We consider irreversible investment problems where an agent decides if and when to invest in a project which generates a perpetual flow of profits after paying some investment cost. The agent observes the profits which follow a geometric Brownian motion with possibly time-dependent drift. Moreover, she discounts future profits as well as the investment cost. In the classical model introduced by Dixit and Pindyck (1994, Chapter 6, Section 1), the drift is constant and known to the agent. Even though this assumption is convenient for their analysis, it is generally unrealistic. In this thesis, we consider three variants of the classical model which turn out to be two-dimensional optimal stopping problems: Unknown drift, a jump of the drift at a fixed time, and a jump of the drift at an exponentially distributed time. For all variants, the optimal investment decision only depends on the current profits and the current state of the respective additional feature, which is either the current updated belief on the true state of the drift, the remaining time until the drift jumps, or the current state of the drift. Precisely, we characterize the optimal stopping time by a continuous and monotonic boundary function mapping the state of the additional feature on the minimal stopping trigger for the profit process. To achieve these results and to derive the boundary function, we employ the following two approaches: For unknown drift and a jump of the drift at a fixed time, we compute the boundary function numerically by a nonlinear integral equation. This approach requires establishing several properties of the boundary function and the value function such as monotonicity and continuity. Since the agent’s payoff not only depends on the current state of the profit process but also on the state of the additional feature, many standard arguments to derive these properties are not applicable. Instead, our proofs build on a method to connect the value functions for different initial profit levels and initial states of the additional feature. Based on this, we show that the value function solves the associated free boundary problem. Next, we derive a nonlinear integral equation whose unique solution is the boundary function. Utilizing this, we compute the boundary function numerically via a fixed-point iteration in combination with a Monte-Carlo method. For a jump of the drift at an exponentially distributed time and in a special case for unknown drift, we determine the boundary function by a nonlinear equation which, for the latter variant, even yields an analytical expression. We reduce both problems to a family of parameterized one-dimensional optimal stopping problems whose optimal thresholds characterize the boundary function. For each sub-problem, we solve the associated free boundary problem and verify that its solution corresponds to the value function. This way, we establish a nonlinear equation for the threshold. Additionally, we numerically analyze the influence of parameter variation on the optimal investment behavior for every variant. Particularly, we analyze the value of information in the case of unknown drift and, for the same expected jump time, compare the models whose drift jumps at a fixed or an exponentially distributed time.

Wie viele retrodigitalisierte historische Wörterbücher sind auch die deutschsprachigen Dialektwörterbücher weitgehend isoliert voneinander und unverbunden im Web publiziert, obwohl sie ein großes Vernetzungspotential aufweisen. Als geeignete Plattform für die Verlinkung lexikalischer Ressourcen gilt das Linked Open Data (LOD) Paradigma. Die Abbildung von Semantik erfolgt hier nach dem Prinzip semantics by reference über die Verknüpfung der Lemmata mit einem ontologischen Konzept. Allerdings wurden bislang kaum retrodigitalisierte Wörterbücher als LOD aufbereitet, was insbesondere auf das Fehlen von überzeugenden automatisierten Methoden zur lexikalisch-semantischen Vernetzung zurückzuführen ist. Am Beispiel der westmitteldeutschen Dialektwörterbücher sowie dem semantischen Feld Trinken erprobt die vorliegende Arbeit drei unterschiedliche Methoden für die Durchführung einer automatisierten Verknüpfung von Lemma-Bedeutungs-Paaren und Konzepten: (1) einen Ansatz, basierend auf einem ausdrucksseitigen Abgleich von Zeichenketten, (2) die Verwendung von Embeddings nach Finetuning des Sprachmodells ModernGBERT und (3) die Nutzung des LLMs Llama 3.3. Die Datenbasis für die Vernetzung und deren Evaluation wird durch ein Korpus mit Goldstandard-Annotation bereitgestellt. Ein projektspezifisches kontrolliertes Vokabular definiert die Konzepte, welche als Referenzebene der Verknüpfung sowie Schnittstelle zum Semantic Web fungieren. Die beste Gesamtperformance erreicht die auf ModernGBERT basierende Methode: Sie klassifiziert 97% der Einträge korrekt ins semantische Feld, erreicht 94,55% Genauigkeit bei den generischen Wurzelkonzepten, 88,56% bei den Basiskonzepten und ordnet konkrete Konzeptbegriffe zu 91,78% korrekt zu (Top-3-Vorhersagen). Die Qualität der erzielten Ergebnisse eignet sich bereits ohne Nachbearbeitung zum Einsatz für eine konzeptbasierte Suche oder zur Exploration eines Wortfeldes. Für Kontexte, in denen eine möglichst fehlerlose Vernetzung notwendig ist, etwa im Semantic Web, bieten die erzeugten Konzeptverknüpfungen eine gute Grundlage für einen nachgelagerten Korrekturdurchgang. Somit konnte eine praktikable Lösung für eine automatisierte semantische Vernetzung von Wörterbuchartikeln erarbeitet werden. Es eröffnet sich damit die Perspektive, lexikographische Daten – insbesondere solche aus vordigitaler Ära – als LOD miteinander zu vernetzen, wodurch diese einen onomasiologischen Zugang erhalten und sich neue Anwendungs- und Suchmöglichkeiten eröffnen.

Der Band bietet vielfältige Forschungsperspektiven auf politischen Journalismus und seine Berichterstattung. Die Beiträge zeigen unterschiedliche methodische Zugänge für die Analyse. Die Muster des politischen Journalismus werden überwiegend in einem hybriden und digitalen Medienkontext skizziert. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt direkt auf Journalistinnen und Journalisten in den sozialen Medien. Mehrere Beiträge beleuchten Vermittlungskonstellationen und liefern Hinweise zu Veränderungen im Verhältnis zur Politik und zum Publikum. Der Band richtet sich an Forschende, Lehrende und Studierende im Bereich der Journalismusforschung und in der politischen Kommunikationsforschung.

C’est la participation des citoyen·ne·s engagé·e·s qui fait vivre la démocratie. À cette fin, il est nécessaire de familiariser le plus tôt possible les enfants et les adolescent·e·s aux méthodes démocratiques. Le conseil de coopération est un outil d’éducation à la démocratie qui o!re aux élèves de nombreuses possibilités pour expérimenter la participation et renforcer leurs compétences démocratiques.

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Sollten Plastikverpackungen verboten werden? Was spricht gegen eine Wahlberechtigung ab 14 Jahren? Wie sollte die EU mit möglichen Auswirkungen des Brexits umgehen? – Auch solche Fragen haben im Klassenrat ihre Berechtigung, denn ihre Diskussion bietet besondere Chancen für demokratische Lernprozesse.

Dans les écoles secondaires, le conseil de coopération o!re aussi aux élèves un espace pour exprimer leurs demandes et explorer, dans un processus démocratique, les potentiels d’amélioration pour la classe et l’école. Les supports ci-dessous vous aideront à préparer et à mener les réunions de manière autonome.

An Grundschulen bietet der Klassenrat eine Möglichkeit für Schüler*innen, erste Schritte demokratischen Umgangs zu erlernen oder auch zu vertiefen. Hier lernen sie in einem geschützten Raum sich zu verschiedensten Themen zu äußern, Konflikte lösungsorientiert zu verarbeiten und Verantwortung zu übernehmen. Die hier vorgestellten Materialien sollen bei der Einführung und Durchführung des Klassenrats helfen.

Bevor eine Einführung des Klassenrats in einer Schulklasse erfolgen kann, sind organisatorische, inhaltliche und methodische Vorbereitungen erforderlich. Der Beitrag gibt Hinweise zur Einführung des Klassenrats und bietet konkrete Methoden, die eine erfolgreiche Implementierung in einer Schulklasse unterstützen.

La mise en œuvre d’un conseil de coopération est liée à l’espoir de renforcer les compétences démocratiques des élèves. Une étude empirique1 réalisée au Lycée Nic Biever de Dudelange a analysé les compétences réellement acquises par les participant·e·s grâce à cette méthode d’éducation à la démocratie ainsi que l’impact du conseil de coopération sur la classe.

L’apprentissage par le projet - plus que toute autre forme d’enseignement - permet aux élèves de participer de manière autonome à l’organisation des cours. Les apprenant(e)s ne s’exercent pas seulement dans l’action autonome et responsable, mais jouent, eux aussi, un rôle actif dans la société.

Die Partizipationskompetenz von Schülerinnen und Schülern sollte nicht nur durch eine Beteiligung an der formalen Gestaltung und Bewertung des Unterrichts gefördert werden. Vielmehr bietet eine entsprechende Aufgabenkultur vielfältige Möglichkeiten, demokratische Partizipation durch simulatives oder reales Handeln im fachlichen Lernen zu üben und zu reflektieren.

Bewertungsprozesse in der Schule als Möglichkeit nutzen, um Schüler*innen bei der realistischen Einschätzung und Weiterentwicklung ihrer Lernprozesse und ihres Lernverhaltens zu unterstützen: Die partizipative Leistungsbewertung bietet verschiedene praxisnahe Ansätze zur Förderung von Lernmotivation, Selbstreflexion und demokratischem Verständnis.

Le feedback à l’école ? Il s’agit souvent d’un simple retour d’informations des enseignant(e)s sur le travail des élèves en classe. Cependant, une culture du feedback solide en classe o!re de nombreuses possibilités pour pratiquer l’action démocratique et améliorer la qualité de l’enseignement, tout en faisant participer enseignant(e)s et apprenant(e)s.

Partizipation im Unterricht von klein auf – geht das? Braucht man für Diskussionen, Aushandlungs- und Entscheidungsprozesse nicht eine bestimmte Reife, über die Dreijährige noch gar nicht verfügen? Das mateneen-Team hat sich auf Limpertsberg ein Bild von der Arbeit mit Vorschulkindern gemacht und festgestellt: das geht sehr wohl!

L’enseignement participatif, qui ne se résume pas à une participation vécue ponctuellement, comme l’écrit Charlotte Keuler dans l’article principal de ce carnet, est devenu indispensable à plusieurs égards en raison des défis auxquels nous confronte notre monde globalisé. La capacité à communiquer, les compétences interculturelles, la gestion des connaissances et d’autres « soft skills » sont les compétences clés du 21e siècle.

L‘école est un lieu de socialisation des enfants et des jeunes. Les heures de cours de l‘enseignement des différentes matières sont un espace d‘expérimentation de cette socialisation. Elles marquent par leur durée dans la journée aussi bien le rôle fondamental de l‘école que l‘action et la perception à la fois des enseignant(e)s et des apprenant(e)s. Il apparaît donc d’autant plus important d’intégrer ces cours dans l’organisation d’une culture scolaire démocratique.

Developing solution methods for discrete bilevel problems is known to be a challenging task—even if all parameters of the problem are exactly known. Many real-world applications of bilevel optimization, however, involve data uncertainty. We study discrete min-max problems with a follower who faces uncertainties regarding the parameters of the lower-level problem. Adopting a Γ-robust approach, we present an extended formulation and a multi-follower formulation to model this type of problem. For both settings, we provide a generic branch-and-cut framework. Specifically, we investigate interdiction problems with a monotone Γ-robust follower and we derive problem-tailored cuts, which extend existing techniques that have been proposed for the deterministic case. For the Γ-robust knapsack interdiction problem, we computationally evaluate and compare the performance of the proposed algorithms for both modeling approaches.

Surveys of antitrust cases reveal that colluding firms usually (1) attempt to minimise the risk of prosecution, (2) achieve merely imperfect levels of collusion, (3) compete against some independently acting firms, and (4) adjust to market entries and exits. In contrast, existing oligopoly models neglect some of the four listed stylised facts and, thus, overlook important interdependencies between them. Therefore, the present paper develops a general quantity leadership model that simultaneously accommodates all four stylised facts. The model is a three-stage game in which each firm must make three consecutive decisions: market entry or not, collusion or not, and output quantity. The framework is augmented by an antitrust authority that ensures free market access. In addition, the antitrust authority may directly obstruct collusion and it may threaten prosecution. The results of this study indicate that the latter two instruments are rather ineffective.

Action control theories assume that stimulus and response features are integrated or bound into short term episodic traces. A repetition of any of these features results in a retrieval of the entire episodic trace, and can thus facilitate or interfere with future actions. Along with stimuli features, features of the response and any other irrelevant stimuli that are present, are also integrated into such traces and can influence future actions. Using word stimuli, Singh et al. (2018) observed that such so-called binding effects are larger for attended features relative to unattended features. This was the case even for features generally believed to be automatically processed, like valence. Since previous research has shown differences in the processing of word and picture stimuli, it is questionable whether the attentional modulations in the above study would extend to picture stimuli. In order to examine this question, Experiment 1 replicated the design of Singh et al. (2018) but used picture instead of word stimuli. In order to directly compare word and picture stimuli, the data of Singh et al (2018) were re-analysed together with the data of the present study. In Experiment 2, the alternative hypothesis, that the effects were driven by the encoding of stimulus contingencies, was tested. Taken together, the findings of the present study replicate those of Singh et al. (2018), indicating that even with picture stimuli, valence related binding effects are modulated by attention allocation.

Figural matrices are widely used to measure reasoning ability. According to the two-process model of figural matrix reasoning, task performance relies on correspondence finding (linked to induction ability) and goal management (linked to working memory). Cognitive theory suggests that item characteristics (i.e., change rules and design principles of figural elements) are related to the two solution processes and impact item difficulties in a multiplicative, interactive manner. This study tested the multiplicative effect hypothesis by comparing two cognitive diagnostic models using additive and multiplicative effect estimations. A 26-item figural matrix test was administered to 633 high-ability individuals across paper-and-pencil and computer formats. The linear logistic test model (LLTM) and least square distance method (LSDM) were applied to Rasch and 2PL item parameters. Contrary to the multiplicative effect hypothesis, the additive LLTM model showed better item parameter reconstruction than the LSDM that includes multiplicative effects. These results suggest that change rules and design principles may independently contribute to the difficulty of figural matrices. Correspondence-finding demands may primarily arise from design principles, while change rules may primarily contribute to difficulty through goal management demands based on their number and complexity. The findings highlight the need to consider item components related to the phenomenological representation of figural elements when explaining solution processes of figural matrices. Implications for cognitive theory and item construction are discussed.

The role of evolutionary and ecological processes with regard to the bauplan of anuran larvae remains little understood. We studied tadpoles of 144 lentic or lotic taxa in 22 families from seven zoogeographic regions. Using stacked high-resolution images, standardized examination of 30 morphological characters of preserved tadpoles (of body, tail, oral disc) were scored and compared to the impact of phylogenetic signal (multiple nuclear and mitochondrial markers) and macro-climate. Additionally, larvae were characterized as living in a lentic versus lotic environment and if nutrition specialist or not. Categorical Principal Component Analysis, distance matrices and pairwise correlation analyses were performed. Our results suggest that phylogeny has a higher impact on the morphology than habitat (i.e. lentic, lotic), while no effect of macro-climate or food specialization was found. We emphasize the value of highly standardized morphological data when investigating the influence of different factors of phenotypic variation.

Process-behavioural hydrological modelling aims not only at predicting the discharge of an area within a model, but also at understanding and correctly depicting the underlying hydrological processes. Here, we present a new approach for the calibration and evaluation of water balance models, exemplarily applied to the Riverisbach catchment in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. For our approach, we used the behavioural model WaSiM. The first calibration step is the adjustment of the evapotranspiration (ETa) parameters based on MODIS evapotranspiration data. This aims at providing correct evapotranspiration behaviour of the model and at closing the water balance at the gauging station. In the second step, geometry and transmissivity of the aquifer are determined using the characteristic delay curve (CDC). The portion of groundwater recharge was calibrated using the delayed flow index (DFI). In the third step, inappropriate pedotransfer functions (PTFs) could be filtered out by comparing dominant runoff process patterns under a synthetic precipitation event with a soil hydrological reference map. Then, the discharge peaks were adjusted based on so-called signature indices. This ensured a correct depiction of high-flow volume in the model. Finally, the overall model performance was determined using signature indices and efficiency measures. The results show a very good model fit with values of 0.87 for the NSE (Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) and 0.89 for the KGE (Kling–Gupta efficiency) in the calibration period, as well as an NSE of 0.78 and a KGE of 0.87 for the validation period. Simultaneously, our calibration approach ensured a correct depiction of the underlying processes (groundwater behaviour, runoff patterns). We were also able to detect the model parameterisations based on the PTFs that showed satisfactory results across all calibration steps. This enables a targeted selection of the most suitable PTFs for determining the soil properties. This means that our calibration approach allows selecting a process-behaviourally faithful one from many possible parameterisation variants.

A fundamental challenge confronting modern organizations is to rationalize the affectivity of their members. In contrast to the 19th century, when communication in private settings was largely devoid of emotional content, the current era is characterized by a notable shift toward the incorporation of emotional elements in public discourse. This transformation is unfolding against the background of the ongoing evolution of modern organizations, with the processes of digitization and structural-automation contributing to this shift. The renewed emphasis on emotional semantics is facilitated by these developments—made possible by the fact that they facilitate the experience of the potential future obsolescence of humans as a source of crises. The concept of emotional semantics is currently being discussed in economic discourse, political debate, and in the context of management and leadership. Modern organizations mandate that their members manage their emotions through an organizational culture that fosters reflective communication through empathy. However, an understanding of this process can only be achieved through an examination of historical evidence. The article posits that organizations serve as pivotal actors in the domain of emotion management. Situated at the nexus of historical educational considerations, this perspective offers a nuanced interpretation of the historical evolution of organizational control ambitions. These ambitions have been catalyzed by contemporary trends, such as digitization and the integration of artificial intelligence and have undergone a progressive transformation over time. By sensitizing to the interplay of personal-psychic, institutional and organizational orders, the conceptual instruments for describing a history of emotions become more nuanced. This is demonstrated in the article through the analysis of specific organizational forms, which exemplify a parallel evolution within modern organizational society. Perspectives and discourses in organizational research provide novel approaches to the history of education by considering the organized nature of emotional phenomena. In this regard, the objective of the article is to provide impetus for the field of emotion-sensitive organization and management research which addresses questions pertaining to the transformation of organizations and their historical lines of continuity.

Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is prevalent and a multimodal therapy is indicated, including psychological treatment. Effective conventional treatments involve psychoeducation and mindfulness-based body scans, while virtual reality offers superior but temporary pain relief. Augmented Reality (AR), which combines conventional and virtual methods, is a novel therapeutic strategy. Methods: We investigated the viability and acceptability of an AR intervention for CLBP by incorporating psychoeducation and mindfulness-based body scan techniques. 40 participants in two studies with a one-arm design underwent an educational AR intervention (Study I, n1 = 18) and an enhanced version with an additional body scan (Study II, n2 = 22). The studies focused on evaluating technical feasibility and multiple facets of user experience. Results: The results demonstrated high feasibility with low dropout rates (Study I: 10%, Study II: 0%). User experience ratings ranged from “Above Average” to “Excellent,” with the advanced intervention receiving higher ratings. While Study I showed no significant changes in affect pre- vs. post-intervention, Study II exhibited a significant reduction in negative affect and improved valence. Qualitative analysis provided insights into technical requirements and user perceptions. Discussion: The AR prototype emerges as a promising psychoeducational tool for CLBP, aligning with current treatment guidelines and providing a basis for future controlled clinical trials. Limitations include the absence of a high-pain intervention group, as Study I reported a pain intensity of M = 1.05 and Study II reported M = 1.77 (Range: 0–10). Further research such as clinical trials with control groups is required to validate the efficacy of the piloted approach. The AR-based psychoeducation and mindfulness body scan intervention for CLBP demonstrated technical feasibility and a good user experience.