virus” and to support anti-Chinese conspiracy narratives, it caused Chinese state officials to openly support anti-US conspiracy theories about the “true” origin of the virus. In this article, we study whether nationalism, or more precisely uncritical patriotism, is related to belief in conspiracy theories among normal people. We hypothesize based on group identity theory and motivated reasoning that for the particular case of conspiracy theories related to the origin of COVID-19, such a relation should be stronger for Chinese than for Germans. To test this hypothesis, we use survey data from Germany and China, including data from the Chinese community in Germany. We also look at relations to other factors, in particular media consumption and xenophobia.
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has had a significant impact on China in political, economic, and cultural terms. This study focuses on the cultural domain, especially on scholarship students from the countries that signed bilateral cooperation agreements with China under the BRI. Using an integrated approach combining the difference-in-differences method and the gravity model, we explore the correlation between the BRI and the increasing number of international scholarship students funded by the Chinese government, as well as the determinants of students' decision to study in China. The panel data from 2010 to 2018 show that the launch of BRI has had a positive impact on the number of scholarship students from BRI countries. The number of scholarship recipients from non-BRI countries also increased, but at a much slower rate than those from BRI countries. The sole exception is the United States, which has trended downward for both state-funded and self-funded students.
Les projets scolaires transnationaux offrent de multiples opportunités d’ouverture des écoles et de rencontres interculturelles. La Grande Région en particulier, avec ses références et ses dynamiques transnationales, peut être utilisée comme lieu d’échange culturel et d’intégration européenne « à portée de main ».
À partir d’un échantillon d’offres d’emploi publiées dans le principal quotidien luxembourgeois (Luxembur-ger Wort) portant sur la période 1984-2019, cette étude décrit l’évolution des compétences linguistiques demandées sur le marché du travail du Luxembourg. Après une brève présentation de la situation linguis-tique et du marché l’emploi au Luxembourg, l’analyse statistique des quelques 8 340 offres d’emploi de notre échantillon constitue le cœur de cette publication. Une étude qualitative d’un corpus plus restreint d’offres d’emploi apporte un éclairage complémentaire et une compréhension détaillée des besoins linguis-tiques dans un marché du travail plurilingue et international. Les deux approches viennent à la même con-clusion. La pénurie de main-d’œuvre et plus particulièrement le manque de personnes maîtrisant les « trois langues du pays » a conduit à une segmentation du marché de l’emploi.
This socio-pragmatic study investigates organisational conflict talk between superiors and subordinates in three medical dramas from China, Germany and the United States. It explores what types of sociolinguistic realities the medical dramas construct by ascribing linguistic behaviour to different status groups. The study adopts an enhanced analytical framework based on John Gumperz’ discourse strategies and Spencer-Oatey’s rapport management theory. This framework detaches directness from politeness, defines directness based on preference and polarity and explains the use of direct and indirect opposition strategies in context.
The findings reveal that the three hospital series draw on 21 opposition strategies which can be categorised into mitigating, intermediate and intensifying strategies. While the status identity of superiors is commonly characterised by a higher frequency of direct strategies than that of subordinates, both status groups manage conflict in a primarily direct manner across all three hospital shows. The high percentage of direct conflict management is related to the medical context, which is characterised by a focus on transactional goals, complex role obligations and potentially severe consequences of medical mistakes and delays. While the results reveal unexpected similarities between the three series with regard to the linguistic directness level, cross-cultural differences between the Chinese and the two Western series are obvious from particular sociopragmatic conventions. These conventions particularly include the use of humour, imperatives, vulgar language and incorporated verbal and para-verbal/multimodal opposition. Noteworthy differences also appear in the underlying patterns of strategy use. They show that the Chinese series promotes a greater tolerance of hierarchical structures and a partially closer social distance in asymmetrical professional relationships. These disparities are related to different perceptions of power distance, role relationships, face and harmony.
The findings challenge existing stereotypes of Chinese, US American and German conflict management styles and emphasise the context-specific nature of verbal conflict management in every culture. Although cinematic aspects affect the conflict management in the fictional data, the results largely comply with recent research on conflict talk in real-life workplaces. As such, the study contributes to intercultural trainings in medical contexts and provides an enhanced analytical framework for further cross-cultural studies on linguistic strategies.
Les carnets paraissent deux fois par an et offrent aux dirigeant(e)s des écoles ainsi qu’au personnel des fondements théoriques et du matériel pratique pour la mise en oeuvre d’un développement scolaire démocratique. Chaque publication traite d’une méthode de l’éducation à la démocratie ou d’une question stratégique du développement scolaire. Les carnets en langue allemande sont mis à la disposition des écoles luxembourgeoises en version imprimée. L’ensemble du matériel ainsi que la version en langue française sont disponibles en ligne.
The ability to acquire knowledge helps humans to cope with the demands of the environment. Supporting knowledge acquisition processes is among the main goals of education. Empirical research in educational psychology has identified several processes mediated through that prior knowledge affects learning. However, the majority of studies investigated cognitive mechanisms mediating between prior knowledge and learning and neglected that motivational processes might also mediate the influence. In addition, the impact of successful knowledge acquisition on patients’ health has not been comprehensively studied. This dissertation aims at closing knowledge gaps on these topics with the use of three studies. The first study is a meta-analysis that examined motivation as a mediator of individual differences in knowledge before and after learning. The second study investigated in greater detail the extent to which motivation mediated the influence of prior knowledge on knowledge gains in a sample of university students. The third study is a second-order meta-analysis synthesizing the results of previous meta-analyses on the effects of patient education on several health outcomes. The findings of this dissertation show that (a) motivation mediates individual differences in knowledge before and after learning; (b) interest and academic self-concept stabilize individual differences in knowledge more than academic self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation; (c) test-oriented instruction closes knowledge gaps between students; (d) students’ motivation can be independent of prior knowledge in high aptitude students; (e) knowledge acquisition affects motivational and health-related outcomes; and (f) evidence on prior knowledge and motivation can help develop effective interventions in patient education. The results of the dissertation provide insights into prerequisites, processes, and outcomes of knowledge acquisition. Future research should address covariates of learning and environmental impacts for a better understanding of knowledge acquisition processes.
Zeitgleich mit stetig wachsenden gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen haben im vergangenen Jahrzehnt Sozialunternehmen stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Sozialunternehmen verfolgen das Ziel, mit unternehmerischen Mitteln gesellschaftliche Probleme zu lösen. Da der Fokus von Sozialunternehmen nicht hauptsächlich auf der eigenen Gewinnmaximierung liegt, haben sie oftmals Probleme, geeignete Unternehmensfinanzierungen zu erhalten und Wachstumspotenziale zu verwirklichen.
Zur Erlangung eines tiefergehenden Verständnisses des Phänomens der Sozialunternehmen untersucht der erste Teil dieser Dissertation anhand von zwei Studien auf der Basis eines Experiments das Entscheidungsverhalten der Investoren von Sozialunternehmen. Kapitel 2 betrachtet daher das Entscheidungsverhalten von Impact-Investoren. Der von diesen Investoren verfolgte Investmentansatz „Impact Investing“ geht über eine reine Orientierung an Renditen hinaus. Anhand eines Experiments mit 179 Impact Investoren, die insgesamt 4.296 Investitionsentscheidungen getroffen haben, identifiziert eine Conjoint-Studie deren wichtigste Entscheidungskriterien bei der Auswahl der Sozialunternehmen. Kapitel 3 analysiert mit dem Fokus auf sozialen Inkubatoren eine weitere spezifische Gruppe von Unterstützern von Sozialunternehmen. Dieses Kapitel veranschaulicht auf der Basis des Experiments die Motive und Entscheidungskriterien der Inkubatoren bei der Auswahl von Sozialunternehmen sowie die von ihnen angebotenen Formen der nichtfinanziellen Unterstützung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unter anderem, dass die Motive von sozialen Inkubatoren bei der Unterstützung von Sozialunternehmen unter anderem gesellschaftlicher, finanzieller oder reputationsbezogener Natur sind.
Der zweite Teil erörtert auf der Basis von zwei quantitativ empirischen Studien, inwiefern die Registrierung von Markenrechten sich zur Messung sozialer Innovationen eignet und mit finanziellem und sozialem Wachstum von sozialen Startups in Verbindung steht. Kapitel 4 erörtert, inwiefern Markenregistrierungen zur Messung von sozialen Innovationen dienen können. Basierend auf einer Textanalyse der Webseiten von 925 Sozialunternehmen (> 35.000 Unterseiten) werden in einem ersten Schritt vier Dimensionen sozialer Innovationen (Innovations-, Impact-, Finanz- und Skalierbarkeitsdimension) ermittelt. Darauf aufbauend betrachtet dieses Kapitel, wie verschiedene Markencharakteristiken mit den Dimensionen sozialer Innovationen zusammenhängen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insbesondere die Anzahl an registrierten Marken als Indikator für soziale Innovationen (alle Dimensionen) dient. Weiterhin spielt die geografische Reichweite der registrierten Marken eine wichtige Rolle. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen von Kapitel 4 untersucht Kapitel 5 den Einfluss von Markenregistrierungen in frühen Unternehmensphasen auf die weitere Entwicklung der hybriden Ergebnisse von sozialen Startups. Im Detail argumentiert Kapitel 5, dass sowohl die Registrierung von Marken an sich als auch deren verschiedene Charakteristiken unterschiedlich mit den sozialen und ökonomischen Ergebnissen von sozialen Startups in Verbindung stehen. Anhand eines Datensatzes von 485 Sozialunternehmen zeigen die Analysen aus Kapitel 5, dass soziale Startups mit einer registrierten Marke ein vergleichsweise höheres Mitarbeiterwachstum aufweisen und einen größeren gesellschaftlichen Beitrag leisten.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation weiten die Forschung im Social Entrepreneurship-Bereich weiter aus und bieten zahlreiche Implikationen für die Praxis. Während Kapitel 2 und 3 das Verständnis über die Eigenschaften von nichtfinanziellen und finanziellen Unterstützungsorganisationen von Sozialunternehmen vergrößern, schaffen Kapitel 4 und 5 ein größeres Verständnis über die Bedeutung von Markenanmeldungen für Sozialunternehmen.
The paper aims to recognize the changes in the barriers to cross-border educational projects, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focused on the European borderlands, where the level of maturity of cross-border cooperation is diverse (the Franco-German and Polish-Czech bor-derlands). The author utilised qualitative research methods (desk research, in-depth interview, case study). An exploratory study covered the barriers existing before the pandemic that stayed stable or have changed during the pandemic, and the new types of barriers that have appeared then. Within both borderlands, the identified barriers were similar in general; however, their intensity was varied. The key difference was the approach to these barriers within each borderland. On the Franco-German border, cross-border cooperation is more complex and deeper, and on the Polish-Czech border, it is more su-perficial and focused on specific issues only. These differences reveal the solutions that should be im-plemented to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on those projects within each borderland.
In den letzten Jahren hat die Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) das Thema Wohnen zunehmend in ihren Wahlprogrammen aufgegriffen und für die eigene politische Profilierung genutzt. Der Beitrag zeigt, inwiefern die Thematisierung des Wohnens bei der AfD so formuliert ist, dass es erhebliche Anknüpfungspunkte an rechtes Gedankengut herstellt. Der Beitrag thematisiert die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen für eine kritische Stadtforschung sowie für progressive soziale Bewegungen. Er plädiert dafür, sich der Gefahr der rechten Vereinnahmung des Themas Wohnen bewusst zu sein und sich deutlich von den rechten Übernahmeversuchen abzugrenzen sowie Gegenstrategien zu entwickeln.
The argan woodlands of South Morocco represent an open-canopy dryland forest with traditional silvopastoral usage that includes browsing by goats, sheep and camels, oil production as well as agricultural use. In the past, these forests have undergone extensive clearing, but are now protected by the state. However, the remaining argan woodlands are still under pressure from intensive grazing and illegal firewood collection. Although the argan-forest area seems to be overall decreasing due to large forest clearings for intensive agriculture, little quantitative data is available on the dynamics and overall state of the remaining argan forest. To determine how the argan woodlands in the High Atlas and the Anti-Atlas had changed in tree-crown cover from 1972 to 2018 we used historical black and white HEXAGON satellite images as well as recent WorldView satellite images (see Part A of our study). Because tree shadows can oftentimes not be separated from the tree crown on panchromatic satellite images, individual trees were mapped in three size categories to determine if trees were unchanged, had decreased/increased in crown size or had disappeared or newly grown. The current state of the argan trees was evaluated by mapping tree architectures in the field. Tree-cover changes varied highly between the test sites. Trees that remained unchanged between 1972 and 2018 were in the majority, while tree mortality and tree establishment were nearly even. Small unchanged trees made up 48.4% of all remaining trees, of these 51% showed degraded tree architectures. 40% of small (re-) grown trees were so overbrowsed that they only appeared as bushes, while medium (3–7 m crown diameter) and large trees (>7 m) showed less degraded trees regardless if they had changed or not. Approaches like grazing exclusion or cereal cultivation lead to a positive influence on tree architecture and less tree-cover decrease. Although the woodland was found to be mostly unchanged 1972–2018, the analysis of tree architecture reveals that a lot of (mostly small) trees remained stable but in a degraded state. This stability might be the result of the small trees’ high degradation status and shows the heavy pressure on the argan forest.
Measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure were performed for three years (October 2017–August 2020) at the Russian observatory “Ice Base Cape Baranova” (79.280° N, 101.620° E) using SODAR (Sound Detection And Ranging). These measurements were part of the YOPP (Year of Polar Prediction) project “Boundary layer measurements in the high Arctic” (CATS_BL) within the scope of a joint German–Russian project. In addition to SODAR-derived vertical profiles of wind speed and direction, a suite of complementary measurements at the observatory was available. ABL measurements were used for verification of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM) with a 5 km resolution for 2017–2020. The CCLM was run with nesting in ERA5 data in a forecast mode for the measurement period. SODAR measurements were mostly limited to wind speeds <12 m/s since the signal was often lost for higher winds. The SODAR data showed a topographical channeling effect for the wind field in the lowest 100 m and some low-level jets (LLJs). The verification of the CCLM with near-surface data of the observatory showed good agreement for the wind and a negative bias for the 2 m temperature. The comparison with SODAR data showed a positive bias for the wind speed of about 1 m/s below 100 m, which increased to 1.5 m/s for higher levels. In contrast to the SODAR data, the CCLM data showed the frequent presence of LLJs associated with the topographic channeling in Shokalsky Strait. Although SODAR wind profiles are limited in range and have a lot of gaps, they represent a valuable data set for model verification. However, a full picture of the ABL structure and the climatology of channeling events could be obtained only with the model data. The climatological evaluation showed that the wind field at Cape Baranova was not only influenced by direct topographic channeling under conditions of southerly winds through the Shokalsky Strait but also by channeling through a mountain gap for westerly winds. LLJs were detected in 37% of all profiles and most LLJs were associated with channeling, particularly LLJs with a jet speed ≥ 15 m/s (which were 29% of all LLJs). The analysis of the simulated 10 m wind field showed that the 99%-tile of the wind speed reached 18 m/s and clearly showed a dipole structure of channeled wind at both exits of Shokalsky Strait. The climatology of channeling events showed that this dipole structure was caused by the frequent occurrence of channeling at both exits. Channeling events lasting at least 12 h occurred on about 62 days per year at both exits of Shokalsky Strait.
Soil organic matter (SOM) is an indispensable component of terrestrial ecosystems. Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are influenced by a number of well-known abiotic factors such as clay content, soil pH, or pedogenic oxides. These parameters interact with each other and vary in their influence on SOC depending on local conditions. To investigate the latter, the dependence of SOC accumulation on parameters and parameter combinations was statistically assessed that vary on a local scale depending on parent material, soil texture class, and land use. To this end, topsoils were sampled from arable and grassland sites in south-western Germany in four regions with different soil parent material. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a distinct clustering of data according to parent material and soil texture that varied largely between the local sampling regions, while land use explained PCA results only to a small extent. The PCA clusters were differentiated into total clusters that contain the entire dataset or major proportions of it and local clusters representing only a smaller part of the dataset. All clusters were analysed for the relationships between SOC concentrations (SOC %) and mineral-phase parameters in order to assess specific parameter combinations explaining SOC and its labile fractions hot water-extractable C (HWEC) and microbial biomass C (MBC). Analyses were focused on soil parameters that are known as possible predictors for the occurrence and stabilization of SOC (e.g. fine silt plus clay and pedogenic oxides). Regarding the total clusters, we found significant relationships, by bivariate models, between SOC, its labile fractions HWEC and MBC, and the applied predictors. However, partly low explained variances indicated the limited suitability of bivariate models. Hence, mixed-effect models were used to identify specific parameter combinations that significantly explain SOC and its labile fractions of the different clusters. Comparing measured and mixed-effect-model-predicted SOC values revealed acceptable to very good regression coefficients (R2=0.41–0.91) and low to acceptable root mean square error (RMSE = 0.20 %–0.42 %). Thereby, the predictors and predictor combinations clearly differed between models obtained for the whole dataset and the different cluster groups. At a local scale, site-specific combinations of parameters explained the variability of organic carbon notably better, while the application of total models to local clusters resulted in less explained variance and a higher RMSE. Independently of that, the explained variance by marginal fixed effects decreased in the order SOC > HWEC > MBC, showing that labile fractions depend less on soil properties but presumably more on processes such as organic carbon input and turnover in soil.
Influence of Ozone and Drought on Tree Growth under Field Conditions in a 22 Year Time Series
(2022)
Studying the effect of surface ozone (O3) and water stress on tree growth is important for planning sustainable forest management and forest ecology. In the present study, a 22-year long time series (1998–2019) on basal area increment (BAI) and fructification severity of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) at five forest sites in Western Germany (Rhineland Palatinate) was investigated to evaluate how it correlates with drought and stomatal O3 fluxes (PODY) with an hourly threshold of uptake (Y) to represent the detoxification capacity of trees (POD1, with Y = 1 nmol O3 m−2 s−1). Between 1998 and 2019, POD1 declined over time by on average 0.31 mmol m−2 year−1. The BAI showed no significant trend at all sites, except in Leisel where a slight decline was observed over time (−0.37 cm2 per year, p < 0.05). A random forest analysis showed that the soil water content and daytime O3 mean concentration were the best predictors of BAI at all sites. The highest mean score of fructification was observed during the dry years, while low level or no fructification was observed in most humid years. Combined effects of drought and O3 pollution mostly influence tree growth decline for European beech and Norway spruce.
Der Beitrag diskutiert das Verhältnis von allgemeiner und beruflicher Bildung mithilfe einer pädagogischen Theorie der Organisation. Allgemeine Erwachsenen- und berufliche Bildung treffen sich darin, Prozess und Ergebnis der wechselseitigen Auseinandersetzung zwischen Organisationen und Individuen zu sein. Organisationen sind nicht nur Kontext von Bildung, sie sind selber gebildet und wirken pädagogisch. Der Beitrag erschließt die Funktion und Eigenlogik der Organisation in ihrem Verhältnis zu den Grundbegriffen der Erziehungswissenschaft. Der Vorschlag ermöglicht es, Lernen, Sozialisation, Erziehung, Bildung und Kompetenz in ihrer Geltung für die ineinander verflochtene Strukturdynamik von Organisation und Subjekt zu differenzieren. Als Alternative zur geläufigen Organisationsvergessenheit der Pädagogik integriert die differenzierende Ordnung dieser Begriffe eine erziehungswissenschaftliche Perspektive auf Individuum und Organisation.
Objective: Attunement is a novel measure of nonverbal synchrony reflecting the duration of the present moment shared by two interaction partners. This study examined its association with early change in outpatient psychotherapy.
Methods: Automated video analysis based on motion energy analysis (MEA) and cross-correlation of the movement time-series of patient and therapist was conducted to calculate movement synchrony for N = 161 outpatients. Movement-based attunement was defined as the range of connected time lags with significant synchrony. Latent change classes in the HSCL-11 were identified with growth mixture modeling (GMM) and predicted by pre-treatment covariates and attunement using multilevel multinomial regression.
Results: GMM identified four latent classes: high impairment, no change (Class 1); high impairment, early response (Class 2); moderate impairment (Class 3); and low impairment (Class 4). Class 2 showed the strongest attunement, the largest early response, and the best outcome. Stronger attunement was associated with a higher likelihood of membership in Class 2 (b = 0.313, p = .007), Class 3 (b = 0.251, p = .033), and Class 4 (b = 0.275, p = .043) compared to Class 1. For highly impaired patients, the probability of no early change (Class 1) decreased and the probability of early response (Class 2) increased as a function of attunement.
Conclusions: Among patients with high impairment, stronger patient-therapist attunement was associated with early response, which predicted a better treatment outcome. Video-based assessment of attunement might provide new information for therapists not available from self-report questionnaires and support therapists in their clinical decision-making.
Reconstructing invisible deviating events: A conformance checking approach for recurring events
(2022)
Conformance checking enables organizations to determine whether their executed processes are compliant with the intended process. However, if the processes contain recurring activities, state-of-the-art approaches unfortunately have difficulties calculating the conformance. The occurrence of complex temporal rules can further increase the complexity of the problem. Identifying this limitation, this paper presents a novel approach towards dealing with recurring activities in conformance checking. The core idea of the approach is to reconstruct the missing events in the event log using defined rules while incorporating specified temporal event characteristics. This approach then enables the use of native conformance checking algorithms. The paper illustrates the algorithmic approach and defines the required temporal event characteristics. Furthermore, the approach is applied and evaluated in a case study on an event log for melanoma surveillance.
List-method directed forgetting (LMDF) is the demonstration that people can intentionally forget previously studied information when they are asked to forget what they have previously learned and remember new information instead. In addition, recent research demonstrated that people can selectively forget when cued to forget only a subset of the previously studied information. Both forms of forgetting are typically observed in recall tests, in which the to-be-forgotten and to-be-remembered information is tested independent of original cuing. Thereby, both LMDF and selective directed forgetting (SDF) have been studied mostly with unrelated item materials (e.g., word lists). The present study examined whether LMDF and SDF generalize to prose material. Participants learned three prose passages, which they were cued to remember or forget after the study of each passage. At the time of testing, participants were asked to recall the three prose passages regardless of original cuing. The results showed no significant differences in recall of the three lists as a function of cuing condition. The findings suggest that LMDF and SDF do not occur with prose material. Future research is needed to replicate and extend these findings with (other) complex and meaningful materials before drawing firm conclusions. If the null effect proves to be robust, this would have implications regarding the ecological validity and generalizability of current LMDF and SDF findings.