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Perseus kristallîner schilt
(1976)
For grape canopy pixels captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tilt-mounted RedEdge-M multispectral sensor in a sloped vineyard, an in situ Walthall model can be established with purely image-based methods. This was derived from RedEdge-M directional reflectance and a vineyard 3D surface model generated from the same imagery. The model was used to correct the angular effects in the reflectance images to form normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)orthomosaics of different view angles. The results showed that the effect could be corrected to a certain scope, but not completely. There are three drawbacks that might restrict a successful angular model construction and correction: (1) the observable micro shadow variation on the canopy enabled by the high resolution; (2) the complexity of vine canopies that causes an inconsistency between reflectance and canopy geometry, including effects such as micro shadows and near-infrared (NIR) additive effects; and (3) the resolution limit of a 3D model to represent the accurate real-world optical geometry. The conclusion is that grape canopies might be too inhomogeneous for the tested method to perform the angular correction in high quality.
In order to discuss potential sustainability issues of expanding silage maize cultivation in Rhineland-Palatinate, spatially explicit monitoring is necessary. Publicly available statistical records are often not a sufficient basis for extensive research, especially on soil health, where risk factors like erosion and compaction depend on variables that are specific to every site, and hard to generalize for larger administrative aggregates. The focus of this study is to apply established classification algorithms to estimate maize abundance for each independent pixel, while at the same time accounting for their spatial relationship. Therefore, two ways to incorporate spatial autocorrelation of neighboring pixels are combined with three different classification models. The performance of each of these modeling approaches is analyzed and discussed. Finally, one prediction approach is applied to the imagery, and the overall predicted acreage is compared to publicly available data. We were able to show that Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and Random Forests (RF) were able to distinguish maize pixels reliably, with kappa values well above 0.9 in most cases. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) performed substantially worse. Furthermore, Regression Kriging (RK) as an approach to integrate spatial autocorrelation into the prediction model is not suitable in use cases with millions of sparsely clustered training pixels. Gaussian Blur is able to improve predictions slightly in these cases, but it is possible that this is only because it smoothes out impurities of the reference data. The overall prediction with RF classification combined with Gaussian Blur performed well, with out of bag error rates of 0.5% in 2009 and 1.3% in 2016. Despite the low error rates, there is a discrepancy between the predicted acreage and the official records, which is 20% in 2009 and 27% in 2016.
The forward testing effect refers to the finding that retrieval practice of previously studied information enhances learning and retention of subsequently studied other information. While most of the previous research on the forward testing effect examined group differences, the present study took an individual differences approach to investigate this effect. Experiment 1 examined whether the forward effect has test-retest reliability between two experimental sessions. Experiment 2 investigated whether the effect is related to participants’ working memory capacity. In both experiments (and each session of Experiment 1), participants studied three lists of items in anticipation of a final cumulative recall test. In the testing condition, participants were tested immediately on lists 1 and 2, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2. In both conditions, participants were tested immediately on list 3. On the group level, the results of both experiments demonstrated a forward testing effect, with interim testing of lists 1 and 2 enhancing immediate recall of list 3. On the individual level, the results of Experiment 1 showed that the forward effect on list 3 recall has moderate test-retest reliability between two experimental sessions. In addition, the results of Experiment 2 showed that the forward effect on list 3 recall does not depend on participants’ working memory capacity. These findings suggest that the forward testing effect is reliable at the individual level and affects learners at a wide range of working memory capacities alike. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Finding behavioral parameterization for a 1-D water balance model by multi-criteria evaluation
(2019)
Evapotranspiration is often estimated by numerical simulation. However, to produce accurate simulations, these models usually require on-site measurements for parameterization or calibration. We have to make sure that the model realistically reproduces both, the temporal patterns of soil moisture and evapotranspiration. In this study, we combine three sources of information: (i) measurements of sap velocities; (ii) soil moisture; and (iii) expert knowledge on local runoff generation and water balance to define constraints for a “behavioral” forest stand water balance model. Aiming for a behavioral model, we adjusted soil moisture at saturation, bulk resistance parameters and the parameters of the water retention curve (WRC). We found that the shape of the WRC influences substantially the behavior of the simulation model. Here, only one model realization could be referred to as “behavioral”. All other realizations failed for a least one of our evaluation criteria: Not only transpiration and soil moisture are simulated consistently with our observations, but also total water balance and runoff generation processes. The introduction of a multi-criteria evaluation scheme for the detection of unrealistic outputs made it possible to identify a well performing parameter set. Our findings indicate that measurement of different fluxes and state variables instead of just one and expert knowledge concerning runoff generation facilitate the parameterization of a hydrological model.
Harvesting of silage maize in late autumn on waterlogged soils may result in several ecological problems such as soil compaction and may subsequently be a major threat to soil fertility in Europe. It was hypothesized that perennial energy crops might reduce the vulnerability for soil compaction through earlier harvest dates and improved soil stability. However, the performance of such crops to be grown on soil that are periodically waterlogged and implications for soil chemical and microbial properties are currently an open issue. Within the framework of a two-year pot experiment we investigated the potential of the cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), giant knotweed (Fallopia japonicum X bohemica), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) for cultivation under periodically waterlogged soil conditions during the winter half year and implications for soil chemical and biological properties. Examined perennial energy crops coped with periodical waterlogging and showed yields 50% to 150% higher than in the control which was never faced with waterlogging. Root formation was similar in waterlogged and non-waterlogged soil layers. Soil chemical and microbial properties clearly responded to different soil moisture treatments. For example, dehydrogenase activity was two to four times higher in the periodically waterlogged treatment compared to the control. Despite waterlogging, aerobic microbial activity was significantly elevated indicating morphological and metabolic adaptation of the perennial crops to withstand waterlogged conditions. Thus, our results reveal first evidence of a site-adapted biomass production on periodical waterlogged soils through the cultivation of perennial energy crops and for intense plant microbe interactions.
A satellite-based climatology of wind-induced surface temperature anomalies for the Antarctic
(2019)
It is well-known that katabatic winds can be detected as warm signatures in the surface temperature over the slopes of the Antarctic ice sheets. For appropriate synoptic forcing and/or topographic channeling, katabatic surges occur, which result in warm signatures also over adjacent ice shelves. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ice surface temperature (IST) data are used to detect warm signatures over the Antarctic for the winter periods 2002–2017. In addition, high-resolution (5 km) regional climate model data is used for the years of 2002 to 2016. We present a case study and a climatology of wind-induced IST anomalies for the Ross Ice Shelf and the eastern Weddell Sea. The IST anomaly distributions show maxima around 10–15K for the slopes, but values of more than 25K are also found. Katabatic surges represent a strong climatological signal with a mean warm anomaly of more than 5K on more than 120 days per winter for the Byrd Glacier and the Nimrod Glacier on the Ross Ice Shelf. The mean anomaly for the Brunt Ice Shelf is weaker, and exceeds 5K on about 70 days per winter. Model simulations of the IST are compared to the MODIS IST, and show a very good agreement. The model data show that the near-surface stability is a better measure for the response to the wind than the IST itself.
Abstract: Thermal infrared (TIR) multi-/hyperspectral and sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) approaches together with classic solar-reflective (visible, near-, and shortwave infrared reflectance (VNIR)/SWIR) hyperspectral remote sensing form the latest state-of-the-art techniques for the detection of crop water stress. Each of these three domains requires dedicated sensor technology currently in place for ground and airborne applications and either have satellite concepts under development (e.g., HySPIRI/SBG (Surface Biology and Geology), Sentinel-8, HiTeSEM in the TIR) or are subject to satellite missions recently launched or scheduled within the next years (i.e., EnMAP and PRISMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa, launched on March 2019) in the VNIR/SWIR, Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) in the SIF). Identification of plant water stress or drought is of utmost importance to guarantee global water and food supply. Therefore, knowledge of crop water status over large farmland areas bears large potential for optimizing agricultural water use. As plant responses to water stress are numerous and complex, their physiological consequences affect the electromagnetic signal in different spectral domains. This review paper summarizes the importance of water stress-related applications and the plant responses to water stress, followed by a concise review of water-stress detection through remote sensing, focusing on TIR without neglecting the comparison to other spectral domains (i.e., VNIR/SWIR and SIF) and multi-sensor approaches. Current and planned sensors at ground, airborne, and satellite level for the TIR as well as a selection of commonly used indices and approaches for water-stress detection using the main multi-/hyperspectral remote sensing imaging techniques are reviewed. Several important challenges are discussed that occur when using spectral emissivity, temperature-based indices, and physically-based approaches for water-stress detection in the TIR spectral domain. Furthermore, challenges with data processing and the perspectives for future satellite missions in the TIR are critically examined. In conclusion, information from multi-/hyperspectral TIR together with those from VNIR/SWIR and SIF sensors within a multi-sensor approach can provide profound insights to actual plant (water) status and the rationale of physiological and biochemical changes. Synergistic sensor use will open new avenues for scientists to study plant functioning and the response to environmental stress in a wide range of ecosystems.
Background
In light of the current biodiversity crisis, DNA barcoding is developing into an essential tool to quantify state shifts in global ecosystems. Current barcoding protocols often rely on short amplicon sequences, which yield accurate identification of biological entities in a community but provide limited phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scales. However, the phylogenetic structure of communities is an essential component of biodiversity. Consequently, a barcoding approach is required that unites robust taxonomic assignment power and high phylogenetic utility. A possible solution is offered by sequencing long ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplicons on the MinION platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies).
Findings
Using a dataset of various animal and plant species, with a focus on arthropods, we assemble a pipeline for long rDNA barcode analysis and introduce a new software (MiniBar) to demultiplex dual indexed Nanopore reads. We find excellent phylogenetic and taxonomic resolution offered by long rDNA sequences across broad taxonomic scales. We highlight the simplicity of our approach by field barcoding with a miniaturized, mobile laboratory in a remote rainforest. We also test the utility of long rDNA amplicons for analysis of community diversity through metabarcoding and find that they recover highly skewed diversity estimates.
Conclusions
Sequencing dual indexed, long rDNA amplicons on the MinION platform is a straightforward, cost-effective, portable, and universal approach for eukaryote DNA barcoding. Although bulk community analyses using long-amplicon approaches may introduce biases, the long rDNA amplicons approach signifies a powerful tool for enabling the accurate recovery of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across biological communities.
Because EU water quality policy can result in infrastructure creation or adaptation at the local level across member states, compliance cases are worth examining critically from a sustainable spatial planning perspective. In this study, the 2000 EU Water Framework Directive’s (WFD) reach to local implementation efforts in average towns and cities is shown through the case study of nonconforming household wastewater infrastructure in the German state of Rhineland Palatinate. Seeing wastewater as a socio-technical infrastructure, we ask how the WFD implementation can be understood in the context of local infrastructure development, sustainability, and spatial planning concepts. In particular, this study examines what compliance meant for the centralization or decentralization of local wastewater infrastructure systems—and the sustainability implications for cities
from those choices.
When do anorexic patients perceive their body as too fat? Aggravating and ameliorating factors
(2019)
Objective
Our study investigated body image representations in female patients with anorexia nervosa
and healthy controls using a size estimation with pictures of their own body. We also
explored a method to reduce body image distortions through right hemispheric activation.
Method
Pictures of participants’ own bodies were shown on the left or right visual fields for 130 ms
after presentation of neutral, positive, or negative word primes, which could be self-relevant
or not, with the task of classifying the picture as “thinner than”, “equal to”, or “fatter than”
one’s own body. Subsequently, activation of the left- or right hemispheric through right- or
left-hand muscle contractions for 3 min., respectively. Finally, participants completed the
size estimation task again.
Results
The distorted “fatter than” body image was found only in patients and only when a picture of
their own body appeared on the right visual field (left hemisphere) and was preceded by
negative self-relevant words. This distorted perception of the patients’ body image was
reduced after left-hand muscle contractions (right hemispheric activation).
Discussion
To reduce body image distortions it is advisable to find methods that help anorexia nervosa
patients to increase their self-esteem. The body image distortions were ameliorated after
right hemispheric activation. A related method to prevent distorted body-image representations
in these patients may be Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
therapy.
Background: Increasing exposure to engineered inorganic nanoparticles takes actually place in both terrestric and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Although we already know harmful effects of AgNP on the soil bacterial community, information about the impact of the factors functionalization, concentration, exposure time, and soil texture on the AgNP effect expression are still rare. Hence, in this study, three soils of different grain size were exposed for up to 90 days to bare and functionalized AgNP in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1.00 mg/kg soil dry weight. Effects on soil microbial community were quantified by various biological parameters, including 16S rRNA gene, photometric, and fluorescence analyses.
Results: Multivariate data analysis revealed significant effects of AgNP exposure for all factors and factor combinations investigated. Analysis of individual factors (silver species, concentration, exposure time, soil texture) in the unifactorial ANOVA explained the largest part of the variance compared to the error variance. In depth analysis of factor combinations revealed even better explanation of variance. For the biological parameters assessed in this study, the matching of soil texture and silver species, and the matching of soil texture and exposure time were the two most relevant factor combinations. The factor AgNP concentration contributed to a lower extent to the effect expression compared to silver species, exposure time and physico–chemical composition of soil.
Conclusions: The factors functionalization, concentration, exposure time, and soil texture significantly impacted the effect expression of AgNP on the soil microbial community. Especially long-term exposure scenarios are strongly needed for the reliable environmental impact assessment of AgNP exposure in various soil types.
Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) influences the perception of taste and texture, features both relevant in acquiring food liking and, with time, food preference. However, no studies have yet investigated the relationship between basal activity levels of sAA and food preference. We collected saliva from 57 volunteers (63% women) who we assessed in terms of their preference for different food items. These items were grouped into four categories according to their nutritional properties: high in starch, high in sugar, high glycaemic index, and high glycaemic load. Anthropometric markers of cardiovascular risk were also calculated. Our findings suggest that sAA influences food
preference and body composition in women. Regression analysis showed that basal sAA activity is inversely associated with subjective but not self-reported behavioural preference for foods high in sugar. Additionally, sAA and subjective preference are associated with anthropometric markers of cardiovascular risk. We believe that this pilot study points to this enzyme as an interesting candidate to consider among the physiological factors that modulate eating behaviour.
The trophic niche is a life trait that identifies the consumer’s position in a local food web. Several factors, such as ontogeny, competitive ability and resource availability contribute in shaping species trophic niches. To date, information on the diet of European Hydromantes salamanders are only available for a limited number of species, no dietary studies have involved more than one species of the genus at a time, and there are limited evidences on how multiple factors interact in determining diet variation. In this study we examined the diet of multiple populations of six out of the eight European cave salamanders, providing the first data on the diet for five of them. In addition, we assessed whether these closely related generalist species show similar diet and, for each species, we tested whether season, age class or sex influence the number and the type of prey consumed. Stomach condition (empty/full) and the number of prey consumed were strongly related to seasonality and to the activity level of individuals. Empty stomachs were more frequent in autumn, in individuals far from cave entrance and in juveniles. Diet composition was significantly different among species. Hydromantes imperialis and H. supramontis were the most generalist species; H. flavus and H. sarrabusensis fed mostly on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera Staphylinidae, while H. genei and H. ambrosii mostly consumed Arachnida and Endopterygota larvae. Furthermore, we detected seasonal shifts of diet in the majority of the species examined. Conversely, within each species, we did not find diet differences between females, males and juveniles. Although being assumed to have very similar dietary habits, here Hydromantes species were shown to be characterized by a high divergence in diet composition and in the stomach condition of individuals.
Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt die klimatische Situation des Naturparks Saar-Hunsrück. Neben der Einordnung der Region in die großskalige klimatische Zirkulation werden die wesentlichen Klimaelemente beschrieben. Da sich die Klimaelemente mit zunehmender Höhe verändern, bestimmt im unteren Saartal, im Saar-Nahe-Bergland und Hunsrück mit Osburger Hochwald, Schwarzwälder Hochwald und Idarwald die Höhenlage entscheidend die räumliche Struktur der einzelnen Klimaelemente. Die Niederschlagsverteilung zeigt deutlich den Luveffekt in den westlichen Teilen des Naturparks und die Abnahme der Niederschlagshöhen in nordöstlicher Richtung. Die räumlichen Muster der mittleren und maximalen Lufttemperatur folgen der Topographie, während Minimalwerte der Temperatur ein weniger differenziertes Bild zeigen. In den tiefer gelegenen Regionen des Naturparks treten 4-7 Hitzetage in langjährigen Mittel auf, in den Hochlagen des Hunsrücks werden nur noch 1-3 Tage / Jahr beobachtet. Oberhalb der 600 m-Höhenlinie ergeben sich im Mittel 110-130 Frosttage im Jahr, im südwestlichen Teil des Naturparks geht die Zahl auf 50 Tage / Jahr zurück. Die mittlere Anzahl der Tage mit Schneedecke liegt, bezogen auf das Areal des Naturparks, insgesamt zwischen 10 und 90 Tagen pro Jahr. Ihre Veränderung infolge des regionalen Klimawandels zeigt eine Abnahme zwischen 3-15 Tagen pro Jahr zwischen den Zeiträumen 1961-1990 und 1981-2010. Die aktuelle Sonnenscheindauer beträgt im westlichen Teil des Naturparks im Mittel 1500-1600 Sonnenscheinstunden pro Jahr, im südöstlichen Teil werden bis 1600 Stunden pro Jahr erreicht.
In the present study a non-motion-stabilized scanning Doppler lidar was operated on board of RV Polarstern in the Arctic (June 2014) and Antarctic (December 2015– January 2016). This is the first time that such a system measured on an icebreaker in the Antarctic. A method for a motion correction of the data in the post-processing is presented.
The wind calculation is based on vertical azimuth display (VAD) scans with eight directions that pass a quality control. Additionally a method for an empirical signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) threshold is presented, which can be calculated for individual measurement set-ups. Lidar wind profiles are compared to total of about 120 radiosonde profiles and also to wind measurements of the ship.
The performance of the lidar measurements in comparison with radio soundings generally shows small root mean square deviation (bias) for wind speed of around 1ms-1(0.1ms-1) and for wind direction of around 10 (1). The post-processing of the non-motion-stabilized data shows comparably high quality to studies with motion-stabilized systems.
Two case studies show that a flexible change in SNR threshold can be beneficial for special situations. Further the studies reveal that short-lived low-level jets in the atmospheric boundary layer can be captured by lidar measurements with a high temporal resolution in contrast to routine radio soundings. The present study shows that a non-motionstabilized Doppler lidar can be operated successfully on an
icebreaker. It presents a processing chain including quality control tests and error quantification, which is useful for further measurement campaigns.
In the context of accelerated global socio-environmental change, the Water-Energy-Food Nexus has received increasing attention within science and international politics by promoting integrated resource governance. This study explores the scientific nexus debates from a discourse analytical perspective to reveal knowledge and power relations as well as geographical settings of nexus research. We also investigate approaches to socio-nature relations that influence nexus research and subsequent political implications. Our findings suggest that the leading nexus discourse is dominated by natural scientific perspectives and a neo-Malthusian framing of environmental challenges. Accordingly, the promoted cross-sectoral nexus approach to resource governance emphasizes efficiency, security, future sustainability, and poverty reduction. Water, energy, and food are conceived as global trade goods that require close monitoring, management and control, to be achieved via quantitative assessments and technological interventions. Within the less visible discourse, social scientific perspectives engage with the social, political, and normative elements of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus. These perspectives criticize the dominant nexus representation for itsmanagerial, neoliberal, and utilitarian approach to resource governance. The managerial framing is critiqued for masking power relations and social inequalities, while alternative framings acknowledge the political nature of resource governance and socio-nature relations. The spatial dimensions of the nexus debate are also discussed. Notably, the nexus is largely shaped by western knowledge, yet applied mainly in specific regions of the Global South. In order for the nexus to achieve integrative solutions for sustainability, the debate needs to overcome its current discursive and spatial separations. To this end, we need to engage more closely with alternative nexus discourses, embrace epistemic pluralism and encourage multi-perspective debates about the socio-nature relations we actually intend to promote.
Acute social and physical stress interact to influence social behavior: the role of social anxiety
(2018)
Stress is proven to have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Due to different tasks and study designs, the direct consequences of acute stress have been found to be wide-reaching: while some studies report prosocial effects, others report increases in antisocial behavior, still others report no effect. To control for specific effects of different stressors and to consider the role of social anxiety in stress-related social behavior, we investigated the effects of social versus physical stress on behavior in male participants possessing different levels of social anxiety. In a randomized, controlled two by two design we investigated the impact of social and physical stress on behavior in healthy young men. We found significant influences on various subjective increases in stress by physical and social stress, but no interaction effect. Cortisol was significantly increased by physical stress, and the heart rate was modulated by physical and social stress as well as their combination. Social anxiety modulated the subjective stress response but not the cortisol or heart rate response. With respect to behavior, our results show that social and physical stress interacted to modulate trust, trustworthiness, and sharing. While social stress and physical stress alone reduced prosocial behavior, a combination of the two stressor modalities could restore prosociality. Social stress alone reduced nonsocial risk behavior regardless of physical stress. Social anxiety was associated with higher subjective stress responses and higher levels of trust. As a consequence, future studies will need to investigate further various stressors and clarify their effects on social behavior in health and social anxiety disorders.
The forward effect of testing refers to the finding that retrieval practice of previously studied information increases retention of subsequently studied other information. It has recently been hypothesized that the forward effect (partly) reflects the result of a reset-of-encoding (ROE) process. The proposal is that encoding efficacy decreases with an increase in study material, but testing of previously studied information resets the encoding process and makes the encoding of the subsequently studied information as effective as the encoding of the previously studied information. The goal of the present study was to verify the ROE hypothesis on an item level basis. An experiment is reported that examined the effects of testing in comparison to restudy on items’ serial position curves. Participants studied three lists of items in each condition. In the testing condition, participants were tested immediately on non-target lists 1 and 2, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2. In both conditions, participants were tested immediately on target list 3. Influences of condition and items’ serial learning position on list 3 recall were analyzed. The results showed the forward effect of testing and furthermore that this effect varies with items’ serial list position. Early target list items at list primacy positions showed a larger enhancement effect than middle and late target list items at non-primacy positions. The results are consistent with the ROE hypothesis on an item level basis. The generalizability of the ROE hypothesis across different experimental tasks, like the list-method directed-forgetting task, is discussed.
Background: The growing production and use of engineered AgNP in industry and private households make increasing concentrations of AgNP in the environment unavoidable. Although we already know the harmful effects of AgNP on pivotal bacterial driven soil functions, information about the impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on the soil bacterial community structure is rare. Hence, the aim of this study was to reveal the long-term effects of AgNP on major soil bacterial phyla in a loamy soil. The study was conducted as a laboratory incubation experiment over a period of 1 year using a loamy soil and AgNP concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 mg AgNP/kg soil. Effects were quantified using the taxon-specific 16S rRNA qPCR.
Results: The short-term exposure of AgNP at environmentally relevant concentration of 0.01 mg AgNP/kg caused significant positive effects on Acidobacteria (44.0%), Actinobacteria (21.1%) and Bacteroidetes (14.6%), whereas beta-Proteobacteria population was minimized by 14.2% relative to the control (p ≤ 0.05). After 1 year of exposure to 0.01 mg AgNP/kg diminished Acidobacteria (p = 0.007), Bacteroidetes (p = 0.005) and beta-Proteobacteria (p = 0.000) by 14.5, 10.1 and 13.9%, respectively. Actino- and alpha-Proteobacteria were statistically unaffected by AgNP treatments after 1-year exposure. Furthermore, a statistically significant regression and correlation analysis between silver toxicity and exposure time confirmed loamy soils as a sink for silver nanoparticles and their concomitant silver ions.
Conclusions: Even very low concentrations of AgNP may cause disadvantages for the autotrophic ammonia oxidation (nitrification), the organic carbon transformation and the chitin degradation in soils by exerting harmful effects on the liable bacterial phyla.
Species can show strong variation of local abundance across their ranges. Recent analyses suggested that variation in abundance can be related to environmental suitability, as the highest abundances are often observed in populations living in the most suitable areas. However, there is limited information on the mechanisms through which variation in environmental suitability determines abundance. We analysed populations of the microendemic salamander Hydromantes flavus, and tested several hypotheses on potential relationships linking environmental suitability to population parameters. For multiple populations across the whole species range, we assessed suitability using species distribution models, and measured density, activity level, food intake and body condition index. In high-suitability sites, the density of salamanders was up to 30-times higher than in the least suitable ones. Variation in activity levels and population performance can explain such variation of abundance. In high-suitability sites, salamanders were active close to the surface, and showed a low frequency of empty stomachs. Furthermore, when taking into account seasonal variation, body condition was better in the most suitable sites. Our results show that the strong relationship between environmental suitability and population abundance can be mediated by the variation of parameters strongly linked to individual performance and fitness.
The changing views on the evolutionary relationships of extant Salamandridae (Amphibia: Urodela)
(2018)
The phylogenetic relationships among members of the family Salamandridae have been repeatedly investigated over the last 90 years, with changing character and taxon sampling. We review the changing composition and the phylogenetic position of salamandrid genera and species groups and add a new phylogeny based exclusively on sequences of nuclear genes. Salamandrina often changed its position depending on the characters used. It was included several times in a clade together with the primitive newts (Echinotriton, Pleurodeles, Tylototriton) due to their seemingly ancestral morphology. The latter were often inferred as a monophyletic clade. Respective monophyly was almost consistently established in all molecular studies for true salamanders (Chioglossa, Lyciasalamandra, Mertensiella, Salamandra), modern Asian newts (Cynops, Laotriton, Pachytriton, Paramesotriton) and modern New World newts (Notophthalmus, Taricha). Reciprocal non-monophyly has been established through molecular studies for the European mountain newts (Calotriton, Euproctus) and the modern European newts (Ichthyosaura, Lissotriton, Neurergus, Ommatotriton, Triturus) since Calotriton was identified as the sister lineage of Triturus. In pre-molecular studies, their respective monophyly had almost always been assumed, mainly because a complex courtship behaviour shared by their respective members. Our nuclear tree is nearly identical to a mito-genomic tree, with all but one node being highly supported. The major difference concerns the position of Calotriton, which is no longer nested within the modern European newts. This has implications for the evolution of courtship behaviour of European newts. Within modern European newts, Ichthyosaura and Lissotriton changed their position compared to the mito-genomic tree. Previous molecular trees based on seemingly large nuclear data sets, but analysed together with mitochondrial data, did not reveal monophyly of modern European newts since taxon sampling and nuclear gene coverage was too poor to obtain conclusive results. We therefore conclude that mitochondrial and nuclear data should be analysed on their own.
Kartenschätze aus Italien
(2018)
Die Entdeckungen der Neuzeit sowie verbesserte Druckverfahren führten ab dem 16. Jahrhundert zu einem enormen Aufschwung der Kartographie. Gerade in Italien entstanden blühende kartographische Zentren mit exzellentem Ruf, die innerhalb kurzer Zeit große Fortschritte hinsichtlich Genauigkeit und Übersichtlichkeit machten. Aus dem der Universitätsbibliothek Trier vermachten Nachlass des Kartensammlers Fritz Hellwig werden drei repräsentative Beispiele vorgestellt.
There are large health, societal, and economic costs associated with attrition from psychological services. The recently emerged, innovative statistical tool of complex network analysis was used in the present proof-of-concept study to improve the prediction of attrition. Fifty-eight patients undergoing psychological treatment for mood or anxiety disorders were assessed using Ecological Momentary Assessments four times a day for two weeks before treatment (3,248 measurements). Multilevel vector autoregressive models were employed to compute dynamic symptom networks. Intake variables and network parameters (centrality measures) were used as predictors for dropout using machine-learning algorithms. Networks for patients differed significantly between completers and dropouts. Among intake variables, initial impairment and sex predicted dropout explaining 6% of the variance. The network analysis identified four additional predictors: Expected force of being excited, outstrength of experiencing social support, betweenness of feeling nervous, and instrength of being active. The final model with the two intake and four network variables explained 32% of variance in dropout and identified 47 out of 58 patients correctly. The findings indicate that patients" dynamic network structures may improve the prediction of dropout. When implemented in routine care, such prediction models could identify patients at risk for attrition and inform personalized treatment recommendations.
Production of biomass feedstock for methanation in Europe has focused on silages of maize and cereals. As ecological awareness has increased in the last several years, more attention is being focused on perennial energy crops (PECs). Studies of specific PECs have shown that their cultivation may enhance agrobiodiversity and increase soil organic carbon stocks while simultaneously providing valuable feedstock for methanation. This study was designed to compare soil quality indicators under annual energy crops (AECs), PECs and permanent grassland (PGL) on the landscape level in south-western Germany. At a total 25 study sites, covering a wide range of parent materials, the cropping systems were found adjacent to each other. Stands were commercially managed, and PECs included different species such as the Cup Plant, Tall Wheatgrass, Giant Knotweed, Miscanthus, Virginia Mallow and Reed Canary Grass. Soil sampling was carried out for the upper 20 cm of soil. Several soil quality indicators, including soil organic carbon (Corg), soil microbial biomass (Cmic), and aggregate stability, showed that PECs were intermediate between AEC and PGL systems. At landscape level, mean Corg content for (on average) 6.1-year-old stands of PEC was 22.37 (±7.53) g kg1, compared to 19.23 (±8.08) and 32.08 (±10.11) for AEC and PGL. Cmic contents were higher in PECs (356 ± 241 lgCg1) compared to AECs (291 ± 145) but significantly lower than under PGL (753 ± 417). The aggregate stability increased by almost 65% in PECs compared to AEC but was still 57% lower than in PGL. Indicator differences among cropping systems were more pronounced when inherent differences in the parent material were accounted for in the comparisons. Overall, these results suggest that the cultivation of PECs has positive effects on soil quality indicators. Thus, PECs may offer potential to make the production of biomass feedstock more sustainable.
The availability of data on the feeding habits of species of conservation value may be of great importance to develop analyses for both scientific and management purposes. Stomach flushing is a harmless technique that allowed us to collect extensive data on the feeding habits of six Hydromantes species. Here, we present two datasets originating from a three-year study performed in multiple seasons (spring and autumn) on 19 different populations of cave salamanders. The first dataset contains data of the stomach content of 1,250 salamanders, where 6,010 items were recognized; the second one reports the size of the intact prey items found in the stomachs. These datasets integrate considerably data already available on the diet of the European plethodontid salamanders, being also of potential use for large scale meta-analyses on amphibian diet.
Leeches can parasitize many vertebrate taxa. In amphibians, leech parasitism often has potential detrimental effects including population decline. Most of studies on the host-parasite interactions involving leeches and amphibians focus on freshwater environments, while they are very scarce for terrestrial amphibians. In this work, we studied the relationship between the leech Batracobdella algira and the European terrestrial salamanders of the genus Hydromantes, identifying environmental features related to the presence of the leeches and their possible effects on the hosts. We performed observation throughout Sardinia (Italy), covering the distribution area of all Hydromantes species endemic to this island. From September 2015 to May 2017, we conducted >150 surveys in 26 underground environments, collecting data on 2629 salamanders and 131 leeches. Water hardness was the only environmental feature correlated with the presence of B. algira, linking this leech to active karstic systems. Leeches were more frequently parasitizing salamanders with large body size. Body Condition Index was not significantly different between parasitized and non-parasitized salamanders. Our study shows the importance of abiotic environmental features for host-parasite interactions, and poses new questions on complex interspecific interactions between this ectoparasite and amphibians.
Heinz Piontek
(1986)
Der Aufsatz umreißt die Konkurrenz auf kulturpolitischem Gebiet zwischen den beiden deutschen Staaten. Im Zentrum steht das neu erfundene Genre des Indianerfilms, das sich aus DDR-Sicht deutlich von den populären Karl-May-Filmen des Westens absetzen wollte. Leider mußte aus Kostengründen weitgehend auf Abbildungen verzichtet werden.
Long-Term Memory Updating: The Reset-of-Encoding Hypothesis in List-Method Directed Forgetting
(2017)
People- memory for new information can be enhanced by cuing them to forget older information, as is shown in list-method directed forgetting (LMDF). In this task, people are cued to forget a previously studied list of items (list 1) and to learn a new list of items (list 2) instead. Such cuing typically enhances memory for the list 2 items and reduces memory for the list 1 items, which reflects effective long-term memory updating. This review focuses on the reset-of-encoding (ROE) hypothesis as a theoretical explanation of the list 2 enhancement effect in LMDF. The ROE hypothesis is based on the finding that encoding efficacy typically decreases with number of encoded items and assumes that providing a forget cue after study of some items (e.g., list 1) resets the encoding process and makes encoding of subsequent items (e.g., early list 2 items) as effective as encoding of previously studied (e.g., early list 1) items. The review provides an overview of current evidence for the ROE hypothesis. The evidence arose from recent behavioral, neuroscientific, and modeling studies that examined LMDF on both an item and a list level basis. The findings support the view that ROE plays a critical role for the list 2 enhancement effect in LMDF. Alternative explanations of the effect and the generalizability of ROE to other experimental tasks are discussed.
Background: We evaluated depression and social isolation assessed at time of waitlisting as predictors of survival in heart transplant (HTx) recipients. Methods and Results: Between 2005 and 2006, 318 adult HTx candidates were enrolled in the Waiting for a New Heart Study, and 164 received transplantation. Patients were followed until February 2013. Psychosocial characteristics were assessed by questionnaires. Eurotransplant provided medical data at waitlisting, transplantation dates, and donor characteristics; hospitals reported medical data at HTx and date of death after HTx. During a median followâ€up of 70 months (<1"93 months postâ€HTx), 56 (38%) of 148 transplanted patients with complete data died. Depression scores were unrelated to social isolation, and neither correlated with disease severity. Higher depression scores increased the risk of dying (hazard ratio=1.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.01, 1.15, P=0.032), which was moderated by social isolation scores (significant interaction term; hazard ratio = 0.985, 95% confidence interval, 0.973, 0.998; P=0.022). These findings were maintained in multivariate models controlling for covariates (P values 0.020"0.039). Actuarial 1â€year/5â€year survival was best for patients with low depression who were not socially isolated at waitlisting (86% after 1 year, 79% after 5 years). Survival of those who were either depressed, or socially isolated or both, was lower, especially 5 years posttransplant (56%, 60%, and 62%, respectively). Conclusions: Low depression in conjunction with social integration at time of waitlisting is related to enhanced chances for survival after HTx. Both factors should be considered for inclusion in standardized assessments and interventions for HTx candidates. We evaluated depression and social isolation assessed at time of waitlisting as predictors of survival in heart transplant (HTx) recipients.\r\n\r\nMethods and Results: Between 2005 and 2006, 318 adult HTx candidates were enrolled in the Waiting for a New Heart Study, and 164 received transplantation. Patients were followed until February 2013. Psychosocial characteristics were assessed by questionnaires. Eurotransplant provided medical data at waitlisting, transplantation dates, and donor characteristics; hospitals reported medical data at HTx and date of death after HTx. During a median followâ€up of 70 months (<1"93 months postâ€HTx), 56 (38%) of 148 transplanted patients with complete data died. Depression scores were unrelated to social isolation, and neither correlated with disease severity. Higher depression scores increased the risk of dying (hazard ratio=1.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.01, 1.15, P=0.032), which was moderated by social isolation scores (significant interaction term; hazard ratio = 0.985, 95% confidence interval, 0.973, 0.998; P=0.022). These findings were maintained in multivariate models controlling for covariates (P values 0.020"0.039). Actuarial 1â€year/5â€year survival was best for patients with low depression who were not socially isolated at waitlisting (86% after 1 year, 79% after 5 years). Survival of those who were either depressed, or socially isolated or both, was lower, especially 5 years posttransplant (56%, 60%, and 62%, respectively).
Background: Psychotherapy is successful for the majority of patients , but not for every patient. Hence, further knowledge is needed on how treatments should be adapted for those who do not profit or deteriorate. In the last years prediction tools as well as feedback interventions were part of a trend to more personalized approaches in psychotherapy. Research on psychometric prediction and feedback into ongoing treatment has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes, especially for patients with an increased risk of treatment failure or drop-out.rnMethods/design: The research project investigates in a randomized controlled trial the effectiveness as well as moderating and mediating factors of psychometric feedback to therapists. In the intended study a total of 423 patients, who applied for a cognitive-behavioral therapy at the psychotherapy clinic of the University Trier and suffer from a depressive and/or an anxietyrndisorder (SCID interviews), will be included. The patients will be randomly assigned either to one therapist as well as to one of two intervention groups (CG, IG2). An additional intervention group (IG1) will be generated from an existing archival data set via propensity score matching. Patients of the control group (CG; n = 85) will be monitored concerning psychological impairment but therapists will not be provided with any feedback about the patients assessments. In both intervention groups (IG1: n = 169; IG2: n = 169) the therapists are provided with feedback about the patients self-evaluation in a computerized feedback portal. Therapists of the IG2 will additionally be provided with clinical support tools, which will be developed in thisrnproject, on the basis of existing systems. Therapists will also be provided with a personalized treatment recommendation based on similar patients (Nearest Neighbors) at the beginning of treatment. Besides the general effectiveness of feedback and the clinical support tools for negatively developing patients, further mediating and moderating variables on this feedback effectrnshould be examined: treatment length, frequency of feedback use, therapist effects, therapist- experience, attitude towards feedback as well as congruence of therapist-andpatient- evaluation concerning the progress. Additional procedures will be implemented to assess treatment adherence as well as the reliability of diagnosis and to include it into the analyses.rnDiscussion: The current trial tests a comprehensive feedback system which combines precision mental health predictions with routine outcome monitoring and feedback tools in routine outpatient psychotherapy. It also adds to previous feedback research a stricter design by investigating another repeated measurement CG as well as a stricter control of treatment integrity. It also includes a structured clinical interview (SCID) and controls for comorbidity (within depression and anxiety). This study also investigates moderators (attitudes towards, use of the feedback system, diagnoses) and mediators (therapists" awareness of negative change and treatment length) in one study.
This paper describes the concept of the hyperspectral Earth-observing thermal infrared (TIR) satellite mission HiTeSEM (High-resolution Temperature and Spectral Emissivity Mapping). The scientific goal is to measure specific key variables from the biosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and geosphere related to two global problems of significant societal relevance: food security and human health. The key variables comprise land and sea surface radiation temperature and emissivity, surface moisture, thermal inertia, evapotranspiration, soil minerals and grain size components, soil organic carbon, plant physiological variables, and heat fluxes. The retrieval of this information requires a TIR imaging system with adequate spatial and spectral resolutions and with day-night following observation capability. Another challenge is the monitoring of temporally high dynamic features like energy fluxes, which require adequate revisit time. The suggested solution is a sensor pointing concept to allow high revisit times for selected target regions (1"5 days at off-nadir). At the same time, global observations in the nadir direction are guaranteed with a lower temporal repeat cycle (>1 month). To account for the demand of a high spatial resolution for complex targets, it is suggested to combine in one optic (1) a hyperspectral TIR system with ~75 bands at 7.2"12.5 -µm (instrument NEDT 0.05 K"0.1 K) and a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 60 m, and (2) a panchromatic high-resolution TIR-imager with two channels (8.0"10.25 -µm and 10.25"12.5 -µm) and a GSD of 20 m. The identified science case requires a good correlation of the instrument orbit with Sentinel-2 (maximum delay of 1"3 days) to combine data from the visible and near infrared (VNIR), the shortwave infrared (SWIR) and TIR spectral regions and to refine parameter retrieval.
Dry tropical forests undergo massive conversion and degradation processes. This also holds true for the extensive Miombo forests that cover large parts of Southern Africa. While the largest proportional area can be found in Angola, the country still struggles with food shortages, insufficient medical and educational supplies, as well as the ongoing reconstruction of infrastructure after 27 years of civil war. Especially in rural areas, the local population is therefore still heavily dependent on the consumption of natural resources, as well as subsistence agriculture. This leads, on one hand, to large areas of Miombo forests being converted for cultivation purposes, but on the other hand, to degradation processes due to the selective use of forest resources. While forest conversion in south-central rural Angola has already been quantitatively described, information about forest degradation is not yet available. This is due to the history of conflicts and the therewith connected research difficulties, as well as the remote location of this area. We apply an annual time series approach using Landsat data in south-central Angola not only to assess the current degradation status of the Miombo forests, but also to derive past developments reaching back to times of armed conflicts. We use the Disturbance Index based on tasseled cap transformation to exclude external influences like inter-annual variation of rainfall. Based on this time series, linear regression is calculated for forest areas unaffected by conversion, but also for the pre-conversion period of those areas that were used for cultivation purposes during the observation time. Metrics derived from linear regression are used to classify the study area according to their dominant modification processes.rnWe compare our results to MODIS latent integral trends and to further products to derive information on underlying drivers. Around 13% of the Miombo forests are affected by degradation processes, especially along streets, in villages, and close to existing agriculture. However, areas in presumably remote and dense forest areas are also affected to a significant extent. A comparison with MODIS derived fire ignition data shows that they are most likely affected by recurring fires and less by selective timber extraction. We confirm that areas that are used for agriculture are more heavily disturbed by selective use beforehand than those that remain unaffected by conversion. The results can be substantiated by the MODIS latent integral trends and we also show that due to extent and location, the assessment of forest conversion is most likely not sufficient to provide good estimates for the loss of natural resources.
Avoiding aerial microfibre contamination of environmental samples is essential for reliable analyses when it comes to the detection of ubiquitous microplastics. Almost all laboratories have contamination problems which are largely unavoidable without investments in clean-air devices. Therefore, our study supplies an approach to assess background microfibre contamination of samples in the laboratory under particle-free air conditions. We tested aerial contamination of samples indoor, in a mobile laboratory, within a laboratory fume hood and on a clean bench with particles filtration during the examining process of a fish. The used clean bench reduced aerial microfibre contamination in our laboratory by 96.5%. This highlights the value of suitable clean-air devices for valid microplastic pollution data. Our results indicate, that pollution levels by microfibres have been overestimated and actual pollution levels may be many times lower. Accordingly, such clean-air devices are recommended for microplastic laboratory applications in future research work to significantly lower error rates.
Global human population growth is associated with many problems, such asrnfood and water provision, political conflicts, spread of diseases, and environmental destruction. The mitigation of these problems is mirrored in several global conventions and programs, some of which, however, are conflicting. Here, we discuss the conflicts between biodiversity conservation and disease eradication. Numerous health programs aim at eradicating pathogens, and many focus on the eradication of vectors, such as mosquitos or other parasites. As a case study, we focus on the "Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign," which aims at eradicating a pathogen (Trypanosoma) as well as its vector, the entire group of tsetse flies (Glossinidae). As the distribution of tsetse flies largely overlaps with the African hotspots of freshwater biodiversity, we argue for a strong consideration of environmental issues when applying vector control measures, especially the aerial applications of insecticides.rnFurthermore, we want to stimulate discussions on the value of speciesrnand whether full eradication of a pathogen or vector is justified at all. Finally, we call for a stronger harmonization of international conventions. Proper environmental impact assessments need to be conducted before control or eradication programs are carried out to minimize negative effects on biodiversity.
Der Vortrag zeigt das Spektrum auf, in dem Frauenreisen als eigenständige Kategorie der Literatur- und Medienwissenschaft etabliert wurde. Ohne den Fokus der Konfrontation mit der orientalischen Lebenswelt und der Exklusion der Männer in bestimmten Lebensbereichen hätte sich diese Form von Reiseberichten nicht etablieren können.
Der Hauptmann von Koepenick
(2005)
Im Zentrum dieses Aufsatzes steht der Spielfilm "Lisbon Story" (Deutschland / Portugal 1994/1995) des Filmregisseurs Wim Wenders. Es werden aber auch die früheren Arbeiten wie "Alice in den Städten" (BR Deutschland 1973/1974) und "Im Lauf der Zeit" (BR Deutschland 1975/1976) herangezogen, denn Kinder spielen in Wenders Spielfilmen eine bedeutende Rolle.
Rezensiert wird das umfangreiche Buch von Matthias Steinle, das die wechselseitige Darstellung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik in Dokumentarfilmen analysiert. Die Materialauswahl umfasst mehr als 60 Filme, wobei der Begriff von Dokumentarfilm weit gefasst ist und auch Kino-Wochenschauen berücksichtigt werden,
Rezension des 21. Bandes der Gesellschaft für Exilforschung, der sich unter dem Titel "Film und Fotografie" mit der Exilsituation in der NS-Zeit auseinandersetzt. Der Sammelband stellt unbekannte Emigranten-Schicksale aus dem Bereich Film vor, fünf Beiträge befassen sich mit der Fotografie während und nach der NS-Zeit.
"Triumph der Bilder"
(2004)
Rundfunkmanuskript - gesendet in der Reihe "Reisen damals " vom Norddeutschen Rundfunk. Der Reisebericht von Louise Mühlbach über ihre Reise nach Ägypten, veröffentlicht 1871, ist mittlerweile online nachzulesen unter https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101012484679;view=1up;seq=140. Sprecherin des Beitrages war Evelyn Hamann.
Determining the exact position of a forest inventory plot—and hence the position of the sampled trees—is often hampered by a poor Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal quality beneath the forest canopy. Inaccurate geo-references hamper the performance of models that aim to retrieve useful information from spatially high remote sensing data (e.g., species classification or timber volume estimation). This restriction is even more severe on the level of individual trees. The objective of this study was to develop a post-processing strategy to improve the positional accuracy of GNSS-measured sample-plot centers and to develop a method to automatically match trees within a terrestrial sample plot to aerial detected trees. We propose a new method which uses a random forest classifier to estimate the matching probability of each terrestrial-reference and aerial detected tree pair, which gives the opportunity to assess the reliability of the results. We investigated 133 sample plots of the Third German National Forest Inventory (BWI, 2011"2012) within the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. For training and objective validation, synthetic forest stands have been modeled using the Waldplaner 2.0 software. Our method has achieved an overall accuracy of 82.7% for co-registration and 89.1% for tree matching. With our method, 60% of the investigated plots could be successfully relocated. The probabilities provided by the algorithm are an objective indicator of the reliability of a specific result which could be incorporated into quantitative models to increase the performance of forest attribute estimations.
Academic self-concept (ASC) is comprised of individual perceptions of one- own academic ability. In a cross-sectional quasi-representative sample of 3,779 German elementary school children in grades 1 to 4, we investigated (a) the structure of ASC, (b) ASC profile formation, an aspect of differentiation that is reflected in lower correlations between domain-specific ASCs with increasing grade level, (c) the impact of (internal) dimensional comparisons of one- own ability in different school subjects for profile formation of ASC, and (d) the role played by differences in school grades between subjects for these dimensional comparisons. The nested Marsh/Shavelson model, with general ASC at the apex and math, writing, and reading ASC as specific factors nested under general ASC fitted the data at all grade levels. A first-order factor model with math, writing, reading, and general ASCs as correlated factors provided a good fit, too. ASC profile formation became apparent during the first two to three years of school. Dimensional comparisons across subjects contributed to ASC profile formation. School grades enhanced these comparisons, especially when achievement profiles were uneven. In part, findings depended on the assumed structural model of ASCs. Implications for further research are discussed with special regard to factors influencing and moderating dimensional comparisons.
Dysfunctional eating behavior is a major risk factor for developing all sorts of eating disorders. Food craving is a concept that may help to understand better why and how these and other eating disorders become chronic conditions through non homeastatically-driven mechanisms. As obesity affects people worldwide, cultural differences must be acknowledged to apply proper therapeutic strategies. In this work, we adapted the Food Craving Inventory (FCI) to the German population. We performed a factor analysis of an adaptation of the original FCI in a sample of 326 men and women. We could replicate the factor structure of the FCI on a German population.rnThe factor extraction procedure produced a factor solution that reproduces the fourfactors described in the original inventory, the FCI. Our instrument presents high internal consistency, as well as a significant correlation with measures of convergent and discriminant validity. The FCI-Deutsch (FCI-DE) is a valid instrument to assess craving for particular foods in Germany, and it could, therefore, prove useful in the clinical and research practice in the field of obesity and eating behaviors.
Zur Sache Schätzchen
(2005)
Karl May wurde Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Erfolgs- und Volksschriftsteller mit seinem Orient-Zyklus "Durch die Wüste". In Abgrenzung dazu stellt dieser Vortrag einige heute unbekannte Frauen vor, deren Reiseschilderungen sich so abenteuerlich lesen wie die Romane Karl Mays - allerdings mit dem entscheidenden Unterschied, dass ihre Reisen real, und nicht nur in der Phantasie, stattfanden. - Der Aufsatz gibt einen Vortrag der Verfasserin wieder, der an der Hochschule Darmstadt am 28.04.1989 gehalten wurde. rn
Der Aufsatz analysiert den Film "Karl May" von Hans Jürgen Syberberg, welcher am 18.10.1974 in München uraufgeführt wurde. Der Film bildet den mittleren Teil der Film-Trilogie, die Syberberg mit "Ludwig " Requiem für einen jungfräulichen König" begonnen und mit "Hitler, ein Film aus Deutschland" abgeschlossen hatte. Die Filmbiografie "Karl May", produziert von Bernd Eichinger und finanziert von der TMS Film GmbH (München) sowie Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) (Mainz), stellt den alternden Schriftsteller Karl May, gespielt von Helmut Käutner, in den Mittelpunkt - einen Autor, der sich an seinen eigenen Legenden psychisch abarbeitete und nach literarischer Anerkennung strebte. rn- Der Aufsatz gibt einen Vortrag wieder, der von Annette Deeken auf einer Tagung der Karl May-Gesellschaft am 1. Oktober 1983 in Regensburg gehalten wurde.
It is generally assumed that the temperature increase associated with global climate change will lead to increased thunderstorm intensity and associated heavy precipitation events. In the present study it is investigated whether the frequency of thunderstorm occurrences will in- or decrease and how the spatial distribution will change for the A1B scenario. The region of interest is Central Europe with a special focus on the Saar-Lor-Lux region (Saarland, Lorraine, Luxembourg) and Rhineland-Palatinate.Daily model data of the COSMO-CLM with a horizontal resolution of 4.5 km is used. The simulations were carried out for two different time slices: 1971"2000 (C20), and 2071"2100 (A1B). Thunderstorm indices are applied to detect thunderstorm-prone conditions and differences in their frequency of occurrence in the two thirty years timespans. The indices used are CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy), SLI (Surface Lifted Index), and TSP (Thunderstorm Severity Potential).The investigation of the present and future thunderstorm conducive conditions show a significant increase of non-thunderstorm conditions. The regional averaged thunderstorm frequencies will decrease in general, but only in the Alps a potential increase in thunderstorm occurrences and intensity is found. The comparison between time slices of 10 and 30 years length show that the number of gridpoints with significant signals increases only slightly. In order to get a robust signal for severe thunderstorm, an extension to more than 75 years would be necessary.
The Firepower of Work Craving: When Self-Control Is Burning under the Rubble of Self-Regulation
(2017)
Work craving theory addresses how work-addicted individuals direct great emotion-regulatory efforts to weave their addictive web of working. They crave work for two main emotional incentives: to overcompensate low self-worth and to escape (i.e., reduce) negative affect, which is strategically achieved through neurotic perfectionism and compulsive working. Work-addicted individuals" strong persistence and self-discipline with respect to work-related activities suggest strong skills in volitional action control. However, their inability to disconnect from work implies low volitional skills. How can work-addicted individuals have poor and strong volitional skills at the same time? To answer this paradox, we elaborated on the relevance of two different volitional modes in work craving: self-regulation (self-maintenance) and self-control (goal maintenance). Four hypotheses were derived from Wojdylo- work craving theory and Kuhl- self-regulation theory: (H1) Work craving is associated with a combination of low self-regulation and high self-control. (H2) Work craving is associated with symptoms of psychological distress. (H3) Low self-regulation is associated with psychological distress symptoms. (H4) Work craving mediates the relationships between self-regulation deficits and psychological distress symptoms at high levels of self-control. Additionally, we aimed at supporting the discriminant validity of work craving with respect to work engagement by showing their different volitional underpinnings. Results of the two studies confirmed our hypotheses: whereas work craving was predicted by high self-control and low self-regulation and associated with higher psychological distress, work engagement was predicted by high self-regulation and high self-control and associated with lower symptoms of psychological distress. Furthermore, work styles mediated the relationship between volitional skills and symptoms of psychological distress. Based on these new insights, several suggestions for prevention and therapeutic interventions for work-addicted individuals are proposed.
Der Aufsatz ist eine launige Hommage an das Frühe Kino. Er lässt die zeitgenössischen Quellen sprechen, die belegen, wie in den Pionierjahren des Films, vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, das Ereignis "Kino" wahrgenommen wurde. Erinnert wird somit an einen Abschnitt der Filmgeschichte, der zu unrecht vergessen wurde bzw. ein Schattendasein führt - gemessen am nachfolgenden Schema der Langfilme und der zivilisierten Lichtspieltheater.
Ausgelotet wird in diesem Aufsatz das Spektrum der ästhetischen und technischen Entwicklung des ältesten Genres, das der Film hervorgebracht hat: der Reisefilm. Schwerpunkt der Analyse ist das Frühe Kino und dessen filmästhetische Besonderheiten. rnNeue experimentelle Formen - wie die "Cartes postales Video" von Robert Cahen und filmkünstlerische Verwandlungen historischer Reisefilme durch die Mailänder Künstler Yervant Gianikian und Angela Ricci Lucchi - greifen zeitgenössisch auf dieses kreative Potential der Frühzeit des Kinos zurück. rn
Der Aufsatz, aus Anlaß der Ausstellung "Film-Ansichten aus der Ferne" im Düsseldorfer Filmmuseum und in dessen Auftrag entstanden, behandelt die Anfänge des Filmtourismus. rn1895 betrat der Film die Bühne der Reisemedien und begann, dem klassischen medialen Repertoire " von der Reisebeschreibung in Wort, Gemälde, Zeichnung bis hin zur Reisephotographie und dem steroskopischen Kaiser-Panorama " Konkurrenz zu machen. rnBesonders erfolgversprechend war jene topographische Bezugsgrösse, die auch schon in den tradierteren Medien massenmediale Quantität garantiert hatte: der "Orient" zwischen Maghreb und Ägypten.
Was ist Reiseliteratur? Mit diesem vagen und historisch divergenten Begriff befasst sich dieser Artikel. Die literarische Dimension trifft, so die These, auf die historische Ankunft der Figur des Touristen und der Ausformung des Reisens als Massenphänomen im 19. Jahrhundert: ein Begriffswandel vom Reisenden zum Tourist
Der Aufsatz erschien in der Zeitschrift "Deutschunterricht" 1994, zu einem Zeitpunkt, als über die Dominanz der visuellen Bilder und die Reizüberflutung durch das Fernsehen, das massenhaft und rastlos konsumierte Medium, allerorten diskutiert wurde. Er setzt sich mit der zentralten These von Neil Postman auseinander, in der Bilder per se als dumm eingestuft wurden, und seziert die Logik der notorischen Fernsehkritiker.
The present study covers the period from the late-ninth to the early-sixteenth centuries. Within this period, the late-thirteenth to mid-fourteenth centuries marked the decisive turning point, shaped more by attitudes and actions among the Christian majority than among Jewish agents. Our findings indicate an intensification of anti-Jewish tendencies, rooted in religious developments in Western Christendom. According to circumstances, however, these tendencies had a very varying impact across time and space. The frequent religious and ecclesiastical reform movements of Western Europe offer cases in point. In the 'German' Empire north of the Alps the monastic reforms of Saint Maximin and Gorze were by no means confined to the realm of monasticism; they were essential for shaping the historical circumstances in which the foundations of Ashkenazic Judaism were laid in the tenth and early-eleventh centuries. The concept of 'honor' was used by leading ecclesiastics such as bishop Rudiger of Speyer in 1084 to justify the settlement of Jews, but also by civic authorities such as those of Regensburg later on. It is significant for the long-term tendency, therefore, that the late-medieval expulsions from cities like Trier, Cologne, and Regensburg were eventually also legitimized by reference to the idea of honor.
Wie geht die Medieninstitution Fernsehen mit ihrem Sendematerial um? Und wie kommt es zu der Etablierung von Fernsehsendungen, die für sich in Anspruch nehmen können, Klassiker des deutschen Fernsehens geworden zu sein und damit einen Platz im kollektiven Gedächtnis der Nation beanspruchen? Diesen Fragen geht der Artikel, der als Einleitung zu dem Buch "Fernsehklassiker"(Alfeld: Coppi, 1998 [Aufsätze zu Film und Fernsehen Bd. 61]) verfaßt wurde, nach.
Politische Leitlinien Graf Heinrichs (1288-1304) 1.Phase: 1288-1297 Während der Konsolidierungsphase nach der desaströsen Niederlage zu Worringen (1288-1297) galt es, die bestehenden Herrschaftsrechte der Grafschaft zu sichern, zumal der junge Graf noch minderjährig war. Als politische Maßnahmen und Verhaltungsmaximen während dieser Phase sind hervorzuheben: 1) die Hochzeit des jungen Grafen mit einer Tochter des Siegers von Worringen, des Herzogs von Brabant, 2) Doppelvasallität zum deutschen und französischen König infolge eines Fidelitätsvertrages mit König Philipp von Frankreich. Diese Doppelvasallität ermöglichte politischen Attentismus, Neutralität im englisch/deutsch - französischen Krieg. Die Verpflichtung zur Verteidigung des französischen Königreiches fiel wegen der expansiven Politik König Philipps nicht ins Gewicht. Doppelvasallität verschafft außerdem Rückendeckung bei künftigen regionalen Konflikten, begünstigt politisches Lavieren zwischen den Königsherrschaften ohne sich deren Gegnerschaft einzuhandeln. 3) eine konservative zur Rechtsbewahrung und mit Rechtsansprüchen untermauerte Grundhaltung. Sie sichert zunächst nicht nur die bestehenden Herrschaftsrechte ab sondern schafft zugleich die Grundlage expansiver Politikmöglichkeiten hinsichtlich historischer Rechte mit einer Alternativen im Gefolge: a) die diplomatische Konfliktlösung, b) die kriegerische, gewaltsame Entscheidung. 2.Phase: 1298 - 1304 X 10 Reichspolitische Vorgänge aktivieren Phase 1.3), eine expansive politische Zielsetzung und deren Beendigungsprozeß. Doppelvasallität schließt Krieg oder auch Parteinahme gegen einen der Könige oder für den einen gegen den anderen König in der Regel aus, aber der deutsche Thronstreit zwischen Adolf von Nassau und Albrecht von Habsburg schuf eine besondere Ausgangslage mit Möglichkeiten und Risiken, die es gegenseitig abzuwägen galt. Graf Heinrichs Parteinahme für den gewählten Gegenkönig Albrecht von Habsburg würde ihm, bei einem Sieg Albrechts, eine neue politische Perspektive im Rahmen seiner Doppelvasallität eröffnen, die ihm wegen des politischen Gegensatzes beider Könige bisher zur Neutralität, zum Attentismus zwang. Jetzt würde ihm bei beiderseitigem königlichem Einvernehmen ein politischer Handlungsspielraum möglich sein mit gestärktem Rückhalt bei den Königen. Das Risiko einer Niederlage des Gegenkönigs konnte er eingehen, denn dann bliebe ihm immer noch der Rückhalt im französischen Königtum. Die auf der Seite König Adolfs stehenden Trierer nutzten die Abwesenheit des zur Entscheidungsschlacht bei Göllheim abgerückten Grafen, um in dessen Grafschaft einzufallen und dabei einen Zollturm auf einer Moselinsel unterhalb Grevenmachers zu zerstören, da sie die Rechtmäßigkeit der dortigen Geleitzollerhebung bestritten. Diese Provokation entschied darüber, wo Graf Heinrichs "neue Politik" nach dem Sieg Albrechts von Habsburg ansetzen, gegen wen sie sich richten würde - gegen Trier. Aber der Graf geht diplomatisch geschickt vor, reagiert nach seiner Rückkehr erstaunlich konziliant, befreit die Bürger durch Vermittlung des Grafen von Looz von der Geleitzollerhebung bei Grevenmacher, akzeptiert folglich deren Behauptung, die Zollerhebung sei unrechtmäßig erfolgt, jedoch mit einem Hintergedanken: Im Gegenzug erwartet er von den Bürgern ebenfalls Entgegenkommen, die Anerkennung einer jährlichen vogteilichen Abgeltungssteuer, was die Trierer, die ja mit dem Recht argumentierten, wohl schlecht verweigern könnten. Jedoch gingen die Bürger hierauf nicht ein. Ein weit hergeholter, aus dem Archiv des Grafen hervorgekramter verstaubter "alter Vertrag", bereits 1140/47 nicht mehr aktuell, hätte jetzt keine Gültigkeit mehr, werde daher nicht anerkannt! - Waren zuvor die Zöllner Graf Heinrichs auf der Moselinsel die "Wegelagerer", wie die "Gesta Trevirorum" formulieren, so waren jetzt die Trierer die "Bösewichte"! Mit einer ablehnenden Antwort dürfte Graf Heinrich freilich gerechnet haben, denn der Hintergedanke ließ sich weiter spinnen: Der Graf beschied sich nicht mit der negativen Antwort und begann einen Krieg mit den Trierern, vordergründig um sie zur Vertragstreue, Zahlung der 300 lb. jährlich zu zwingen, tatsächlich jedoch um die vor dem Abschluß des "alten Vertrages" bestandene vogteiliche Suprematie zurückzugewinnen! - Nichtentrichtung der 300 lb. jährlich bedeutet Rückfall in den vorvertraglichen Zustand! - Damit vollzog Graf Heinrich den Übergang von der Konsolidierungs- zur Expansionsphase, sich mit der Stadt und zugleich deren Erzbischof anlegend, mit dem Argument eines weit hergeholten Rechtsanspruchs aber mit politischem Rückhalt bei den Königen. Diese 2.Phase sollte allerdings nur von kurzer Dauer sein. Der Feldzug des Jahres 1300 gegen Trier scheiterte als die zur Verstärkung entsandten Truppen König Albrechts unter dem Kommando des märkischen Grafensohnes nach Weisung des Königs die Belagerung der Stadt abbrachen und nach Köln abzogen, mit folgenreichen politischen Konsequenzen für Graf Heinrich: Ab diesem Moment galt das Bündnis mit König Albrecht als beendet und somit auch die vorgezeichnete politische Linie des gemeinsamen Vorgehens gegen den Grafen von Hennegau, als erstes dem unmittelbar bevorstehenden Zug nach Nimwegen, wohl in Konsequenz auf Kosten einer Entfremdung mit König Philipp, dem politischen Rückhalt des Grafen von Hennegau. Noch gab Graf Heinrich seine Expansionsabsichten gegen Trier nicht auf, ein Umsturzversuch dem Luxemburger Grafenhaus nahestehender Kreise der Bürgerschaft scheiterte hauptsächlich am Widerstand der Handwerkerzünfte, denen der Erzbischof die Einberufung eines Rates der "consules" zugestand. Jetzt erst resignierte der Graf und ging zu einer Verständigungspolitik über. Bemerkenswert, wie er sich nach den Mißerfolgen, salopp formuliert, "aus der Affaire zog". Zunächst signalisierte er die Absicht, auf seine vogteilichen Ambitionen zu verzichten, begrüßt von Erzbischof und Stadt, und bot stattdessen eine Einungspolitik an, auf die Erzbischof und Stadt bereitwillig eingingen. Die Putschisten wurden rehabilitiert, der vorherige Einfluß des Grafen in der Stadt wiederhergestellt unter der Bedingung, daß die neue Ratsverfassung anerkannt wird. Er akzeptiert den von Erzbischof Dieter gegen ihn einberufenen, zumindest von diesem zugelassenen neuen Stadtrat, der seine Ambitionen letztlich zunichte gemacht hatte, revanchiert sich jedoch gegenüber Dieter, indem er im Anschluß an den Einungspakt mit den Bürgern einen Sondervertrag abschließt, die Bürger davon überzeugt, daß die vogteiliche Abgeltungssteuer der 300 lb. jährlich auch für sie vorteihaft sein werde. Er erinnert die Bürger an deren Bedeutung, daß derjenige, der sie entrichtet, sich im Besitz vogteilicher, letztendlich im Königtum verankerter Herrschaftsrechte befindet, er dabei ihre Bedenken zerstreut, indem er Bürger der Stadt zu werden verspricht und so eine Erneuerung vogteilicher Ansprüche ausschließt, und daß er in seiner Eigenschaft als Mitbürger sie und ihre Rechte gegen Anfechtungen erzbischöflicherseits zu verteidigen gedenkt. Die Stadt akzeptiert sein Angebot mit dem Vertrag vom 2.4.1302 und präsentiert sich im Vertrag vom 2.9.1304 mit Erzbischof Dieter als Inhaber der Vogtei, indem sie Dieter 300 Bewaffnete bedingt zur Verfügung stellt. Seiner Einungslinie und Bündnispolitik bleibt Graf Heinrich auch bei neuerlichen "hausgemachten" Bürgerunruhen treu, und er wirkt bei der Vollendung der Einung mit, indem die Fehde zwischen der Stadt und Daun/Praudom mit seiner Hilfe beendet wird. 3.Phase: 1301 II 9 - 1304 kurz nach VIII 21/(1305 VII) Der Entschluß, am Abwehrkampf der Flamen gegen die französische Invasion aktiv teilzunehmen fiel Graf Heinrich trotz seiner Bündnisse mit dem flämischen Grafenhaus nicht leicht. Er hielt sich im Jahre 1302 noch im Hintergrund, nahm nicht an der Schlacht bei Courtrai ("Güldensporenschlacht") teil. Könige sollten nicht bekämpft werden sondern vielmehr politischen Rückhalt in territorialpolitischen Auseinandersetzungen gewähren. Das Territorium des französischen Königreiches sollte vertragsgemäß gegen Angreifer verteidigt werden aber auch Flandern und das ihm persönlich nahestehende flämische Grafenhaus, mit dem er am 9.Februar 1301 ein erstes Bündnis abschloß. Die Kriegsziele gaben den Ausschlag, sodaß er sich für die Verteidigung Flanderns und des flämischen Grafenhauses entschied, ohne damit gegen die mit König Philipp abgeschlossenen Verträge zu verstoßen, selbst als er mit den Flamen im August/September 1303 bei der Abwehr einer bereitstehenden französischen Invasionsarmee unter König Philipp diesem bis vor die Tore von Paris folgte. Hierfür entschuldigte er sich gewissermaßen anschließend bei dem König, indem er seine Parteinahme mit seiner Feindschaft gegen den mit dem König verbündeten Grafen von Hennegau zu begründen sucht und bittet hier um eine Vermittlung Philipps, um sich in Zukunft zumindest neutral verhalten zu können. Dem Kriegszug folgt eine Phase des Attentismus, des Abwartens bis zu einem Verhandlungsergebnis (1.10.1303-15.3.1304), danach die Waffenstillstandsphase zwischen ihm und dem Grafen von Hennegau (15.3.1304-18.8.1304),während der er seine flämischen Allianzver- pflichtungen ruhen läßt. Ein zweifellos mit Erleichterung angenommener Auftrag König Philipps nach der Schlacht bei Mons-en-Pévèle, Friedensverhandlungen in die Wege zu leiten, entbindet den Grafen von der erneut eingeforderten flämischen Bündnisverpflichtung. Wie der chronologische Ablauf ausweist, haben zwischen den Phasen des "Schauplatz Trier" und des "Schauplatz Flandern" Interferenzbeziehungen bestanden. Das Bündnis Graf Heinrichs mit der flämischen Grafenfamilie von jenem 9.Februar 1301 und die Vorkommnisse in und um Flandern haben neben dem Mißerfolg bei der Belagerung Triers und dem gescheiterten Putsch sicherlich zum Politikwechsel Graf Heinrichs gegenüber Trier ihren Teil beigetragen. Gleichzeitig an zwei politischen Brennpunkten wollte und konnte er nicht mit gleichem Nachdruck präsent sein.
Das Judenschutzprivileg Karls d. Gr. setzte voraus, daß den Juden eine die Königsherrschaft bzw. den Staat stützende Funktion zugedacht war. Damit vollzog der Kaiser eine Wende um 1800 gegenüber den antiken Herrschern, die in den Juden eine Gefahr für ihren zentralisierten Einheitsstaat erblickt hatten. Unter dem Dach des von Kaiser Karl begründeten Judenschutzes lebte das traditionelle politische Motiv einer sich in zahlreichen Repressionen bis hin zu Verfolgungen und Vertreibungen äußernden Judenfeindschaft im nordalpinen Raum weiter, modifiziert infolge geänderter Voraussetzungen. Die Juden fanden sich hinfort in einem politischen Spannungsfeld zwischen Judenschutz und Anfeindung eingebunden und zwar innerhalb eines sich horizontal zunächst bipolar (Rivalität Kaiser/König - Papst), dann auch multipolar ausweitenden Herrschaftsbereiches mit zum Teil rivalitätsbedingten Übergriffen bis hin zu Verfolgungen.- Wegen der Beteiligung anderer Gewalten neben dem König an der Herrschaft über die Juden und damit an der Ausübung des Judenschutzes wurden die Juden oftmals Leidtragende separater materieller und politischer Konflikte, weil sie politisch als Stütze konkurrierender bzw. einander verfeindeter Herrschaftsträger wahrgenommen wurden, womit eine der Modifikationen des traditionellen Motivs faßbar wird - die Gefährdung eigener Herrschaftspositionen durch den politischen Widersacher. Folgt man dem Ritter und Ministerialen Johann von Rinberg als Leitfigur - 1298 wird er dann definitiv zur Hauptfigur -, erschließt sich ein neuer bisher in der Forschung vernachlässigter Täterkreis - die Rolle der Ministerialen bei Judenverfolgungen gerät in den Focus der Aufmerksamkeit und nicht der Mob, die blind wütende, die Juden mit oder ohne pseudoreligiösem Bezug kriminalisierende und lynchende Masse, sondern vielmehr die Frage nach den Drahtziehern bzw. Strippenziehern im Hintergrund, den Hintermännern der stereotyp wiederkehrenden Standardbeschuldigungen (Brunnen- vergiftung, Hostienfrevel, Ritualmord,...). Der im Rheingau gelegene Salhof Lorch entpuppte sich als das Zentrum ministerialischer Opposition unter Führung des Rheingrafen gegen den Ausbau der Landesherrschaft des Mainzer Erzbischofs. Hier in Lorch selbst veranlaßten die Ministerialen während eines "Krieges" gegen den Erzbischof Werner von Mainz ihre erste Judenverfolgung im Jahre 1274/5, worin auch die Familie der Rinbergs involviert war. In den Verhandlungen eines Schiedsgerichts wird die von den Ministerialen eingeschlagene Taktik erkennbar, ihre Verantwortung und Mitschuld zu verschleiern und die Schuld ausschließlich den eigentlichen Judenschlägern anzulasten, was freilich nicht ganz gelingt, da der Erzbischof auf vollem Schadenersatz bestand, den die ärmeren Judenschläger selbst nicht zu leisten vermochten. Mit dem Sieg des Erzbischofs 1279 in der Schlacht bei Gensingen gegen die Ministerialität unter Führung des Rheingrafen und seinem Sieg auch in der sich anschließenden "Sponheimer Fehde" des Jahres 1281 kam die Wende auch für die Truchsessenfamilie von Rinberg. Ihre und des Rheingrafen Burg Rheinberg im Wispertal wurde 1281 erobert und zerstört und das Truchsessenamt ihnen entzogen. Sigfrid von Rinberg und sein Sohn Johann gerieten nicht wie der Rheingraf und dessen Sohn in Gefangenschaft, sie konnten sich ihr durch die Flucht entziehen, unterwarfen sich nicht und wurden von nun an ausdrücklich als "Feinde" des Erzbischofs und der Mainzer Kirche bezeichnet. Der Rheingraf wurde aus dem Rheingau verdrängt und mußte sich verpflichten, keine konspirativen Kontakte zu diesen Feinden aufzunehmen bzw. zu pflegen, sie nicht zu beherbergen. Gleiches galt natürlich auch für die unterworfene Ministerialität. Indizien legen den Schluß nahe, daß sich Johann von Rinberg zwischen 1281 und 1292 in Reichweite des Salhofes Lorch aber dennoch an einem sicheren Ort aufhielt, in der Reichsstadt Oberwesel. Von hier aus ließen sich durch ihn als erklärtem Feind des Erzbischofs hervorragend konspirativ Verbindungen knüpfen und koordinieren. Die Ministerialenopposition lebte im Verborgenen wieder auf. Gesucht wurde nach Wegen, scheinlegal im Zusammenspiel mit dem verbündeten Mainzer Stadtrat gegen Positionen des Erzbischofs - hier gegen dessen Juden - vorzugehen. So kann es nicht verwundern, daß diesesmal der nächste Vorstoß gegen die Juden 1282/3 nicht von Lorch her sondern von Olm aus erfolgte durch den Ritter und Ministerialen Herbord Ring von Olm, der bezeichnenderweise enge Verbindungen zum Salhof Lorch unterhielt, der jetzt in Begleitung weiterer Ministerialen vor der Stadt Mainz erschien, um wegen der Ermordung angeblich seines Neffen und angeblich durch Juden der Stadt Mainz Einlaß zu begehren und eine ordentliche Gerichtsverhandlung zu verlangen. Das Komplott des Herbord im Zusammenspiel mit dem Mainzer Stadtrat, der danach trachtete, den Judenschutz und die Gerichtsbarkeit über die Juden zu gewinnen, wurde von Erzbischof Werner von Anfang an durchschaut. Eine "kleine", vom Stadtrat kontrollierte und beendete Judenverfolgung wurde wie schon 1281 zugelassen, um so das Unvermögen des Judenschutzes durch den Erzbischof offenkundig zu machen. 1287 transportierten Ministerialen den zu Oberwesel angeblich von dortigen Juden ermordeten "Guten Werner" per Schiff gen Mainz, um so das Schauspiel des Herbord von Olm aus dem Jahre 1282/3 zu wiederholen. Eine Koordination muß der Übernahme vorausgegangen sein, eingefädelt wurde der Fall sehr wahrscheinlich durch ihren externen Komplizen Johann von Rinberg, der sich hier in Oberwesel aufgehalten haben dürfte. Etwas Unvorhergesehenes durchkreuzte den Plan der Ministerialen und zwang sie zur vorzeitigen Anlandung in Bacharach. Von Standesgenossen des Salhofes Lorch gewarnt und an Land gewunken erfuhren sie, daß König Rudolf soeben in Mainz eingetroffen war, der hier die Mainzer Bürgerschaft wegen der vorausgegangenen Judenverfolgung des Jahres 1286 zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilte. Die inszenierte Verfolgungswelle des "Guten Werner" ließ sich indes hierdurch nicht aufhalten,die von den Ministerialen und speziell von Johann von Rinberg auf die Weinbau betreibende Bevölkerung der Rheingegend zugeschnittene Märtyrergeschichte des "Guten Werner" fand ihren Zuspruch. König Adolf nahm Johann von Rinberg als bewährten Feind des Mainzer Erzbischofs 1294 in seinen Dienst als Folge des Zerwürfnisses mit Erzbischof Gerhard. Johann wurde zum königlichen Vogt des Speyergaues ernannt. Zu Beginn des Thronstreites zwischen König Adolf von Nassau und Herzog Albrecht von Österreich und noch vor dem ersten Auftritt Johanns von Rinberg zu Röttingen als Judenverfolger namens Rindfleisch (20.04.) setzte in den Kreisen des königstreuen Adels Schwabens und auch Frankens eine gegen die Juden gerichtete Bewegung ein - von einem "heftigen Geschrei" gegen die dem Erzbischof von Mainz und damit einem der Hauptgegner König Adolfs unterstehenden Juden der Region ist die Rede. Konkretisiert wird das "Geschrei" in einem Fall,einer Standardbeschuldigung: Die Juden hätten den Sohn eines mächtigen Adligen erdrosselt. Die wahren Hintergründe erhellen sich am Verhalten eines dieser Adligen, des Kraft von Hohenlohe, Herrn von Weikersheim und auch Röttingens. Wegen des reichspolitischen Konflikts und der Gegnerschaft des Mainzer Erzbischofs als dem Herrn der Juden wittern sie die Möglichkeit, sich ihrer Schulden bei den Juden durch deren Vernichtung zu entledigen. Aber man ist sich des Risikos politischer Wechselfälle bewußt. - So erlangt der Erzbischof von Mainz nach dem Sieg über König Adolf vom neuen König Albrecht von Habsburg das Privileg, daß ihm die Schuldforderungen der getöteten Juden, welche keine Erben haben, zufallen sollen.- Risikobewußt und zögerlich verhält sich Kraft von Hohenlohe, der zunächst Rücksprache mit dem Bischof von Würzburg hält, um danach gegen die Juden seiner Herrschaft vorgehen zu können und sich so seiner Schulden zu entledigen, was in Weikersheim auch geschah, wohingegen er die Verfolgung in Röttingen Rindfleisch überließ. Der Adel hielt Ausschau nach einem erfolgversprechenden Exekutor, hinter dem man sich verstecken konnte. Man fand ihn in der Person des Speyerer Landvogtes Johann von Rinberg, eines allseits bekannten Feindes des Mainzer Erzbischofs und zugleich eines Judenfeindes, der mit Conrad Rindfleisch einen namentlich ausgewiesenen Judenverfolger zu seinem Stellvertreter ernannt hatte. "Iussu et consensu superiorum" verfolgte Johann von Rinberg die Juden, wie die "Historiae memorabiles" bezeugen, und zwar unter einer jetzt auch beim einfachen Volk, den "arme(n) lude(n)", zugkräftigen Parole: Die Juden hätten dem Heer König Adolfs vergiftetes Rindfleisch geliefert und seien die Verursacher der sich auf Landgebiete ausbreitenden Seuche.- Während der mit dem Schlachtentod König Adolfs in Göllheim endenden Kämpfe um die Krone brach im Heer des Königs eine Seuche aus, die sich auch auf Breisach und weitere Landgebiete ausweitete. Man schrieb dies dem Genuß verdorbenen Rindfleisches zu.Johann von Rinberg machte sich dies zunutze, setzte über den Rhein , begab sich in die königsnahe Landschaft Schwabens und Frankens, um hier gegen die Juden als angeblichen Verursachern der Seuche zu hetzen. Wegen seiner Parole gab man ihm den Namen "Rindfleisch". Begrüßt vom Adel der königsnahen Landschaften und mit Zulauf aus den ärmeren Bevölkerungskreisen zogen seine Scharen die Juden mordend über das Land. Vor Würzburg scheiterte er zunächst allerdings am Widerstand des dortigen Stadtrates. In den Speyergau zurückgekehrt, schloß er sich dem jetzt linksrheinisch operierenden Heer König Adolfs an, kämpfte in der Schlacht bei Göllheim, wurde gefangengenommen, dann aber von dem neuen König Albrecht I. von Habsburg vorzeitig unter Bedingungen entlassen, mit einer Sondermission betraut, die sich inzwischen verselbständigten Judenverfolgungen in Franken kraft seines Einflusses als "capitaneus" und "rex Rintfleisch" auf diese Scharen der Judenverfolger zu beenden. In Würzburg mit seiner Mannschaft angekommen, brach Johann von Rinberg seinen dem König geleisteten Eid, wurde rückfällig, ließ die Juden der Stadt unter Beihilfe einer Bürgeropposition ermorden und startete von hier aus eine neue Verfolgungswelle. Anschließend befreite er mit einem tollkühnen Handstreich den Sohn des getöteten Königs Adolf von Nassau aus der Gefangenschaft Erzbischof Gerhards von Mainz und begab sich daraufhin in Dienst und Schutz des Nassauer Grafenhauses und Erzbischof Dieters von Trier, der ihn zu seinen "Freunden" zählte. Die Identifizierung des berüchtigten Judenverfolgers Rindfleisch des Jahres 1298 setzte bei den Quellen an, die ihn als Edelmann mit Namen de Rinberch nennen. Es konnte geklärt werden, wieso man den Edelmann de Rinberch/Rinberg auch "Rindfleisch" nannte und zwar über Ermittlungen zum Reichslandvogt im Speyergau, Johann von Rinberg und dessen Stellvertreter mit Namen Conrad Rindfleisch angesichts einer sich in der Nachbarschaft und im Operationsgebiet des königlichen Heeres ausbreitenden Seuche, die man auf den Genuß des Rindfleisches zurückführte. Die im Quellenhorizont der Wende des 13. zum 14. Jahrhundert ermittelten Träger dieses Namens wurden überprüft mit dem Ergebnis, daß nur Johann von Rinberg dieser Judenverfolger gewesen sein konnte. Die Hypothese, es könne schließlich noch weitere Rinbergs gegeben haben, die als Täter in Frage kämen, disqualifiziert sich vor diesem Hintergrund als "argumentum ex silentio"! Zu seinem "Täterprofil" paßt sein Motivationshintergrund, sein engeres familiäres und weiteres soziales und politisches Umfeld mit der Anbindung von Judenverfolgungen an die Kämpfe der Ministerialen mit ihrem Landesherrn sowie weitere Ermittlungen - keine Hypothesen sondern Indizien: Vereinbarkeit der Itinerarien Rindfleischs und Johanns von Rinberg / der Name des Stellvertreters Johanns von Rinberg im Speyergau, Conrad Rindfleisch : keine Zufälligkeit sondern Vorbildfunktion / der Vorname des nach Koblenz verzogenen Rindfleisch : Johannes / Rinbergs Mission im Auftrag König Albrechts von Habsburg gegen die Scharen der Judenverfolger und sein Rückfall, seine Konversion : nur Johann von Rinberg kam in Königsnähe hierfür in Frage, zumal sein Name in der Kombination Rint-berg Zeugnis ablegt von der Kenntnis seiner Identität als Rintfleisch (Rintfleisch / Rinberg).
Die auf einem Plenarvortrag zur Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung des 18. Jahrhunderts zum Thema "Das Erdbeben von Lissabon und der Katastropendiskurs im 18. Jahrhundert (Göttingen 2005) aufsetzende Untersuchung analysiert die Behandlung des Erdbebens von Lissabon im Jahr 1755 in illustrierten Ausgaben von Voltaires erstmals 1759 erschienenem Roman "Candide".
Studienförderung in der Frühen Neuzeit. Das Luzerner Stipendienwesen in den Jahren 1550 bis 1650
(2008)
Anhand von Ratsprotokolle, Korrespondenzen und Testamenten wurde das Luzerner Stipendienwesen hinsichtlich seiner Funktionsweise, Intension und Wirkung untersucht für den Zeitraum 1550 bis 1650.Es stellt sich heraus, dass die Stipendien als obrigkeitliches Instrument der politischen und konfessionellen Stabilisierung des Standes Luzern dienten. Dabei erhielten in erster Linie die Söhne der Ratsherrengeschlechter die Studienförderung. D.h., dass eine Bildungsförderung eher armer Gesellschaftsschichten dem Anliegen der Statussicherung der neuen Luzerner Ratsgeschlechter entgegen stand. Dennoch wurden die obrigkeitlichen Stipendien nicht effektiv genutzt, wobei sie in Verbindung mit den (kirchlich-)privaten Studienstiftungen ein aufeinander aufbauendes Stipendiensystem ausbildeten, das die Grundausbildung und die Hochschulbildung zu mindest für einige Stipendiaten ermöglichte.
Über zeitgenössische Reaktionen auf den Vandalismus der französischen Revolutionsära im deutschsprachigen Raum.
Überblicksdarstellung zu deutschen Besuchern der Pariser Nationalbibliothek zwischen ca. 1780-1820 auf Grundlage der in Paris erhaltnenen handschriftlichen Ausleihjournale und gedruckter Reiseberichte.
Überblicksdarstellung zur deutschsprachigen Casanova-Rezeption mit Schwerpunkt 20. Jahrhundert (in französischer Sprache).
Mental processes are filters which intervene in the literary presentation of nature. This article will take you on a journey through literary landscapes, starting from Joseph Furphy and end-ing with Gerald Murnane. It will try to show the development of Australian literary landscape depiction. The investigation of this extensive topic will show that the perception of the Aus-tralian landscape as foreign and threatening is a coded expression of the protagonists" crisis of identity due to their estrangement from European cultural roots. Only a feeling of being at home enables the characters to perceive landscapes in a positive way and allows the author to depict intimate and familiar views of nature. This topic will be investigated with a range of novels to reveal the development of this theme from the turn of the nineteenth century (the time of Furphy- novel Such is Life) up to the present (i.e. novels by Malouf, Foster, Hall, Murnane).
Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über Open Source-basierte Bibliotheksverwaltungssysteme (Stand Mai 2005). Deren Entwicklungsstand und Leistungsfähigkeit wurden untersucht und bewertet. Ein wichtiger Vergleichspunkt sind die Kosten bei einem Einsatz kommerzieller Systeme (Vergleichsmaßstab ALEPH 500) und einem Einsatz von Open Source-basierten Systemen und deren Weiterentwicklung.