Im Rahmen psychologischer Wissenschaftskommunikation werden Plain Language Summaries (PLS, Kerwer et al., 2021) zunehmend bedeutsamer. Es handelt sich hierbei um zugängliche, überblicksartige Zusammenfassungen, welche das Verständnis von Lai:innen potenziell unterstützen und ihr Vertrauen in wissenschaftliche Forschung fördern können. Dies erscheint speziell vor dem Hintergrund der Replikationskrise (Wingen et al., 2019) sowie Fehlinformationen in Online-Kontexten (Swire-Thompson & Lazer, 2020) relevant. Die positiven Auswirkungen zweier Effekte auf Vertrauen sowie ihre mögliche Interaktion fanden im Kontext von PLS bisher kaum Berücksichtigung: Zum einen die einfache Darstellung von Informationen (Easiness-Effekt, Scharrer et al., 2012), zum anderen ein möglichst wissenschaftlicher Stil (Scientificness-Effekt, Thomm & Bromme, 2012). Diese Dissertation hat zum Ziel, im Kontext psychologischer PLS genauere Bestandteile beider Effekte zu identifizieren und den Einfluss von Einfachheit und Wissenschaftlichkeit auf Vertrauen zu beleuchten. Dazu werden drei Artikel zu präregistrierten Online-Studien mit deutschsprachigen Stichproben vorgestellt. Im ersten Artikel wurden in zwei Studien verschiedene Textelemente psychologischer PLS systematisch variiert. Es konnte ein signifikanter Einfluss von Fachtermini, Informationen zur Operationalisierung, Statistiken und dem Grad an Strukturierung auf die von Lai:innen berichtete Einfachheit der PLS beobachtet werden. Darauf aufbauend wurden im zweiten Artikel vier PLS, die von Peer-Review-Arbeiten abgeleitet wurden, in ihrer Einfachheit und Wissenschaftlichkeit variiert und Lai:innen zu ihrem Vertrauen in die Texte und Autor:innen befragt. Hier ergab sich zunächst nur ein positiver Einfluss von Wissenschaftlichkeit auf Vertrauen, während der Easiness-Effekt entgegen der Hypothesen ausblieb. Exploratorische Analysen legten jedoch einen positiven Einfluss der von Lai:innen subjektiv wahrgenommenen Einfachheit auf ihr Vertrauen sowie eine signifikante Interaktion mit der wahrgenommenen Wissenschaftlichkeit nahe. Diese Befunde lassen eine vermittelnde Rolle der subjektiven Wahrnehmung von Lai:innen für beide Effekte vermuten. Im letzten Artikel wurde diese Hypothese über Mediationsanalysen geprüft. Erneut wurden zwei PLS präsentiert und sowohl die Wissenschaftlichkeit des Textes als auch die der Autor:in manipuliert. Der Einfluss höherer Wissenschaftlichkeit auf Vertrauen wurde durch die subjektiv von Lai:innen wahrgenommene Wissenschaftlichkeit mediiert. Zudem konnten dimensionsübergreifende Mediationseffekte beobachtet werden. Damit trägt diese Arbeit über bestehende Forschung hinaus zur Klärung von Rahmenbedingungen des Easiness- und Scientificness-Effektes bei. Theoretische Implikationen zur zukünftigen Definition von Einfachheit und Wissenschaftlichkeit, sowie praktische Konsequenzen hinsichtlich unterschiedlicher Zielgruppen von Wissenschaftskommunikation und dem Einfluss von PLS auf die Entscheidungsbildung von Lai:innen werden diskutiert.

Today, almost every modern computing device is equipped with multicore processors capable of efficient concurrent and parallel execution of threads. This processor feature can be leveraged by concurrent programming, which is a challenge for software developers for two reasons: first, it introduces a paradigm shift that requires a new way of thinking. Second, it can lead to issues that are unique to concurrent programs due to the non-deterministic, interleaved execution of threads. Consequently, the debugging of concurrency and related performance issues is a rather difficult and often tedious task. Developers still lack on thread-aware programming tools that facilitate the understanding of concurrent programs. Ideally, these tools should be part of their daily working environment, which typically includes an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). In particular, the way source code is visually presented in traditional source-code editors does not convey much information on whether the source code is executed concurrently or in parallel in the first place. With this dissertation, we pursue the main goal of facilitating and supporting the understanding and debugging of concurrent programs. To this end, we formulate and utilize a visualization paradigm that particularly includes the display of interactive glyph-based visualizations embedded in the source-code editor close to their corresponding artifacts (in-situ). To facilitate the implementation of visualizations that comply with our paradigm as plugins for IDEs, we designed, implemented and evaluated a programming framework called CodeSparks. After presenting the design goals and the architecture of the framework, we demonstrate its versatility with a total of fourteen plugins realized by different developers using the CodeSparks framework (CodeSparks plugins). With focus group interviews, we empirically investigated how developers of the CodeSparks plugins experienced working with the framework. Based on the plugins, deliberate design decisions and the interview results, we discuss to what extent we achieved our design goals. We found that the framework is largely target programming-language independent and that it supports the development of plugins for a wide range of source-code-related tasks while hiding most of the details of the underlying plugin development API. In addition, we applied our visualization paradigm to thread-related runtime data from concurrent programs to foster the awareness of source code being executed concurrently or in parallel. As a result, we developed and designed two in-situ thread visualizations, namely ThreadRadar and ThreadFork, with the latter building on the former. Both thread visualizations are based on a debugging approach, which combines statistical profiling, thread-aware runtime metrics, clustering of threads on the basis of these metrics, and finally interactive glyph-based in-situ visualizations. To address scalability issues of the ThreadRadar in terms of space required and the number of displayable thread clusters, we designed a revised thread visualization. This revision also involved the question of how many thread clusters k should be computed in the first place. To this end, we conducted experiments with the clustering of threads for artifacts from a corpus of concurrent Java programs that include real-world Java applications and concurrency bugs. We found that the maximum k on the one hand and the optimal k according to four cluster validation indices on the other hand rarely exceed three. However, occasionally thread clusterings with k > 3 are available and also optimal. Consequently, we revised both the clustering strategy and the visualization as parts of our debugging approach, which resulted in the ThreadFork visualization. Both in-situ thread visualizations, including their additional features that support the exploration of the thread data, are implemented in a tool called CodeSparks-JPT, i.e., as a CodeSparks plugin for IntelliJ IDEA. With various empirical studies, including anecdotal usage scenarios, a usability test, web surveys, hands-on sessions, questionnaires and interviews, we investigated quality aspects of the in-situ thread visualizations and their corresponding tools. First, by a demonstration study, we illustrated the usefulness of the ThreadRadar visualization in investigating and fixing concurrency bugs and a performance bug. This was confirmed by a subsequent usability test and interview, which also provided formative feedback. Second, we investigated the interpretability and readability of the ThreadFork glyphs as well as the effectiveness of the ThreadFork visualization through anonymous web surveys. While we have found that the ThreadFork glyphs are correctly interpreted and readable, it remains unproven that the ThreadFork visualization effectively facilitates understanding the dynamic behavior of threads that concurrently executed portions of source code. Moreover, the overall usability of CodeSparks-JPT is perceived as "OK, but not acceptable" as the tool has issues with its learnability and memorability. However, all other usability aspects of CodeSparks-JPT that were examined are perceived as "above average" or "good". Our work supports software-engineering researchers and practitioners in flexibly and swiftly developing novel glyph-based visualizations that are embedded in the source-code editor. Moreover, we provide in-situ thread visualizations that foster the awareness of source code being executed concurrently or in parallel. These in-situ thread visualizations can, for instance, be adapted, extended and used to analyze other use cases or to replicate the results. Through empirical studies, we have gradually shaped the design of the in-situ thread visualizations through data-driven decisions, and evaluated several quality aspects of the in-situ thread visualizations and the corresponding tools for their utility in understanding and debugging concurrent programs.

This dissertation focusses on research into the personality construct of action vs. state orientation. Derived from the Personality-Systems-Interaction Theory (PSI Theory), state orientation is defined as a low ability to self-regulate emotions and associated with many adverse consequences – especially under stress. Because of the high prevalence of state orientation, it is a very important topic to investigate factors that help state-oriented people to buffer these adverse consequences. Action orientation, in contrast, is defined as a high ability to self-regulate own emotions in a very specific way: through accessing the self. The present dissertation demonstrates this theme in five studies, using a total of N = 1251 participants with a wide age range, encompassing different populations (students, non-student population (people from the coaching and therapy sector), applying different operationalisations to investigate self-access as a mediator or an outcome variable. Furthermore, it is tested whether the popular technique of mindfulness - that is advertised as a potent remedy for bringing people closer to the self -really works for everybody. The findings show that the presumed remedy is rather harmful for state-oriented individuals. Finally, an attempt to ameliorate these alienating effects, the present dissertation attempts to find theory-driven, and easy-to-apply solution how mindfulness exercises can be adapted.

Sowohl national als auch international wird die zunehmende Digitalisierung von Prozessen gefordert. Die Heterogenität und Komplexität der dabei entstehenden Systeme erschwert die Partizipation für reguläre Nutzergruppen, welche zum Beispiel kein Expertenwissen in der Programmierung oder einen informationstechnischen Hintergrund aufweisen. Als Beispiel seien hier Smart Contracts genannt, deren Programmierung komplex ist und bei denen etwaige Fehler unmittelbar mit monetärem Verlust durch die direkte Verknüpfung der darunterliegenden Kryptowährung verbunden sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein alternatives Protokoll für cyber-physische Verträge vor, das sich besonders gut für die menschliche Interaktion eignet und auch von regulären Nutzergruppen verstanden werden kann. Hierbei liegt der Fokus auf der Transparenz der Übereinkünfte und es wird weder eine Blockchain noch eine darauf beruhende digitale Währung verwendet. Entsprechend kann das Vertragsmodell der Arbeit als nachvollziehbare Verknüpfung zwischen zwei Parteien verstanden werden, welches die unterschiedlichen Systeme sicher miteinander verbindet und so die Selbstorganisation fördert. Diese Verbindung kann entweder computergestützt automatisch ablaufen, oder auch manuell durchgeführt werden. Im Gegensatz zu Smart Contracts können somit Prozesse Stück für Stück digitalisiert werden. Die Übereinkünfte selbst können zur Kommunikation, aber auch für rechtlich bindende Verträge genutzt werden. Die Arbeit ordnet das neue Konzept in verwandte Strömungen wie Ricardian oder Smart Contracts ein und definiert Ziele für das Protokoll, welche in Form der Referenzimplementierung umgesetzt werden. Sowohl das Protokoll als auch die Implementierung werden im Detail beschrieben und durch eine Erweiterung der Anwendung ergänzt, welche es Nutzenden in Regionen ohne direkte Internetverbindung ermöglicht, an ebenjenen Verträgen teilnehmen zu können. Weiterhin betrachtet die Evaluation die rechtlichen Rahmenbedinungen, die Übertragung des Protokolls auf Smart Contracts und die Performanz der Implementierung.

Physically-based distributed rainfall-runoff models as the standard analysis tools for hydro-logical processes have been used to simulate the water system in detail, which includes spa-tial patterns and temporal dynamics of hydrological variables and processes (Davison et al., 2015; Ek and Holtslag, 2004). In general, catchment models are parameterized with spatial information on soil, vegetation and topography. However, traditional approaches for eval-uation of the hydrological model performance are usually motivated with respect to dis-charge data alone. This may thus cloud model realism and hamper understanding of the catchment behavior. It is necessary to evaluate the model performance with respect to in-ternal hydrological processes within the catchment area as well as other components of wa-ter balance rather than runoff discharge at the catchment outlet only. In particular, a consid-erable amount of dynamics in a catchment occurs in the processes related to interactions of the water, soil and vegetation. Evapotranspiration process, for instance, is one of those key interactive elements, and the parameterization of soil and vegetation in water balance mod-eling strongly influences the simulation of evapotranspiration. Specifically, to parameterize the water flow in unsaturated soil zone, the functional relationships that describe the soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity characteristics are important. To define these functional relationships, Pedo-Transfer Functions (PTFs) are common to use in hydrologi-cal modeling. Opting the appropriate PTFs for the region under investigation is a crucial task in estimating the soil hydraulic parameters, but this choice in a hydrological model is often made arbitrary and without evaluating the spatial and temporal patterns of evapotran-spiration, soil moisture, and distribution and intensity of runoff processes. This may ulti-mately lead to implausible modeling results and possibly to incorrect decisions in regional water management. Therefore, the use of reliable evaluation approaches is continually re-quired to analyze the dynamics of the current interactive hydrological processes and predict the future changes in the water cycle, which eventually contributes to sustainable environ-mental planning and decisions in water management. Remarkable endeavors have been made in development of modelling tools that provide insights into the current and future of hydrological patterns in different scales and their im-pacts on the water resources and climate changes (Doell et al., 2014; Wood et al., 2011). Although, there is a need to consider a proper balance between parameter identifiability and the model's ability to realistically represent the response of the natural system. Neverthe-less, tackling this issue entails investigation of additional information, which usually has to be elaborately assembled, for instance, by mapping the dominant runoff generation pro-cesses in the intended area, or retrieving the spatial patterns of soil moisture and evapotran-spiration by using remote sensing methods, and evaluation at a scale commensurate with hydrological model (Koch et al., 2022; Zink et al., 2018). The present work therefore aims to give insights into the modeling approaches to simulate water balance and to improve the soil and vegetation parameterization scheme in the hydrological model subject to producing more reliable spatial and temporal patterns of evapotranspiration and runoff processes in the catchment. An important contribution to the overall body of work is a book chapter included among publications. The book chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the topic and valua-ble insights into the understanding the water balance and its estimation methods. Moreover, the first paper aimed to evaluate the hydrological model behavior with re-spect to contribution of various sources of information. To do so, a multi-criteria evaluation metric including soft and hard data was used to define constraints on outputs of the 1-D hydrological model WaSiM-ETH. Applying this evaluation metric, we could identify the optimal soil and vegetation parameter sets that resulted in a “behavioral” forest stand water balance model. It was found out that even if simulations of transpiration and soil water con-tent are consistent with measured data, but still the dominant runoff generation processes or total water balance might be wrongly calculated. Therefore, only using an evaluation scheme which looks over different sources of data and embraces an understanding of the local controls of water loss through soil and plant, allowed us to exclude the unrealistic modeling outputs. The results suggested that we may need to question the generally accept-ed soil parameterization procedures that apply default parameter sets. The second paper attempts to tackle the pointed model evaluation hindrance by getting down to the small-scale catchment (in Bavaria). Here, a methodology was introduced to analyze the sensitivity of the catchment water balance model to the choice of the Pedo-Transfer Functions (PTF). By varying the underlying PTFs in a calibrated and validated model, we could determine the resulting effects on the spatial distribution of soil hydraulic properties, total water balance in catchment outlet, and the spatial and temporal variation of the runoff components. Results revealed that the water distribution in the hydrologic system significantly differs amongst various PTFs. Moreover, the simulations of water balance components showed high sensitivity to the spatial distribution of soil hydraulic properties. Therefore, it was suggested that opting the PTFs in hydrological modeling should be care-fully tested by looking over the spatio-temporal distribution of simulated evapotranspira-tion and runoff generation processes, whether they are reasonably represented. To fulfill the previous studies’ suggestions, the third paper then aims to focus on evalu-ating the hydrological model through improving the spatial representation of dominant run-off processes. It was implemented in a mesoscale catchment in southwestern Germany us-ing the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH. Dealing with the issues of inadequate spatial ob-servations for rigorous spatial model evaluation, we made use of a reference soil hydrologic map available for the study area to discern the expected dominant runoff processes across a wide range of hydrological conditions. The model was parameterized by applying 11 PTFs and run by multiple synthetic rainfall events. To compare the simulated spatial patterns to the patterns derived by digital soil map, a multiple-component spatial performance metric (SPAEF) was applied. The simulated DRPs showed a large variability with regard to land use, topography, applied rainfall rates, and the different PTFs, which highly influence the rapid runoff generation under wet conditions. The three published manuscripts proceeded towards the model evaluation viewpoints that ultimately attain the behavioral model outputs. It was performed through obtaining information about internal hydrological processes that lead to certain model behaviors, and also about the function and sensitivity of some of the soil and vegetation parameters that may primarily influence those internal processes in a catchment. Accordingly, using this understanding on model reactions, and by setting multiple evaluation criteria, it was possi-ble to identify which parameterization could lead to behavioral model realization. This work, in fact, will contribute to solving some of the issues (e.g., spatial variability and modeling methods) identified as the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology in the 21st century (Blöschl et al., 2019). The results obtained in the present work encourage the further inves-tigations toward a comprehensive model calibration procedure considering multiple data sources simultaneously. This will enable developing the new perspectives to the current parameter estimation methods, which in essence, focus on reproducing the plausible dy-namics (spatio-temporal) of the other hydrological processes within the watershed.