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Anpassung an den Klimawandel stellt eine komplexe gesellschaftliche Herausforderung dar und hat Bezug zu steuerungstheoretischen Fragen um Governance. Klimaanpassung zeichnet sich aus durch die Zusammenarbeit staatlicher und nicht-staatlicher Akteure, netzwerkartige Strukturen, flexible Steuerungsmechanismen sowie formelle und informelle Koordinationsstrukturen. Für die erfolgreiche Gestaltung von Klimaanpassungspolitik müssen vielfältige Akteurs- und Interessenskonstellationen berücksichtigt werden.
Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, das Traben-Trarbacher Akteurs- und Stakeholdernetzwerk aus Perspektive der Klimaanpassung zu analysieren. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt hierbei auf den regionalwirtschaftlich bedeutenden Sektoren Weinbau und Tourismus, die integriert und im Kontext von kommunalen, regionalen und überregionalen Strukturen betrachtet werden. Im Rahmen der Analyse wurden das Beziehungsgeflecht, die Reichweite und Diversität des Netzwerks sowie die Zusammensetzung der Akteurslandschaft dargestellt. Darüber hinaus konnten wichtige Schlüsselakteure, potenzielle Multiplikatoren, Interdependenzen zwischen Weinbau und Tourismus sowie Informations- und Wissensquellen identifiziert werden.
Die Ergebnisse der Stakeholderanalyse geben wichtige Hinweise darauf, welche Akteure in Steuerungsprozesse von Klimaanpassung einbezogen und welche lokalen Gegebenheiten und Beziehungen hierbei berücksichtig werden müssen. Besonders die Zusammensetzung der Akteure hat entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Verlauf und Erfolg der Steuerung von Klimaanpassung. Die vorliegende Stakeholderanalyse schafft also eine wichtige Grundlage zur Etablierung eines Governance-Netzwerks für die Erarbeitung und Erprobung von Klimawandelanpassungsmaßnahmen in Traben-Trarbach und der Moselregion. Damit dient die Analyse der langfristigen Verankerung von Klimaanpassung in der Region und kann auch als Anregung für weitere Kommunen genutzt werden, die vor ähnlichen Herausforderungen stehen wie Traben-Trarbach.
Dieser Maßnahmenkatalog stellt Anpassungsoptionen für den Weinbau an der Mittelmosel vor. Die gemeinsam mit lokalen Akteur*innen erarbeiteten Maßnahmen zielen erstens darauf ab, konkrete Handlungsoptionen zur Anpassung des Weinbaus an den Klimawandel aufzuzeigen. Zweitens sollen durch strukturelle Maßnahmen bestehende regionalspezifische Herausforderungen adressiert und die generellen Anpassungskapazitäten der Akteur*innen an der Mittelmosel gestärkt werden.
Anpassung an den Klimawandel ist eine Zukunftsaufgabe. Auch für den Tourismussektor in der Moselregion.
Der vorliegende Bericht gibt einen Überblick zu den Chancen und Risiken, die im Rahmen des Klimawandels für den Weintourismus an der Mittelmosel entstehen. Mit Hilfe einer SWOT-Analyse wurden am Beispiel der im Projekt Mosel-AdapTiV kooperierenden Kommune Tra-ben-Trarbach exemplarisch die Auswirkungen für eine Vielzahl traditioneller Weinbauorte an der Mittelmosel untersucht.
Als touristische Destination ist die Region Mittelmosel von vielfältigen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels betroffen. Eine Verschiebung der Vegetationsperioden, Extremereignisse wie Starkregen oder Hitzeperioden werden das Leben und Wirtschaften in der Region grundlegend verändern. Diese Klimawirkfolgen treffen mit weiteren regionalökonomischen, soziokulturellen und umweltbezogenen Veränderungen zusammen. Daraus gehen Risiken und zum Teil auch Chancen für den Weintourismus und dessen Vermarktung einher. Wie wir in der Studie zeigen, sind Chancen (beispielsweise durch die Verlängerung der Sommersaison durch veränderte Mitteltemperaturen) aber häufig mit Risiken verbunden (beispielsweise für die identitätsstiftende Weinkulturlandschaft und den beliebten charakteristischen Riesling). Beide Aspekte, die Chancen sowie die Risiken zu untersuchen, ist Gegenstand der SWOT Analyse. Sie hat das Ziel, lokale und regionale Akteure des Tourismus sowie der Stadt- und Regio-nalentwicklung zu sensibilisieren und zu informieren und dazu anzuregen, geeignete Anpas-sungsstrategien zu entwickeln.
Anpassung an die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels bedeutet, sich mit den Folgen zu befassen, Risiken in verschiedenen Sektoren und Handlungsfeldern zu minimieren und sich auf veränderte klimatische Bedingungen in der Zukunft einzustellen. Im Rahmen dessen sollten kon-krete Anpassungsmaßnahmen entwickelt und implementiert werden. Dieser Bericht enthält erste Handlungsempfehlungen. Sie setzen bei der touristischen Vermarktung an, um Chancen wie verlängerte Wärmeperioden oder ein erweitertes Angebotsportfolio nutzen zu können. Zum Minimieren von Risiken empfehlen sich Ansätze wie die Sensibilisierung und Information der Akteur*innen, sowie konkrete Maßnahmen, bspw. zur Reduktion von Hitzestress. Diese Handlungsempfehlungen sollen nicht zuletzt den Akteur*innen vor Ort als Leitfaden zur Kli-mawandelanpassung im Traben-Trarbacher (Wein-)Tourismus dienen. Die Erkenntnisse dieses Berichts dienen als entsprechende Grundlage.
Dieser Bericht basiert auf einer Auswertung relevanter Literatur, der Analyse örtlicher und überregionaler Tourismuskonzepte sowie mehreren qualitativen Interviews mit Akteur*innen vor Ort. Er bildet eine Basis für die weitere Projektarbeit und soll dabei helfen, sektorenübergreifende, langfristige und ganzheitliche Anpassungsstrategien zu entwickeln.
The endemic argan tree (Argania spinosa) populations in southern Morocco are highly degraded due to overbrowsing, illegal firewood extraction and the expansion of intensive agriculture. Bare areas between the isolated trees increase due to limited regrowth; however, it is unknown if the trees influence the soil of the intertree areas. Hypothetically, spatial differences in soil parameters of the intertree area should result from the translocation of litter or soil particles (by runoff and erosion or wind drift) from canopy-covered areas to the intertree areas. In total, 385 soil samples were taken around the tree from the trunk along the tree drip line (within and outside the tree area) and the intertree area between two trees in four directions (upslope, downslope and in both directions parallel to the slope) up to 50 m distance from the tree. They were analysed for gravimetric soil water content, pH, electrical conductivity, percolation stability, total nitrogen content (TN), content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and C/N ratio. A total of 74 tension disc infiltrometer experiments were performed near the tree drip line, within and outside the tree area, to measure the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. We found that the tree influence on its surrounding intertree area is limited, with, e.g., SOC and TN content decreasing significantly from tree trunk (4.4 % SOC and 0.3 % TN) to tree drip line (2.0 % SOC and 0.2 % TN). However, intertree areas near the tree drip line (1.3 % SOC and 0.2 % TN) differed significantly from intertree areas between two trees (1.0 % SOC and 0.1 % TN) yet only with a small effect. Trends for spatial patterns could be found in eastern and downslope directions due to wind drift and slope wash. Soil water content was highest in the north due to shade from the midday sun; the influence extended to the intertree areas. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity also showed significant differences between areas within and outside the tree area near the tree drip line. This was the case on sites under different land usages (silvopastoral and agricultural), slope gradients or tree densities. Although only limited influence of the tree on its intertree area was found, the spatial pattern around the tree suggests that reforestation measures should be aimed around tree shelters in northern or eastern directions with higher soil water content or TN or SOC content to ensure seedling survival, along with measures to prevent overgrazing.
The state-of-the-art finite element software Plaxis 3D was applied in a real-world study site of the Turaida castle mound to investigate the slope stability of the mound and understand the mechanisms triggering landslides there. During the simulation, the stability of the castle mound was analysed and the most landslide-susceptible zones of hillslopes were determined. The 3D finite-element stability analysis has significant advantages over conventional 2D limit-equilibrium methods where locations of 2D stability sections are arbitrarily selected. Two modelling scenarios of the slope stability were elaborated considering deep-seated slides in bedrock and shallow landslides in the colluvial material of slopes. The model shows that shallow slides in colluvium are more probable. In the finite-element model, slope failure occurs along the weakest zone in colluvium, similarly to the situation observed in previous landslides in the study site. The physical basis of the model allows results to be obtained very close to natural conditions and delivers valuable insight in triggering mechanisms of landslides.
Intense, southward low-level winds are common in Nares Strait, between Ellesmere Island and northern Greenland. The steep topography along Nares Strait leads to channelling effects, resulting in an along-strait flow. This research study presents a 30-year climatology of the flow regime from simulations of the COSMO-CLM climate model. The simulations are available for the winter periods (November–April) 1987/88 to 2016/17, and thus, cover a period long enough to give robust long-term characteristics of Nares Strait. The horizontal resolution of 15 km is high enough to represent the complex terrain and the meteorological conditions realistically. The 30-year climatology shows that LLJs associated with gap flows are a climatological feature of Nares Strait. The maximum of the mean 10-m wind speed is around 12 m s-1 and is located at the southern exit of Smith Sound. The wind speed is strongly related to the pressure gradient. Single events reach wind speeds of 40 m s-1 in the daily mean. The LLJs are associated with gap flows within the narrowest parts of the strait under stably stratified conditions, with the main LLJ occurring at 100–250 m height. With increasing mountain Froude number, the LLJ wind speed and height increase. The frequency of strong wind events (>20 m s-1 in the daily mean) for the 10 m wind shows a strong interannual variability with an average of 15 events per winter. Channelled winds have a strong impact on the formation of the North Water polynya.
Introduction:In patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID),immunological response is compromised. Knowledge about COVID‐19 in CVIDpatients is sparse. We, here, synthesize current research addressing the level ofthreat COVID‐19posestoCVIDpatientsandthebest‐known treatments.
Method:Review of 14 publications.
Results:The number of CVID patients with moderate to severe (~29%) andcritical infection courses (~10%), and the number of fatal cases (~13%), areincreased compared to the general picture of COVID‐19 infection. However,this might be an overestimate. Systematic cohort‐wide studies are lacking, andasymptomatic or mild cases among CVID patients occur that can easily remainunnoticed. Regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy was administered inalmost all patients, potentially explaining why the numbers of critical and fatalcases were not higher. In addition, the application of convalescent plasma wasdemonstrated to have positive effects.
Conclusions:COVID‐19 poses an elevated threat to CVID patients. However,only systematic studies can provide robust information on the extent of thisthreat. Regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy is beneficial to combatCOVID‐19 in CVID patients, and best treatment after infection includes theuse of convalescent plasma in addition to common medication.
Detection of Preferential Water Flow by Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Self-Potential Method
(2021)
This study explores the hydrogeological conditions of a landslide-prone hillslope in the Upper Mosel valley, Luxembourg. The investigation program included the monitoring of piezometer wells, hydrogeological field tests, analysis of drillcore records, and geophysical surveys. Monitoring and field testing in some of the observation wells indicated very pronounced preferential flow. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and self-potential geophysical methods were employed in the study area for exploration of the morphology of preferential flowpaths. Possible signals associated with flowing groundwater in the subsurface were detected; however, they were diffusively spread over a relatively large zone, which did not allow for the determination of an exact morphology of the conduit. Analysis of drillcore records indicated that flowpaths are caused by the dissolution of thin gypsum interlayers in marls. For better understanding of the site’s hydrogeological settings, a 3D hydrogeological model was compiled. By applying different subsurface flow mechanisms, a hydrogeological model with thin, laterally extending flowpaths embedded in a porous media matrix showed the best correspondence with field observations. Simulated groundwater heads in a preferential flow conduit exactly corresponded with the observed heads in the piezometer wells. This study illustrates how hydrogeological monitoring and geophysical surveys in conjunction with the newest hydrogeological models allow for better conceptualization and parametrization of preferential flow.
Using a dendrochronological approach, we determined the resistance, recovery and resilience of the radial stem increment towards episodes of growth decline, and the accompanying variation of 13C discrimination against atmospheric CO2 (Δ13C) in tree rings of two palaeotropical pine species. These species co-occur in the mountain ranges of south–central Vietnam (1500–1600 m a.s.l.), but differ largely in their areas of distribution (Pinus kesiya from northeast India to the Philippines; P. dalatensis only in south and central Vietnam and in some isolated populations in Laos). For P. dalatensis, a robust growth chronology covering the past 290 years could be set up for the first time in the study region. For P. kesiya, the 140-year chronology constructed was the longest that could be established to date in that region for this species. In the first 40 years of the trees’ lives, the stem diameter increment was significantly larger in P. kesiya, but levelled off and even decreased after 100 years, whereas P. dalatensis exhibited a continuous growth up to an age of almost 300 years. Tree-ring growth of P. kesiya was negatively related to temperature in the wet months and season of the current year and in October (humid transition period) of the preceding year and to precipitation in August (monsoon season), but positively to precipitation in December (dry season) of the current year. The P. dalatensis chronologies exhibited no significant correlation with temperature or precipitation. Negative correlations between BAI and Δ13C indicate a lack of growth impairment by drought in both species. Regression analyses revealed a lower resilience of P. dalatensis upon episodes of growth decline compared to P. kesiya, but, contrary to our hypothesis, mean values of the three sensitivity parameters did not differ significantly between these species. Nevertheless, the vigorous growth of P. kesiya, which does not fall behind that of P. dalatensis even at the margin of its distribution area under below-optimum edaphic conditions, is indicative of a relatively high plasticity of this species towards environmental factors compared to P. dalatensis, which, in tendency, is less resilient upon environmental stress even in the “core” region of its occurrence.
In 2014/2015 a one-year field campaign at the Tiksi observatory in the Laptev Sea area was carried out using Sound Detection and Ranging/Radio Acoustic Sounding System (SODAR/RASS) measurements to investigate the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) with a focus on low-level jets (LLJ) during the winter season. In addition to SODAR/RASS-derived vertical profiles of temperature, wind speed and direction, a suite of complementary measurements at the Tiksi observatory was available. Data of a regional atmospheric model were used to put the local data into the synoptic context. Two case studies of LLJ events are presented. The statistics of LLJs for six months show that in about 23% of all profiles LLJs were present with a mean jet speed and height of about 7 m/s and 240 m, respectively. In 3.4% of all profiles LLJs exceeding 10 m/s occurred. The main driving mechanism for LLJs seems to be the baroclinicity, since no inertial oscillations were found. LLJs with heights below 200 m are likely influenced by local topography.
Perennial energy crops (PECs) are increasingly used as feedstock to produce energy in an environmental friendly way. Compared to traditional conversion strategies like thermal use, sophisticated technologies such as biomethanation defined different re-quirements of the feedstock. Whereas the first concept relies on dry, woody mate-rial, biomethanation requires a moist feedstock. Thus, over time, the spectrum of species used as PECs has widened. Moreover, harvest dates were adjusted to pro-vide the feedstock at suitable moisture contents. It is well known that perennial, lignocellulose- based energy crops, compared to annual, sugar- and starch- based ones, offer ecological advantages such as, inter alia, improving biodiversity in landscape, protecting soil against erosion, and protecting groundwater from nutrient inputs. However, one of the main arguments for PEC cultivation was their undemanding nature concerning external inputs. With respect to the broader spectrum of PEC spe-cies and changed harvest dates, the question arises whether the concept of PECs being low- input energy crops is still valid. This also implies the question of suitable grow-ing conditions and sustainable management. The aims of this opinion paper were to classify different PECs according to their life- form strategy, compare nutrient exports when harvested in different maturation stages, and to discuss the results in the context of sustainable PEC cultivation on marginal land. This study revealed that nutrient exports with yield biomass of PECs harvested in green state are in the same range than those of annual energy crops and therewith several times higher than those of PECs harvested in brown state or of woody short rotation coppices. Thus, PECs can-not universally be claimed as low- input energy crops. These results also imply the consequences of cultivation of PECs on marginal land. Finally, the question has to be raised whether the term PECs should prospectively be better specified in written and spoken words.
The parameterization of the boundary layer is a challenge for regional climate models of the Arctic. In particular, the stable boundary layer (SBL) over Greenland, being the main driver for substantial katabatic winds over the slopes, is simulated differently by different regional climate models or using different parameterizations of the same model. However, verification data sets with high-resolution profiles of the katabatic wind are rare. In the present paper, detailed aircraft measurements of profiles in the katabatic wind and automatic weather station data during the experiment KABEG (Katabatic wind and boundary-layer front experiment around Greenland) in April and May 1997 are used for the verification of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM) nested in ERA-Interim reanalyses. CCLM is used in a forecast mode for the whole Arctic with 15 km resolution and is run in the standard configuration of SBL parameterization and with modified SBL parameterization. In the modified version, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production and the transfer coefficients for turbulent fluxes in the SBL are reduced, leading to higher stability of the SBL. This leads to a more realistic representation of the daily temperature cycle and of the SBL structure in terms of temperature and wind profiles for the lowest 200 m.
Roof and wall slates are fine-grained rocks with slaty cleavage, and it is often difficult to determine their mineral composition. A new norm mineral calculation called slatecalculation allows the determination of a virtual mineral composition based on full chemical analysis, including the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C), and sulfur (S). Derived norm minerals include feldspars, carbonates, micas, hydro-micas, chlorites, ore-minerals, and quartz. The mineral components of the slate are assessed with superior accuracy compared to the petrographic analysis based on the European Standard EN 12326. The inevitable methodical inaccuracies in the calculations are limited and transparent. In the present paper, slates, shales, and phyllites from worldwide occurrences were examined. This also gives an overview of the rocks used for discontinuous roofing and external cladding.
The nonhydrostatic regional climate model CCLM was used for a long-term hindcast run (2002–2016) for the Weddell Sea region with resolutions of 15 and 5 km and two different turbulence parametrizations. CCLM was nested in ERA-Interim data and used in forecast mode (suite of consecutive 30 h long simulations with 6 h spin-up). We prescribed the sea ice concentration from satellite data and used a thermodynamic sea ice model. The performance of the model was evaluated in terms of temperature and wind using data from Antarctic stations, automatic weather stations (AWSs), an operational forecast model and reanalyses data, and lidar wind profiles. For the reference run we found a warm bias for the near-surface temperature over the Antarctic Plateau. This bias was removed in the second run by adjusting the turbulence parametrization, which results in a more realistic representation of the surface inversion over the plateau but resulted in a negative bias for some coastal regions. A comparison with measurements over the sea ice of the Weddell Sea by three AWS buoys for 1 year showed small biases for temperature around ±1 K and for wind speed of 1 m s−1. Comparisons of radio soundings showed a model bias around 0 and a RMSE of 1–2 K for temperature and 3–4 m s−1 for wind speed. The comparison of CCLM simulations at resolutions down to 1 km with wind data from Doppler lidar measurements during December 2015 and January 2016 yielded almost no bias in wind speed and a RMSE of ca. 2 m s−1. Overall CCLM shows a good representation of temperature and wind for the Weddell Sea region. Based on these encouraging results, CCLM at high resolution will be used for the investigation of the regional climate in the Antarctic and atmosphere–ice–ocean interactions processes in a forthcoming study.
Der vorliegende Bericht gibt einen Überblick zu den wichtigsten Faktoren, welche durch ihre Interaktionen die Vulnerabilität des Weinbaus an der Mittelmosel vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels bestimmen. Hierbei steht die im Projekt Mosel-AdapTiV kooperierende Kommune Traben-Trarbach exemplarisch für eine Vielzahl von Weinbauorten im Untersuchungsgebiet. Neben den direkten klimawandelinduzierten Auswirkungen im Weinbau wird ein besonderer Fokus auf den regionalspezifischen Kontext der Mittelmosel gelegt. Die sich aus dieser Betrachtung ergebenden sozioökonomischen, politisch-administrativen und kulturellen Faktoren der „kontextuellen Vulnerabilität“ werden identifiziert und hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf Problembewusstsein, regionale Anpassungskapazitäten und konkretes Anpassungshandeln bewertet.
Die vorliegende Analyse kontextueller Vulnerabilität des Weinbausektors an der Mittelmosel zeigt, dass trotz eines ausgeprägten Problembewusstseins gegenüber Klimawandelfolgen eine Vielzahl regionalspezifischer Faktoren die Anpassungskapazitäten der Akteur*innen begrenzen. Als konkrete Faktoren sind die traditionellen Betriebsformen vor dem Hintergrund des fortschreitenden Strukturwandels, eine stetige Erweiterung des Aufgabenspektrums der Winzer*innen, die Abhängigkeit von Riesling als regionale Leitsorte sowie die fehlende finanzielle Ausstattung der Kommunen, die Möglichkeiten für eine transformative Anpassungspolitik eingrenzen zu nennen. Aus dem Zusammenspiel dieser unterschiedlichen Faktoren ergeben sich nur gering ausgeprägte kommunale und lokale Anpassungskapazitäten.
Empirisch basiert der Bericht auf einer Auswertung relevanter Literatur, verschiedener Datenquellen sowie mehreren qualitativen Interviews mit Akteur*innen vor Ort. Ebenfalls baut er auf den Ergebnissen eines Lehrforschungsprojekts der Universität Trier aus den Jahren 2016/17 auf (Bruns, 2020).
For grape canopy pixels captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tilt-mounted RedEdge-M multispectral sensor in a sloped vineyard, an in situ Walthall model can be established with purely image-based methods. This was derived from RedEdge-M directional reflectance and a vineyard 3D surface model generated from the same imagery. The model was used to correct the angular effects in the reflectance images to form normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)orthomosaics of different view angles. The results showed that the effect could be corrected to a certain scope, but not completely. There are three drawbacks that might restrict a successful angular model construction and correction: (1) the observable micro shadow variation on the canopy enabled by the high resolution; (2) the complexity of vine canopies that causes an inconsistency between reflectance and canopy geometry, including effects such as micro shadows and near-infrared (NIR) additive effects; and (3) the resolution limit of a 3D model to represent the accurate real-world optical geometry. The conclusion is that grape canopies might be too inhomogeneous for the tested method to perform the angular correction in high quality.
In order to discuss potential sustainability issues of expanding silage maize cultivation in Rhineland-Palatinate, spatially explicit monitoring is necessary. Publicly available statistical records are often not a sufficient basis for extensive research, especially on soil health, where risk factors like erosion and compaction depend on variables that are specific to every site, and hard to generalize for larger administrative aggregates. The focus of this study is to apply established classification algorithms to estimate maize abundance for each independent pixel, while at the same time accounting for their spatial relationship. Therefore, two ways to incorporate spatial autocorrelation of neighboring pixels are combined with three different classification models. The performance of each of these modeling approaches is analyzed and discussed. Finally, one prediction approach is applied to the imagery, and the overall predicted acreage is compared to publicly available data. We were able to show that Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and Random Forests (RF) were able to distinguish maize pixels reliably, with kappa values well above 0.9 in most cases. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) performed substantially worse. Furthermore, Regression Kriging (RK) as an approach to integrate spatial autocorrelation into the prediction model is not suitable in use cases with millions of sparsely clustered training pixels. Gaussian Blur is able to improve predictions slightly in these cases, but it is possible that this is only because it smoothes out impurities of the reference data. The overall prediction with RF classification combined with Gaussian Blur performed well, with out of bag error rates of 0.5% in 2009 and 1.3% in 2016. Despite the low error rates, there is a discrepancy between the predicted acreage and the official records, which is 20% in 2009 and 27% in 2016.
Kartenschätze aus Italien
(2018)
Die Entdeckungen der Neuzeit sowie verbesserte Druckverfahren führten ab dem 16. Jahrhundert zu einem enormen Aufschwung der Kartographie. Gerade in Italien entstanden blühende kartographische Zentren mit exzellentem Ruf, die innerhalb kurzer Zeit große Fortschritte hinsichtlich Genauigkeit und Übersichtlichkeit machten. Aus dem der Universitätsbibliothek Trier vermachten Nachlass des Kartensammlers Fritz Hellwig werden drei repräsentative Beispiele vorgestellt.
Diese Untersuchungen beinhalten eine Diskussion von Hintergründen, Konzepten und Herausforderungen der aktuellen Qualitätsdiskussion im tertiären Tourismusbildungs-system des südlichen Afrikas. Dabei werden Fragen wie: "Welche Aspekte haben in diesen Ländern zu einer verstärkten Fokussierung auf Qualität geführt?", "Inwieweit lassen sich Erkenntnisse zu Qualitätsentwicklungen aus westlichen Industrienationen auf afrikanische Länder wie z.B. Namibia übertragen?", als auch "Welche Qualitätskriterien werden in der tertiären namibischen Tourismusbildungsinstitutionen als wichtig erachtet?" diskutiert. In diesen Untersuchungen wird diskursiv aufgezeigt, dass sich in vielen Ländern des südlichen Afrikas aufgrund rechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen in der tertiären Tourismus-bildung unterschiedliche Qualitätsansätze etablieren konnten. Eine fundierte Analyse der stark wachsenden Tourismusdestination Namibia als ausgewählte Fallstudie dient dabei als Basis zur Erarbeitung eines spezifischen Qualitätsinstruments. Neben einer Analyse der bestehende Situation versuchen diese vorliegenden Untersuchungen, einen konstruktiven Beitrag zur Qualtätsentwicklung in der namibischen tertiären Tourismusbildung zu liefern. So steht denn auch als Ziel die Erarbeitung eines namibiaspezifischen Qualitätsinstrumentes im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Zu dessen Entwicklung wird als zentrale Methode eine angepasste Form des Delphi-Verfahrens angewendet, bei welchem eine breite Anzahl relevanter Stakeholder der namibischen tertiären Tourismusbildung eingebunden ist.