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Institut
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Die exempelhafte Kurzerzählung 'Der Welt Lohn' mit Contemptus Mundi-Thematik (Frau Welt-Motiv) des mittelhochdeutschen Dichters Konrad von Würzburg, entstanden wohl um 1250, war ausweislich ihrer Überlieferung in Handschriften des 13. bis 15. Jahrhunderts außerordentlich beliebt. Die Studie geht der Frage nach, welchem Publikum und welcher Lesehaltung sich dieser Erfolg verdankte.
Politische Leitlinien Graf Heinrichs (1288-1304) 1.Phase: 1288-1297 Während der Konsolidierungsphase nach der desaströsen Niederlage zu Worringen (1288-1297) galt es, die bestehenden Herrschaftsrechte der Grafschaft zu sichern, zumal der junge Graf noch minderjährig war. Als politische Maßnahmen und Verhaltungsmaximen während dieser Phase sind hervorzuheben: 1) die Hochzeit des jungen Grafen mit einer Tochter des Siegers von Worringen, des Herzogs von Brabant, 2) Doppelvasallität zum deutschen und französischen König infolge eines Fidelitätsvertrages mit König Philipp von Frankreich. Diese Doppelvasallität ermöglichte politischen Attentismus, Neutralität im englisch/deutsch - französischen Krieg. Die Verpflichtung zur Verteidigung des französischen Königreiches fiel wegen der expansiven Politik König Philipps nicht ins Gewicht. Doppelvasallität verschafft außerdem Rückendeckung bei künftigen regionalen Konflikten, begünstigt politisches Lavieren zwischen den Königsherrschaften ohne sich deren Gegnerschaft einzuhandeln. 3) eine konservative zur Rechtsbewahrung und mit Rechtsansprüchen untermauerte Grundhaltung. Sie sichert zunächst nicht nur die bestehenden Herrschaftsrechte ab sondern schafft zugleich die Grundlage expansiver Politikmöglichkeiten hinsichtlich historischer Rechte mit einer Alternativen im Gefolge: a) die diplomatische Konfliktlösung, b) die kriegerische, gewaltsame Entscheidung. 2.Phase: 1298 - 1304 X 10 Reichspolitische Vorgänge aktivieren Phase 1.3), eine expansive politische Zielsetzung und deren Beendigungsprozeß. Doppelvasallität schließt Krieg oder auch Parteinahme gegen einen der Könige oder für den einen gegen den anderen König in der Regel aus, aber der deutsche Thronstreit zwischen Adolf von Nassau und Albrecht von Habsburg schuf eine besondere Ausgangslage mit Möglichkeiten und Risiken, die es gegenseitig abzuwägen galt. Graf Heinrichs Parteinahme für den gewählten Gegenkönig Albrecht von Habsburg würde ihm, bei einem Sieg Albrechts, eine neue politische Perspektive im Rahmen seiner Doppelvasallität eröffnen, die ihm wegen des politischen Gegensatzes beider Könige bisher zur Neutralität, zum Attentismus zwang. Jetzt würde ihm bei beiderseitigem königlichem Einvernehmen ein politischer Handlungsspielraum möglich sein mit gestärktem Rückhalt bei den Königen. Das Risiko einer Niederlage des Gegenkönigs konnte er eingehen, denn dann bliebe ihm immer noch der Rückhalt im französischen Königtum. Die auf der Seite König Adolfs stehenden Trierer nutzten die Abwesenheit des zur Entscheidungsschlacht bei Göllheim abgerückten Grafen, um in dessen Grafschaft einzufallen und dabei einen Zollturm auf einer Moselinsel unterhalb Grevenmachers zu zerstören, da sie die Rechtmäßigkeit der dortigen Geleitzollerhebung bestritten. Diese Provokation entschied darüber, wo Graf Heinrichs "neue Politik" nach dem Sieg Albrechts von Habsburg ansetzen, gegen wen sie sich richten würde - gegen Trier. Aber der Graf geht diplomatisch geschickt vor, reagiert nach seiner Rückkehr erstaunlich konziliant, befreit die Bürger durch Vermittlung des Grafen von Looz von der Geleitzollerhebung bei Grevenmacher, akzeptiert folglich deren Behauptung, die Zollerhebung sei unrechtmäßig erfolgt, jedoch mit einem Hintergedanken: Im Gegenzug erwartet er von den Bürgern ebenfalls Entgegenkommen, die Anerkennung einer jährlichen vogteilichen Abgeltungssteuer, was die Trierer, die ja mit dem Recht argumentierten, wohl schlecht verweigern könnten. Jedoch gingen die Bürger hierauf nicht ein. Ein weit hergeholter, aus dem Archiv des Grafen hervorgekramter verstaubter "alter Vertrag", bereits 1140/47 nicht mehr aktuell, hätte jetzt keine Gültigkeit mehr, werde daher nicht anerkannt! - Waren zuvor die Zöllner Graf Heinrichs auf der Moselinsel die "Wegelagerer", wie die "Gesta Trevirorum" formulieren, so waren jetzt die Trierer die "Bösewichte"! Mit einer ablehnenden Antwort dürfte Graf Heinrich freilich gerechnet haben, denn der Hintergedanke ließ sich weiter spinnen: Der Graf beschied sich nicht mit der negativen Antwort und begann einen Krieg mit den Trierern, vordergründig um sie zur Vertragstreue, Zahlung der 300 lb. jährlich zu zwingen, tatsächlich jedoch um die vor dem Abschluß des "alten Vertrages" bestandene vogteiliche Suprematie zurückzugewinnen! - Nichtentrichtung der 300 lb. jährlich bedeutet Rückfall in den vorvertraglichen Zustand! - Damit vollzog Graf Heinrich den Übergang von der Konsolidierungs- zur Expansionsphase, sich mit der Stadt und zugleich deren Erzbischof anlegend, mit dem Argument eines weit hergeholten Rechtsanspruchs aber mit politischem Rückhalt bei den Königen. Diese 2.Phase sollte allerdings nur von kurzer Dauer sein. Der Feldzug des Jahres 1300 gegen Trier scheiterte als die zur Verstärkung entsandten Truppen König Albrechts unter dem Kommando des märkischen Grafensohnes nach Weisung des Königs die Belagerung der Stadt abbrachen und nach Köln abzogen, mit folgenreichen politischen Konsequenzen für Graf Heinrich: Ab diesem Moment galt das Bündnis mit König Albrecht als beendet und somit auch die vorgezeichnete politische Linie des gemeinsamen Vorgehens gegen den Grafen von Hennegau, als erstes dem unmittelbar bevorstehenden Zug nach Nimwegen, wohl in Konsequenz auf Kosten einer Entfremdung mit König Philipp, dem politischen Rückhalt des Grafen von Hennegau. Noch gab Graf Heinrich seine Expansionsabsichten gegen Trier nicht auf, ein Umsturzversuch dem Luxemburger Grafenhaus nahestehender Kreise der Bürgerschaft scheiterte hauptsächlich am Widerstand der Handwerkerzünfte, denen der Erzbischof die Einberufung eines Rates der "consules" zugestand. Jetzt erst resignierte der Graf und ging zu einer Verständigungspolitik über. Bemerkenswert, wie er sich nach den Mißerfolgen, salopp formuliert, "aus der Affaire zog". Zunächst signalisierte er die Absicht, auf seine vogteilichen Ambitionen zu verzichten, begrüßt von Erzbischof und Stadt, und bot stattdessen eine Einungspolitik an, auf die Erzbischof und Stadt bereitwillig eingingen. Die Putschisten wurden rehabilitiert, der vorherige Einfluß des Grafen in der Stadt wiederhergestellt unter der Bedingung, daß die neue Ratsverfassung anerkannt wird. Er akzeptiert den von Erzbischof Dieter gegen ihn einberufenen, zumindest von diesem zugelassenen neuen Stadtrat, der seine Ambitionen letztlich zunichte gemacht hatte, revanchiert sich jedoch gegenüber Dieter, indem er im Anschluß an den Einungspakt mit den Bürgern einen Sondervertrag abschließt, die Bürger davon überzeugt, daß die vogteiliche Abgeltungssteuer der 300 lb. jährlich auch für sie vorteihaft sein werde. Er erinnert die Bürger an deren Bedeutung, daß derjenige, der sie entrichtet, sich im Besitz vogteilicher, letztendlich im Königtum verankerter Herrschaftsrechte befindet, er dabei ihre Bedenken zerstreut, indem er Bürger der Stadt zu werden verspricht und so eine Erneuerung vogteilicher Ansprüche ausschließt, und daß er in seiner Eigenschaft als Mitbürger sie und ihre Rechte gegen Anfechtungen erzbischöflicherseits zu verteidigen gedenkt. Die Stadt akzeptiert sein Angebot mit dem Vertrag vom 2.4.1302 und präsentiert sich im Vertrag vom 2.9.1304 mit Erzbischof Dieter als Inhaber der Vogtei, indem sie Dieter 300 Bewaffnete bedingt zur Verfügung stellt. Seiner Einungslinie und Bündnispolitik bleibt Graf Heinrich auch bei neuerlichen "hausgemachten" Bürgerunruhen treu, und er wirkt bei der Vollendung der Einung mit, indem die Fehde zwischen der Stadt und Daun/Praudom mit seiner Hilfe beendet wird. 3.Phase: 1301 II 9 - 1304 kurz nach VIII 21/(1305 VII) Der Entschluß, am Abwehrkampf der Flamen gegen die französische Invasion aktiv teilzunehmen fiel Graf Heinrich trotz seiner Bündnisse mit dem flämischen Grafenhaus nicht leicht. Er hielt sich im Jahre 1302 noch im Hintergrund, nahm nicht an der Schlacht bei Courtrai ("Güldensporenschlacht") teil. Könige sollten nicht bekämpft werden sondern vielmehr politischen Rückhalt in territorialpolitischen Auseinandersetzungen gewähren. Das Territorium des französischen Königreiches sollte vertragsgemäß gegen Angreifer verteidigt werden aber auch Flandern und das ihm persönlich nahestehende flämische Grafenhaus, mit dem er am 9.Februar 1301 ein erstes Bündnis abschloß. Die Kriegsziele gaben den Ausschlag, sodaß er sich für die Verteidigung Flanderns und des flämischen Grafenhauses entschied, ohne damit gegen die mit König Philipp abgeschlossenen Verträge zu verstoßen, selbst als er mit den Flamen im August/September 1303 bei der Abwehr einer bereitstehenden französischen Invasionsarmee unter König Philipp diesem bis vor die Tore von Paris folgte. Hierfür entschuldigte er sich gewissermaßen anschließend bei dem König, indem er seine Parteinahme mit seiner Feindschaft gegen den mit dem König verbündeten Grafen von Hennegau zu begründen sucht und bittet hier um eine Vermittlung Philipps, um sich in Zukunft zumindest neutral verhalten zu können. Dem Kriegszug folgt eine Phase des Attentismus, des Abwartens bis zu einem Verhandlungsergebnis (1.10.1303-15.3.1304), danach die Waffenstillstandsphase zwischen ihm und dem Grafen von Hennegau (15.3.1304-18.8.1304),während der er seine flämischen Allianzver- pflichtungen ruhen läßt. Ein zweifellos mit Erleichterung angenommener Auftrag König Philipps nach der Schlacht bei Mons-en-Pévèle, Friedensverhandlungen in die Wege zu leiten, entbindet den Grafen von der erneut eingeforderten flämischen Bündnisverpflichtung. Wie der chronologische Ablauf ausweist, haben zwischen den Phasen des "Schauplatz Trier" und des "Schauplatz Flandern" Interferenzbeziehungen bestanden. Das Bündnis Graf Heinrichs mit der flämischen Grafenfamilie von jenem 9.Februar 1301 und die Vorkommnisse in und um Flandern haben neben dem Mißerfolg bei der Belagerung Triers und dem gescheiterten Putsch sicherlich zum Politikwechsel Graf Heinrichs gegenüber Trier ihren Teil beigetragen. Gleichzeitig an zwei politischen Brennpunkten wollte und konnte er nicht mit gleichem Nachdruck präsent sein.
Zur Sache Schätzchen
(2005)
In den letzten Jahren hat die Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) das Thema Wohnen zunehmend in ihren Wahlprogrammen aufgegriffen und für die eigene politische Profilierung genutzt. Der Beitrag zeigt, inwiefern die Thematisierung des Wohnens bei der AfD so formuliert ist, dass es erhebliche Anknüpfungspunkte an rechtes Gedankengut herstellt. Der Beitrag thematisiert die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen für eine kritische Stadtforschung sowie für progressive soziale Bewegungen. Er plädiert dafür, sich der Gefahr der rechten Vereinnahmung des Themas Wohnen bewusst zu sein und sich deutlich von den rechten Übernahmeversuchen abzugrenzen sowie Gegenstrategien zu entwickeln.
When do anorexic patients perceive their body as too fat? Aggravating and ameliorating factors
(2019)
Objective
Our study investigated body image representations in female patients with anorexia nervosa
and healthy controls using a size estimation with pictures of their own body. We also
explored a method to reduce body image distortions through right hemispheric activation.
Method
Pictures of participants’ own bodies were shown on the left or right visual fields for 130 ms
after presentation of neutral, positive, or negative word primes, which could be self-relevant
or not, with the task of classifying the picture as “thinner than”, “equal to”, or “fatter than”
one’s own body. Subsequently, activation of the left- or right hemispheric through right- or
left-hand muscle contractions for 3 min., respectively. Finally, participants completed the
size estimation task again.
Results
The distorted “fatter than” body image was found only in patients and only when a picture of
their own body appeared on the right visual field (left hemisphere) and was preceded by
negative self-relevant words. This distorted perception of the patients’ body image was
reduced after left-hand muscle contractions (right hemispheric activation).
Discussion
To reduce body image distortions it is advisable to find methods that help anorexia nervosa
patients to increase their self-esteem. The body image distortions were ameliorated after
right hemispheric activation. A related method to prevent distorted body-image representations
in these patients may be Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
therapy.
The trophic niche is a life trait that identifies the consumer’s position in a local food web. Several factors, such as ontogeny, competitive ability and resource availability contribute in shaping species trophic niches. To date, information on the diet of European Hydromantes salamanders are only available for a limited number of species, no dietary studies have involved more than one species of the genus at a time, and there are limited evidences on how multiple factors interact in determining diet variation. In this study we examined the diet of multiple populations of six out of the eight European cave salamanders, providing the first data on the diet for five of them. In addition, we assessed whether these closely related generalist species show similar diet and, for each species, we tested whether season, age class or sex influence the number and the type of prey consumed. Stomach condition (empty/full) and the number of prey consumed were strongly related to seasonality and to the activity level of individuals. Empty stomachs were more frequent in autumn, in individuals far from cave entrance and in juveniles. Diet composition was significantly different among species. Hydromantes imperialis and H. supramontis were the most generalist species; H. flavus and H. sarrabusensis fed mostly on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera Staphylinidae, while H. genei and H. ambrosii mostly consumed Arachnida and Endopterygota larvae. Furthermore, we detected seasonal shifts of diet in the majority of the species examined. Conversely, within each species, we did not find diet differences between females, males and juveniles. Although being assumed to have very similar dietary habits, here Hydromantes species were shown to be characterized by a high divergence in diet composition and in the stomach condition of individuals.
In the context of accelerated global socio-environmental change, the Water-Energy-Food Nexus has received increasing attention within science and international politics by promoting integrated resource governance. This study explores the scientific nexus debates from a discourse analytical perspective to reveal knowledge and power relations as well as geographical settings of nexus research. We also investigate approaches to socio-nature relations that influence nexus research and subsequent political implications. Our findings suggest that the leading nexus discourse is dominated by natural scientific perspectives and a neo-Malthusian framing of environmental challenges. Accordingly, the promoted cross-sectoral nexus approach to resource governance emphasizes efficiency, security, future sustainability, and poverty reduction. Water, energy, and food are conceived as global trade goods that require close monitoring, management and control, to be achieved via quantitative assessments and technological interventions. Within the less visible discourse, social scientific perspectives engage with the social, political, and normative elements of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus. These perspectives criticize the dominant nexus representation for itsmanagerial, neoliberal, and utilitarian approach to resource governance. The managerial framing is critiqued for masking power relations and social inequalities, while alternative framings acknowledge the political nature of resource governance and socio-nature relations. The spatial dimensions of the nexus debate are also discussed. Notably, the nexus is largely shaped by western knowledge, yet applied mainly in specific regions of the Global South. In order for the nexus to achieve integrative solutions for sustainability, the debate needs to overcome its current discursive and spatial separations. To this end, we need to engage more closely with alternative nexus discourses, embrace epistemic pluralism and encourage multi-perspective debates about the socio-nature relations we actually intend to promote.
Im Zentrum dieses Aufsatzes steht der Spielfilm "Lisbon Story" (Deutschland / Portugal 1994/1995) des Filmregisseurs Wim Wenders. Es werden aber auch die früheren Arbeiten wie "Alice in den Städten" (BR Deutschland 1973/1974) und "Im Lauf der Zeit" (BR Deutschland 1975/1976) herangezogen, denn Kinder spielen in Wenders Spielfilmen eine bedeutende Rolle.
Der Aufsatz erschien in der Zeitschrift "Deutschunterricht" 1994, zu einem Zeitpunkt, als über die Dominanz der visuellen Bilder und die Reizüberflutung durch das Fernsehen, das massenhaft und rastlos konsumierte Medium, allerorten diskutiert wurde. Er setzt sich mit der zentralten These von Neil Postman auseinander, in der Bilder per se als dumm eingestuft wurden, und seziert die Logik der notorischen Fernsehkritiker.
The nonhydrostatic regional climate model CCLM was used for a long-term hindcast run (2002–2016) for the Weddell Sea region with resolutions of 15 and 5 km and two different turbulence parametrizations. CCLM was nested in ERA-Interim data and used in forecast mode (suite of consecutive 30 h long simulations with 6 h spin-up). We prescribed the sea ice concentration from satellite data and used a thermodynamic sea ice model. The performance of the model was evaluated in terms of temperature and wind using data from Antarctic stations, automatic weather stations (AWSs), an operational forecast model and reanalyses data, and lidar wind profiles. For the reference run we found a warm bias for the near-surface temperature over the Antarctic Plateau. This bias was removed in the second run by adjusting the turbulence parametrization, which results in a more realistic representation of the surface inversion over the plateau but resulted in a negative bias for some coastal regions. A comparison with measurements over the sea ice of the Weddell Sea by three AWS buoys for 1 year showed small biases for temperature around ±1 K and for wind speed of 1 m s−1. Comparisons of radio soundings showed a model bias around 0 and a RMSE of 1–2 K for temperature and 3–4 m s−1 for wind speed. The comparison of CCLM simulations at resolutions down to 1 km with wind data from Doppler lidar measurements during December 2015 and January 2016 yielded almost no bias in wind speed and a RMSE of ca. 2 m s−1. Overall CCLM shows a good representation of temperature and wind for the Weddell Sea region. Based on these encouraging results, CCLM at high resolution will be used for the investigation of the regional climate in the Antarctic and atmosphere–ice–ocean interactions processes in a forthcoming study.
There are large health, societal, and economic costs associated with attrition from psychological services. The recently emerged, innovative statistical tool of complex network analysis was used in the present proof-of-concept study to improve the prediction of attrition. Fifty-eight patients undergoing psychological treatment for mood or anxiety disorders were assessed using Ecological Momentary Assessments four times a day for two weeks before treatment (3,248 measurements). Multilevel vector autoregressive models were employed to compute dynamic symptom networks. Intake variables and network parameters (centrality measures) were used as predictors for dropout using machine-learning algorithms. Networks for patients differed significantly between completers and dropouts. Among intake variables, initial impairment and sex predicted dropout explaining 6% of the variance. The network analysis identified four additional predictors: Expected force of being excited, outstrength of experiencing social support, betweenness of feeling nervous, and instrength of being active. The final model with the two intake and four network variables explained 32% of variance in dropout and identified 47 out of 58 patients correctly. The findings indicate that patients" dynamic network structures may improve the prediction of dropout. When implemented in routine care, such prediction models could identify patients at risk for attrition and inform personalized treatment recommendations.
Similarity-based retrieval of semantic graphs is a core task of Process-Oriented Case-Based Reasoning (POCBR) with applications in real-world scenarios, e.g., in smart manufacturing. The involved similarity computation is usually complex and time-consuming, as it requires some kind of inexact graph matching. To tackle these problems, we present an approach to modeling similarity measures based on embedding semantic graphs via Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Therefore, we first examine how arbitrary semantic graphs, including node and edge types and their knowledge-rich semantic annotations, can be encoded in a numeric format that is usable by GNNs. Given this, the architecture of two generic graph embedding models from the literature is adapted to enable their usage as a similarity measure for similarity-based retrieval. Thereby, one of the two models is more optimized towards fast similarity prediction, while the other model is optimized towards knowledge-intensive, more expressive predictions. The evaluation examines the quality and performance of these models in preselecting retrieval candidates and in approximating the ground-truth similarities of a graph-matching-based similarity measure for two semantic graph domains. The results show the great potential of the approach for use in a retrieval scenario, either as a preselection model or as an approximation of a graph similarity measure.
Dry tropical forests undergo massive conversion and degradation processes. This also holds true for the extensive Miombo forests that cover large parts of Southern Africa. While the largest proportional area can be found in Angola, the country still struggles with food shortages, insufficient medical and educational supplies, as well as the ongoing reconstruction of infrastructure after 27 years of civil war. Especially in rural areas, the local population is therefore still heavily dependent on the consumption of natural resources, as well as subsistence agriculture. This leads, on one hand, to large areas of Miombo forests being converted for cultivation purposes, but on the other hand, to degradation processes due to the selective use of forest resources. While forest conversion in south-central rural Angola has already been quantitatively described, information about forest degradation is not yet available. This is due to the history of conflicts and the therewith connected research difficulties, as well as the remote location of this area. We apply an annual time series approach using Landsat data in south-central Angola not only to assess the current degradation status of the Miombo forests, but also to derive past developments reaching back to times of armed conflicts. We use the Disturbance Index based on tasseled cap transformation to exclude external influences like inter-annual variation of rainfall. Based on this time series, linear regression is calculated for forest areas unaffected by conversion, but also for the pre-conversion period of those areas that were used for cultivation purposes during the observation time. Metrics derived from linear regression are used to classify the study area according to their dominant modification processes.rnWe compare our results to MODIS latent integral trends and to further products to derive information on underlying drivers. Around 13% of the Miombo forests are affected by degradation processes, especially along streets, in villages, and close to existing agriculture. However, areas in presumably remote and dense forest areas are also affected to a significant extent. A comparison with MODIS derived fire ignition data shows that they are most likely affected by recurring fires and less by selective timber extraction. We confirm that areas that are used for agriculture are more heavily disturbed by selective use beforehand than those that remain unaffected by conversion. The results can be substantiated by the MODIS latent integral trends and we also show that due to extent and location, the assessment of forest conversion is most likely not sufficient to provide good estimates for the loss of natural resources.
Because EU water quality policy can result in infrastructure creation or adaptation at the local level across member states, compliance cases are worth examining critically from a sustainable spatial planning perspective. In this study, the 2000 EU Water Framework Directive’s (WFD) reach to local implementation efforts in average towns and cities is shown through the case study of nonconforming household wastewater infrastructure in the German state of Rhineland Palatinate. Seeing wastewater as a socio-technical infrastructure, we ask how the WFD implementation can be understood in the context of local infrastructure development, sustainability, and spatial planning concepts. In particular, this study examines what compliance meant for the centralization or decentralization of local wastewater infrastructure systems—and the sustainability implications for cities
from those choices.
Many people are aware of the negative consequences of plastic use on the environment. Nevertheless, they use plastic due to its functionality. In the present paper, we hypothesized that this leads to the experience of ambivalence—the simultaneous existence of positive and negative evaluations of plastic. In two studies, we found that participants showed greater ambivalence toward plastic packed food than unpacked food. Moreover, they rated plastic packed food less favorably than unpacked food in response evaluations. In Study 2, we tested whether one-sided (only positive vs. only negative) information interventions could effectively influence ambivalence. Results showed that ambivalence is resistant to (social) influence. Directions for future research were discussed.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has also led to many conspiracy theories. While the origin of the pandemic in China led some, including former US president Donald Trump, to dub the pathogen “Chinese virus” and to support anti-Chinese conspiracy narratives, it caused Chinese state officials to openly support anti-US conspiracy theories about the “true” origin of the virus. In this article, we study whether nationalism, or more precisely uncritical patriotism, is related to belief in conspiracy theories among normal people. We hypothesize based on group identity theory and motivated reasoning that for the particular case of conspiracy theories related to the origin of COVID-19, such a relation should be stronger for Chinese than for Germans. To test this hypothesis, we use survey data from Germany and China, including data from the Chinese community in Germany. We also look at relations to other factors, in particular media consumption and xenophobia.
Der Aufsatz analysiert den Film "Karl May" von Hans Jürgen Syberberg, welcher am 18.10.1974 in München uraufgeführt wurde. Der Film bildet den mittleren Teil der Film-Trilogie, die Syberberg mit "Ludwig " Requiem für einen jungfräulichen König" begonnen und mit "Hitler, ein Film aus Deutschland" abgeschlossen hatte. Die Filmbiografie "Karl May", produziert von Bernd Eichinger und finanziert von der TMS Film GmbH (München) sowie Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) (Mainz), stellt den alternden Schriftsteller Karl May, gespielt von Helmut Käutner, in den Mittelpunkt - einen Autor, der sich an seinen eigenen Legenden psychisch abarbeitete und nach literarischer Anerkennung strebte. rn- Der Aufsatz gibt einen Vortrag wieder, der von Annette Deeken auf einer Tagung der Karl May-Gesellschaft am 1. Oktober 1983 in Regensburg gehalten wurde.
The state-of-the-art finite element software Plaxis 3D was applied in a real-world study site of the Turaida castle mound to investigate the slope stability of the mound and understand the mechanisms triggering landslides there. During the simulation, the stability of the castle mound was analysed and the most landslide-susceptible zones of hillslopes were determined. The 3D finite-element stability analysis has significant advantages over conventional 2D limit-equilibrium methods where locations of 2D stability sections are arbitrarily selected. Two modelling scenarios of the slope stability were elaborated considering deep-seated slides in bedrock and shallow landslides in the colluvial material of slopes. The model shows that shallow slides in colluvium are more probable. In the finite-element model, slope failure occurs along the weakest zone in colluvium, similarly to the situation observed in previous landslides in the study site. The physical basis of the model allows results to be obtained very close to natural conditions and delivers valuable insight in triggering mechanisms of landslides.
Three Kinds of Rising-Falling Contours in German wh-Questions: Evidence From Form and Function
(2022)
The intonational realization of utterances is generally characterized by regional as well as inter- and intra-speaker variability in f0. Category boundaries thus remain “fuzzy” and it is non-trivial how the (continuous) acoustic space maps onto (discrete) pitch accent categories. We focus on three types of rising-falling contours, which differ in the alignment of L(ow) and H(igh) tones with respect to the stressed syllable. Most of the intonational systems on German have described two rising accent categories, e.g., L+H* and L*+H in the German ToBI system. L+H* has a high-pitched stressed syllable and a low leading tone aligned in the pre-tonic syllable; L*+H a low-pitched stressed syllable and a high trailing tone in the post-tonic syllable. There are indications for the existence of a third category which lies between these two categories, with both L and H aligned within the stressed syllable, henceforth termed (LH)*. In the present paper, we empirically investigate the distinctiveness of three rising-falling contours [L+H*, (LH)*, and L*+H, all with a subsequent low boundary tone] in German wh-questions. We employ an approach that addresses both the form and the function of the contours, also taking regional variation into account. In Experiment 1 (form), we used a delayed imitation paradigm to test whether Northern and Southern German speakers can imitate the three rising-falling contours in wh-questions as distinct contours. In Experiment 2 (function), we used a free association task to investigate whether listeners interpret the pragmatic meaning of the three contours differently. Imitation results showed that German speakers—both from the North and the South—reproduced the three contours. There was a small but significant effect of regional variety such that contours produced by speakers from the North were slightly more distinct than those by speakers from the South. In the association task, listeners from both varieties attributed distinct meanings to the (LH)* accent as opposed to the two ToBI accents L+H* and L*+H. Combined evidence from form and function suggests that three distinct contours can be found in the acoustic and perceptual space of German rising-falling contours.
Laboratory landslide experiments enable the observation of specific properties of these natural hazards. However, these observations are limited by traditional techniques: frequently used high-speed video analysis and wired sensors (e.g. displacement). These techniques lead to the drawback that either only the surface and 2D profiles can be observed or wires confine the motion behaviour. In contrast, an unconfined observation of the total spatiotemporal dynamics of landslides is needed for an adequate understanding of these natural hazards.
The present study introduces an autonomous and wireless probe to characterize motion features of single clasts within laboratory-scale landslides. The Smartstone probe is based on an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and records acceleration and rotation at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. The recording ranges are ±16 g (accelerometer) and ±2000∘ s−1 (gyroscope). The plastic tube housing is 55 mm long with a diameter of 10 mm. The probe is controlled, and data are read out via active radio frequency identification (active RFID) technology. Due to this technique, the probe works under low-power conditions, enabling the use of small button cell batteries and minimizing its size.
Using the Smartstone probe, the motion of single clasts (gravel size, median particle diameter d50 of 42 mm) within approx. 520 kg of a uniformly graded pebble material was observed in a laboratory experiment. Single pebbles were equipped with probes and placed embedded and superficially in or on the material. In a first analysis step, the data of one pebble are interpreted qualitatively, allowing for the determination of different transport modes, such as translation, rotation and saltation. In a second step, the motion is quantified by means of derived movement characteristics: the analysed pebble moves mainly in the vertical direction during the first motion phase with a maximal vertical velocity of approx. 1.7 m s−1. A strong acceleration peak of approx. 36 m s−2 is interpreted as a pronounced hit and leads to a complex rotational-motion pattern. In a third step, displacement is derived and amounts to approx. 1.0 m in the vertical direction. The deviation compared to laser distance measurements was approx. −10 %. Furthermore, a full 3D spatiotemporal trajectory of the pebble is reconstructed and visualized supporting the interpretations. Finally, it is demonstrated that multiple pebbles can be analysed simultaneously within one experiment. Compared to other observation methods Smartstone probes allow for the quantification of internal movement characteristics and, consequently, a motion sampling in landslide experiments.
People are increasingly concerned about how meat affects the environment, human health, and animal welfare, yet eating and enjoying meat remains a norm. Unsurprisingly, many people are ambivalent about meat—evaluating it as both positive and negative. Here, we propose that meat-related conflict is multidimensional and depends on people’s dietary group: Omnivores’ felt ambivalence relates to multiple negative associations that oppose a predominantly positive attitude towards meat, and veg*ans’ ambivalence relates to various positive associations that oppose a predominantly negative attitude. A qualitative study (N = 235; German) revealed that omnivores and veg*ans experience meat-related ambivalence due to associations with animals, sociability, sustainability, health, and sensory experiences. To quantify felt ambivalence in these domains, we developed the Meat Ambivalence Questionnaire (MAQ). We validated the MAQ in four pre-registered studies using self-report and behavioral data (N = 3,485; German, UK, representative US). Both omnivores and veg*ans reported meat-related ambivalence, but with differences across domains and their consequences for meat consumption. Specifically, ambivalence was associated with less meat consumption in omnivores (especially sensory-/animal-based ambivalence) and more meat consumption in veg*ans (especially sensory-/socially-based ambivalence). Network analyses shed further light on the nomological net of the MAQ while controlling for a comprehensive set of determinants of meat consumption. By introducing the MAQ, we hope to provide researchers with a tool to better understand how ambivalence accompanies behavior change and maintenance.
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has had a significant impact on China in political, economic, and cultural terms. This study focuses on the cultural domain, especially on scholarship students from the countries that signed bilateral cooperation agreements with China under the BRI. Using an integrated approach combining the difference-in-differences method and the gravity model, we explore the correlation between the BRI and the increasing number of international scholarship students funded by the Chinese government, as well as the determinants of students' decision to study in China. The panel data from 2010 to 2018 show that the launch of BRI has had a positive impact on the number of scholarship students from BRI countries. The number of scholarship recipients from non-BRI countries also increased, but at a much slower rate than those from BRI countries. The sole exception is the United States, which has trended downward for both state-funded and self-funded students.
The forward testing effect refers to the finding that retrieval practice of previously studied information enhances learning and retention of subsequently studied other information. While most of the previous research on the forward testing effect examined group differences, the present study took an individual differences approach to investigate this effect. Experiment 1 examined whether the forward effect has test-retest reliability between two experimental sessions. Experiment 2 investigated whether the effect is related to participants’ working memory capacity. In both experiments (and each session of Experiment 1), participants studied three lists of items in anticipation of a final cumulative recall test. In the testing condition, participants were tested immediately on lists 1 and 2, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2. In both conditions, participants were tested immediately on list 3. On the group level, the results of both experiments demonstrated a forward testing effect, with interim testing of lists 1 and 2 enhancing immediate recall of list 3. On the individual level, the results of Experiment 1 showed that the forward effect on list 3 recall has moderate test-retest reliability between two experimental sessions. In addition, the results of Experiment 2 showed that the forward effect on list 3 recall does not depend on participants’ working memory capacity. These findings suggest that the forward testing effect is reliable at the individual level and affects learners at a wide range of working memory capacities alike. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
The forward effect of testing refers to the finding that retrieval practice of previously studied information increases retention of subsequently studied other information. It has recently been hypothesized that the forward effect (partly) reflects the result of a reset-of-encoding (ROE) process. The proposal is that encoding efficacy decreases with an increase in study material, but testing of previously studied information resets the encoding process and makes the encoding of the subsequently studied information as effective as the encoding of the previously studied information. The goal of the present study was to verify the ROE hypothesis on an item level basis. An experiment is reported that examined the effects of testing in comparison to restudy on items’ serial position curves. Participants studied three lists of items in each condition. In the testing condition, participants were tested immediately on non-target lists 1 and 2, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2. In both conditions, participants were tested immediately on target list 3. Influences of condition and items’ serial learning position on list 3 recall were analyzed. The results showed the forward effect of testing and furthermore that this effect varies with items’ serial list position. Early target list items at list primacy positions showed a larger enhancement effect than middle and late target list items at non-primacy positions. The results are consistent with the ROE hypothesis on an item level basis. The generalizability of the ROE hypothesis across different experimental tasks, like the list-method directed-forgetting task, is discussed.
The Firepower of Work Craving: When Self-Control Is Burning under the Rubble of Self-Regulation
(2017)
Work craving theory addresses how work-addicted individuals direct great emotion-regulatory efforts to weave their addictive web of working. They crave work for two main emotional incentives: to overcompensate low self-worth and to escape (i.e., reduce) negative affect, which is strategically achieved through neurotic perfectionism and compulsive working. Work-addicted individuals" strong persistence and self-discipline with respect to work-related activities suggest strong skills in volitional action control. However, their inability to disconnect from work implies low volitional skills. How can work-addicted individuals have poor and strong volitional skills at the same time? To answer this paradox, we elaborated on the relevance of two different volitional modes in work craving: self-regulation (self-maintenance) and self-control (goal maintenance). Four hypotheses were derived from Wojdylo- work craving theory and Kuhl- self-regulation theory: (H1) Work craving is associated with a combination of low self-regulation and high self-control. (H2) Work craving is associated with symptoms of psychological distress. (H3) Low self-regulation is associated with psychological distress symptoms. (H4) Work craving mediates the relationships between self-regulation deficits and psychological distress symptoms at high levels of self-control. Additionally, we aimed at supporting the discriminant validity of work craving with respect to work engagement by showing their different volitional underpinnings. Results of the two studies confirmed our hypotheses: whereas work craving was predicted by high self-control and low self-regulation and associated with higher psychological distress, work engagement was predicted by high self-regulation and high self-control and associated with lower symptoms of psychological distress. Furthermore, work styles mediated the relationship between volitional skills and symptoms of psychological distress. Based on these new insights, several suggestions for prevention and therapeutic interventions for work-addicted individuals are proposed.
The changing views on the evolutionary relationships of extant Salamandridae (Amphibia: Urodela)
(2018)
The phylogenetic relationships among members of the family Salamandridae have been repeatedly investigated over the last 90 years, with changing character and taxon sampling. We review the changing composition and the phylogenetic position of salamandrid genera and species groups and add a new phylogeny based exclusively on sequences of nuclear genes. Salamandrina often changed its position depending on the characters used. It was included several times in a clade together with the primitive newts (Echinotriton, Pleurodeles, Tylototriton) due to their seemingly ancestral morphology. The latter were often inferred as a monophyletic clade. Respective monophyly was almost consistently established in all molecular studies for true salamanders (Chioglossa, Lyciasalamandra, Mertensiella, Salamandra), modern Asian newts (Cynops, Laotriton, Pachytriton, Paramesotriton) and modern New World newts (Notophthalmus, Taricha). Reciprocal non-monophyly has been established through molecular studies for the European mountain newts (Calotriton, Euproctus) and the modern European newts (Ichthyosaura, Lissotriton, Neurergus, Ommatotriton, Triturus) since Calotriton was identified as the sister lineage of Triturus. In pre-molecular studies, their respective monophyly had almost always been assumed, mainly because a complex courtship behaviour shared by their respective members. Our nuclear tree is nearly identical to a mito-genomic tree, with all but one node being highly supported. The major difference concerns the position of Calotriton, which is no longer nested within the modern European newts. This has implications for the evolution of courtship behaviour of European newts. Within modern European newts, Ichthyosaura and Lissotriton changed their position compared to the mito-genomic tree. Previous molecular trees based on seemingly large nuclear data sets, but analysed together with mitochondrial data, did not reveal monophyly of modern European newts since taxon sampling and nuclear gene coverage was too poor to obtain conclusive results. We therefore conclude that mitochondrial and nuclear data should be analysed on their own.
The benefits of prosocial power motivation in leadership: Action orientation fosters a win-win
(2023)
Power motivation is considered a key component of successful leadership. Based on its dualistic nature, the need for power (nPower) can be expressed in a dominant or a prosocial manner. Whereas dominant motivation is associated with antisocial behaviors, prosocial motivation is characterized by more benevolent actions (e.g., helping, guiding). Prosocial enactment of the power motive has been linked to a wide range of beneficial outcomes, yet less has been investigated what determines a prosocial enactment of the power motive. According to Personality Systems Interactions (PSI) theory, action orientation (i.e., the ability to self-regulate affect) promotes prosocial enactment of the implicit power motive and initial findings within student samples verify this assumption. In the present study, we verified the role of action orientation as an antecedent for prosocial power enactment in a leadership sample (N = 383). Additionally, we found that leaders personally benefited from a prosocial enactment strategy. Results show that action orientation through prosocial power motivation leads to reduced power-related anxiety and, in turn, to greater leader well-being. The integration of motivation and self-regulation research reveals why leaders enact their power motive in a certain way and helps to understand how to establish a win-win situation for both followers and leaders.
The temporal stability of psychological test scores is one prerequisite for their practical usability. This is especially true for intelligence test scores. In educational contexts, high stakes decisions with long-term consequences, such as placement in special education programs, are often based on intelligence test results. There are four different types of temporal stability: mean-level change, individual-level change, differential continuity, and ipsative continuity. We present statistical methods for investigating each type of stability. Where necessary, the methods were adapted for the specific challenges posed by intelligence research (e.g., controlling for general intelligence in lower order test scores). We provide step-by-step guidance for the application of the statistical methods and apply them to a real data set of 114 gifted students tested twice with a test-retest interval of 6 months.
• Four different types of stability need to be investigated for a full picture of temporal stability in psychological research
• Selection and adaption of the methods for the use in intelligence research
• Complete protocol of the implementation
Formulations of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics such as moxidectin are regularly administered to sheep to combat parasites. A disadvantage of these pharmaceuticals are their side effects on non-target organisms when entering the environment. Little is known about anthelmintic effects on plant reproduction and whether the effects depend on environmental factors. For ecological and methodological reasons, we aimed at testing whether temperature affects the efficacy of a common moxidectin-based formulation on seed germination. We carried out a germination experiment including three typical species of temperate European grasslands (Centaurea jacea, Galium mollugo, Plantago lanceolata). We applied three temperature regimes (15/5, 20/10, 30/20°C), and a four-level dilution series (1:100–1:800) of formulated moxidectin (i.e., Cydectin oral drench). These solutions represent seed-anthelmintic contacts in the digestive tract of sheep shortly after deworming. In addition, a control was carried out with purified water only. We regularly counted emerging seedlings and calculated final germination percentage, mean germination time and synchrony of germination. Formulated moxidectin significantly reduced percentage, speed and synchrony of germination. A 1:100 dilution of the formulation reduced germination percentage by a quarter and increased mean germination time by six days compared to the control. Temperature moderated effects of the anthelmintic drug on germination in all response variables and all species, but in different patterns and magnitudes (significant anthelmintic x temperature x species interactions). In all response variables, the two more extreme temperature regimes (15/5, 30/20°C) led to the strongest effects of formulated moxidectin. With respect to germination percentage, G. mollugo was more sensitive to formulated moxidectin at the warmest temperature regime, whereas P. lanceolata showed the highest sensitivity at the coldest regime. This study shows that it is important to consider temperature dependencies of the effects of pharmaceuticals on seed germination when conducting standardised germination experiments.
COVID-19 was a harsh reminder that diseases are an aspect of human existence and mortality. It was also a live experiment in the formation and alteration of disease-related attitudes. Not only are these attitudes relevant to an individual’s self-protective behavior, but they also seem to be associated with social and political attitudes more broadly. One of these attitudes is Social Darwinism, which holds that a pandemic benefits society by enabling nature “to weed out the weak”. In two countries (N = 300, N = 533), we introduce and provide evidence for the reliability, validity, and usefulness of the Disease-Related Social Darwinism (DRSD) Short Scale measuring this concept. Results indicate that DRSD is meaningful related to other central political attitudes like Social Dominance Orientation, Authoritarianism and neoliberalism. Importantly, the scale significantly predicted people’s protective behavior during the Pandemic over and above general social Darwinism. Moreover, it significantly predicted conservative attitudes, even after controlling for Social Dominance Orientation.
Studienförderung in der Frühen Neuzeit. Das Luzerner Stipendienwesen in den Jahren 1550 bis 1650
(2008)
Anhand von Ratsprotokolle, Korrespondenzen und Testamenten wurde das Luzerner Stipendienwesen hinsichtlich seiner Funktionsweise, Intension und Wirkung untersucht für den Zeitraum 1550 bis 1650.Es stellt sich heraus, dass die Stipendien als obrigkeitliches Instrument der politischen und konfessionellen Stabilisierung des Standes Luzern dienten. Dabei erhielten in erster Linie die Söhne der Ratsherrengeschlechter die Studienförderung. D.h., dass eine Bildungsförderung eher armer Gesellschaftsschichten dem Anliegen der Statussicherung der neuen Luzerner Ratsgeschlechter entgegen stand. Dennoch wurden die obrigkeitlichen Stipendien nicht effektiv genutzt, wobei sie in Verbindung mit den (kirchlich-)privaten Studienstiftungen ein aufeinander aufbauendes Stipendiensystem ausbildeten, das die Grundausbildung und die Hochschulbildung zu mindest für einige Stipendiaten ermöglichte.
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected schooling worldwide. In many places, schools closed for weeks or months, only part of the student body could be educated at any one time, or students were taught online. Previous research discloses the relevance of schooling for the development of cognitive abilities. We therefore compared the intelligence test performance of 424 German secondary school students in Grades 7 to 9 (42% female) tested after the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., 2020 sample) to the results of two highly comparable student samples tested in 2002 (n = 1506) and 2012 (n = 197). The results revealed substantially and significantly lower intelligence test scores in the 2020 sample than in both the 2002 and 2012 samples. We retested the 2020 sample after another full school year of COVID-19-affected schooling in 2021. We found mean-level changes of typical magnitude, with no signs of catching up to previous cohorts or further declines in cognitive performance. Perceived stress during the pandemic did not affect changes in intelligence test results between the two measurements.
This paper mainly studies two topics: linear complementarity problems for modeling electricity market equilibria and optimization under uncertainty. We consider both perfectly competitive and Nash–Cournot models of electricity markets and study their robustifications using strict robustness and the -approach. For three out of the four combinations of economic competition and robustification, we derive algorithmically tractable convex optimization counterparts that have a clear-cut economic interpretation. In the case of perfect competition, this result corresponds to the two classic welfare theorems, which also apply in both considered robust cases that again yield convex robustified problems. Using the mentioned counterparts, we can also prove the existence and, in some cases, uniqueness of robust equilibria. Surprisingly, it turns out that there is no such economic sensible counterpart for the case of -robustifications of Nash–Cournot models. Thus, an analog of the welfare theorems does not hold in this case. Finally, we provide a computational case study that illustrates the different effects of the combination of economic competition and uncertainty modeling.
Stress position in English words is well-known to correlate with both their morphological properties and their phonological organisation in terms of non-segmental, prosodic categories like syllable structure. While two generalisations capturing this correlation, directionality and stratification, are well established, the exact nature of the interaction of phonological and morphological factors in English stress assignment is a much debated issue in the literature. The present study investigates if and how directionality and stratification effects in English can be learned by means of Naive Discriminative Learning, a computational model that is trained using error-driven learning and that does not make any a-priori assumptions about the higher-level phonological organisation and morphological structure of words. Based on a series of simulation studies we show that neither directionality nor stratification need to be stipulated as a-priori properties of words or constraints in the lexicon. Stress can be learned solely on the basis of very flat word representations. Morphological stratification emerges as an effect of the model learning that informativity with regard to stress position is unevenly distributed across all trigrams constituting a word. Morphological affix classes like stress-preserving and stress-shifting affixes are, hence, not predefined classes but sets of trigrams that have similar informativity values with regard to stress position. Directionality, by contrast, emerges as spurious in our simulations; no syllable counting or recourse to abstract prosodic representations seems to be necessary to learn stress position in English.
The study analyzes the long-term trends (1998–2019) of concentrations of the air pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as meteorological conditions at forest sites in German midrange mountains to evaluate changes in O3 uptake conditions for trees over time at a plot scale. O3 concentrations did not show significant trends over the course of 22 years, unlike NO2 and NO, whose concentrations decreased significantly since the end of the 1990s. Temporal analyses of meteorological parameters found increasing global radiation at all sites and decreasing precipitation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and wind speed at most sites (temperature did not show any trend). A principal component analysis revealed strong correlations between O3 concentrations and global radiation, VPD, and temperature. Examination of the atmospheric water balance, a key parameter for O3 uptake, identified some unusually hot and dry years (2003, 2011, 2018, and 2019). With the help of a soil water model, periods of plant water stress were detected. These periods were often in synchrony with periods of elevated daytime O3 concentrations and usually occurred in mid and late summer, but occasionally also in spring and early summer. This suggests that drought protects forests against O3 uptake and that, in humid years with moderate O3 concentrations, the O3 flux was higher than in dry years with higher O3 concentrations.
The endemic argan tree (Argania spinosa) populations in southern Morocco are highly degraded due to overbrowsing, illegal firewood extraction and the expansion of intensive agriculture. Bare areas between the isolated trees increase due to limited regrowth; however, it is unknown if the trees influence the soil of the intertree areas. Hypothetically, spatial differences in soil parameters of the intertree area should result from the translocation of litter or soil particles (by runoff and erosion or wind drift) from canopy-covered areas to the intertree areas. In total, 385 soil samples were taken around the tree from the trunk along the tree drip line (within and outside the tree area) and the intertree area between two trees in four directions (upslope, downslope and in both directions parallel to the slope) up to 50 m distance from the tree. They were analysed for gravimetric soil water content, pH, electrical conductivity, percolation stability, total nitrogen content (TN), content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and C/N ratio. A total of 74 tension disc infiltrometer experiments were performed near the tree drip line, within and outside the tree area, to measure the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. We found that the tree influence on its surrounding intertree area is limited, with, e.g., SOC and TN content decreasing significantly from tree trunk (4.4 % SOC and 0.3 % TN) to tree drip line (2.0 % SOC and 0.2 % TN). However, intertree areas near the tree drip line (1.3 % SOC and 0.2 % TN) differed significantly from intertree areas between two trees (1.0 % SOC and 0.1 % TN) yet only with a small effect. Trends for spatial patterns could be found in eastern and downslope directions due to wind drift and slope wash. Soil water content was highest in the north due to shade from the midday sun; the influence extended to the intertree areas. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity also showed significant differences between areas within and outside the tree area near the tree drip line. This was the case on sites under different land usages (silvopastoral and agricultural), slope gradients or tree densities. Although only limited influence of the tree on its intertree area was found, the spatial pattern around the tree suggests that reforestation measures should be aimed around tree shelters in northern or eastern directions with higher soil water content or TN or SOC content to ensure seedling survival, along with measures to prevent overgrazing.
Background: The body-oriented therapeutic approach Somatic Experiencing® (SE) treats posttraumatic symptoms by changing the interoceptive and proprioceptive sensations associated with the traumatic experience. Filling a gap in the landscape of trauma treatments, SE has attracted growing interest in research and therapeutic practice, recently.
Objective: To date, there is no literature review of the effectiveness and key factors of SE. This review aims to summarize initial findings on the effectiveness of SE and to outline methodspecific key factors of SE.
Method: To gain a first overview of the literature, we conducted a scoping review including studies until 13 August 2020. We identified 83 articles of which 16 fit inclusion criteria and were systematically analysed.
Results: Findings provide preliminary evidence for positive effects of SE on PTSD-related symptoms. Moreover, initial evidence suggests that SE has a positive impact on affective and somatic symptoms and measures of well-being in both traumatized and non-traumatized
samples. Practitioners and clients identified resource-orientation and use of touch as methodspecific key factors of SE. Yet, an overall studies quality assessment as well as a Cochrane analysis of risk of bias indicate that the overall study quality is mixed.
Conclusions: The results concerning effectiveness and method-specific key factors of SE are promising; yet, require more support from unbiased RCT-research. Future research should focus on filling this gap.
Production of biomass feedstock for methanation in Europe has focused on silages of maize and cereals. As ecological awareness has increased in the last several years, more attention is being focused on perennial energy crops (PECs). Studies of specific PECs have shown that their cultivation may enhance agrobiodiversity and increase soil organic carbon stocks while simultaneously providing valuable feedstock for methanation. This study was designed to compare soil quality indicators under annual energy crops (AECs), PECs and permanent grassland (PGL) on the landscape level in south-western Germany. At a total 25 study sites, covering a wide range of parent materials, the cropping systems were found adjacent to each other. Stands were commercially managed, and PECs included different species such as the Cup Plant, Tall Wheatgrass, Giant Knotweed, Miscanthus, Virginia Mallow and Reed Canary Grass. Soil sampling was carried out for the upper 20 cm of soil. Several soil quality indicators, including soil organic carbon (Corg), soil microbial biomass (Cmic), and aggregate stability, showed that PECs were intermediate between AEC and PGL systems. At landscape level, mean Corg content for (on average) 6.1-year-old stands of PEC was 22.37 (±7.53) g kg1, compared to 19.23 (±8.08) and 32.08 (±10.11) for AEC and PGL. Cmic contents were higher in PECs (356 ± 241 lgCg1) compared to AECs (291 ± 145) but significantly lower than under PGL (753 ± 417). The aggregate stability increased by almost 65% in PECs compared to AEC but was still 57% lower than in PGL. Indicator differences among cropping systems were more pronounced when inherent differences in the parent material were accounted for in the comparisons. Overall, these results suggest that the cultivation of PECs has positive effects on soil quality indicators. Thus, PECs may offer potential to make the production of biomass feedstock more sustainable.
Social innovation became a widely discussed topic in politics, research funding programs, and business development. Recent European and US economic and science policies have set aside significant funds to generate and foster social innovation. In view of current challenges such as digitization, Work 4.0, inclusion or migrant integration, the question of how organizations can be empowered to develop new and innovative approaches and service models to social challenges is becoming increasingly urgent. This especially applies to organizations in the fields of education and social services. In education, implementing new ideas and concepts is usually discussed as educational reform, which mostly addresses changes in policy agendas with consequences for national and international education systems. The concept of social innovation however has a different starting point: the source of new ideas and services are identified new, emergent needs in society or re-conceptualized. Such need-based perspectives might bring new impulses to the field of education. Therefore, this paper identifies important existing strands of social innovation research, which need to be considered in the emerging academic discourse on social innovation in education. Looking at social innovation through an education research lens reveals the close relation between learning, creativity, and innovation. Individuals, teams, and even organizations learn, engage in creative problem solving to create new and innovative products and services. From an organizational education perspective, the questions arise, how social innovation emerges and even more important, how the process of developing social innovation can be supported. After a brief introduction in the concept of social innovation, the paper discusses therefore the sites, where social innovation emerges, social innovators, approaches to foster social innovation as well as promoting and hindering factors for social innovation.
Roof and wall slates are fine-grained rocks with slaty cleavage, and it is often difficult to determine their mineral composition. A new norm mineral calculation called slatecalculation allows the determination of a virtual mineral composition based on full chemical analysis, including the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C), and sulfur (S). Derived norm minerals include feldspars, carbonates, micas, hydro-micas, chlorites, ore-minerals, and quartz. The mineral components of the slate are assessed with superior accuracy compared to the petrographic analysis based on the European Standard EN 12326. The inevitable methodical inaccuracies in the calculations are limited and transparent. In the present paper, slates, shales, and phyllites from worldwide occurrences were examined. This also gives an overview of the rocks used for discontinuous roofing and external cladding.
Climate change is expected to cause mountain species to shift their ranges to higher elevations. Due to the decreasing amounts of habitats with increasing elevation, such shifts are likely to increase their extinction risk. Heterogeneous mountain topography, however, may reduce this risk by providing microclimatic conditions that can buffer macroclimatic warming or provide nearby refugia. As aspect strongly influences the local microclimate, we here assess whether shifts from warm south-exposed aspects to cool north-exposed aspects in response to climate change can compensate for an upward shift into cooler elevations.
Optimal mental workload plays a key role in driving performance. Thus, driver-assisting systems that automatically adapt to a drivers current mental workload via brain–computer interfacing might greatly contribute to traffic safety. To design economic brain computer interfaces that do not compromise driver comfort, it is necessary to identify brain areas that are most sensitive to mental workload changes. In this study, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy and subjective ratings to measure mental workload in two virtual driving environments with distinct demands. We found that demanding city environments induced both higher subjective workload ratings as well as higher bilateral middle frontal gyrus activation than less demanding country environments. A further analysis with higher spatial resolution revealed a center of activation in the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The area is highly involved in spatial working memory processing. Thus, a main component of drivers’ mental workload in complex surroundings might stem from the fact that large amounts of spatial information about the course of the road as well as other road users has to constantly be upheld, processed and updated. We propose that the right middle frontal gyrus might be a suitable region for the application of powerful small-area brain computer interfaces.
Ausgelotet wird in diesem Aufsatz das Spektrum der ästhetischen und technischen Entwicklung des ältesten Genres, das der Film hervorgebracht hat: der Reisefilm. Schwerpunkt der Analyse ist das Frühe Kino und dessen filmästhetische Besonderheiten. rnNeue experimentelle Formen - wie die "Cartes postales Video" von Robert Cahen und filmkünstlerische Verwandlungen historischer Reisefilme durch die Mailänder Künstler Yervant Gianikian und Angela Ricci Lucchi - greifen zeitgenössisch auf dieses kreative Potential der Frühzeit des Kinos zurück. rn
Der vorliegende Beitrag greift die öffentliche Diskussion um den rechtspolitischen Umgang mit Hass, Hetze und Antisemitismus auf, die insbesondere nach dem Terroranschlag der Hamas am 07.10.2023 an Intensität und Dringlichkeit zugenommen hat. Dabei beleuchtet er einerseits das Straf- und Zivilrecht, legt andererseits einen besonderen Fokus auf öffentlich-rechtliche Konstellationen. Auf jedem dieser Gebiete werden Schwächen und Potenziale des Rechts und der Rechtsprechung aufgezeigt, zugleich aber auch die Grenzen staatlicher Gewalt verdeutlicht. Denn letztlich handelt es sich um ein gesellschaftliches Problem, dem – trotz aller Notwendigkeit staatlichen Handelns – in erster Linie durch Information, und erst in zweiter Linie durch das Recht begegnet werden muss.
Überblicksdarstellung zu deutschen Besuchern der Pariser Nationalbibliothek zwischen ca. 1780-1820 auf Grundlage der in Paris erhaltnenen handschriftlichen Ausleihjournale und gedruckter Reiseberichte.
Background: We evaluated depression and social isolation assessed at time of waitlisting as predictors of survival in heart transplant (HTx) recipients. Methods and Results: Between 2005 and 2006, 318 adult HTx candidates were enrolled in the Waiting for a New Heart Study, and 164 received transplantation. Patients were followed until February 2013. Psychosocial characteristics were assessed by questionnaires. Eurotransplant provided medical data at waitlisting, transplantation dates, and donor characteristics; hospitals reported medical data at HTx and date of death after HTx. During a median followâ€up of 70 months (<1"93 months postâ€HTx), 56 (38%) of 148 transplanted patients with complete data died. Depression scores were unrelated to social isolation, and neither correlated with disease severity. Higher depression scores increased the risk of dying (hazard ratio=1.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.01, 1.15, P=0.032), which was moderated by social isolation scores (significant interaction term; hazard ratio = 0.985, 95% confidence interval, 0.973, 0.998; P=0.022). These findings were maintained in multivariate models controlling for covariates (P values 0.020"0.039). Actuarial 1â€year/5â€year survival was best for patients with low depression who were not socially isolated at waitlisting (86% after 1 year, 79% after 5 years). Survival of those who were either depressed, or socially isolated or both, was lower, especially 5 years posttransplant (56%, 60%, and 62%, respectively). Conclusions: Low depression in conjunction with social integration at time of waitlisting is related to enhanced chances for survival after HTx. Both factors should be considered for inclusion in standardized assessments and interventions for HTx candidates. We evaluated depression and social isolation assessed at time of waitlisting as predictors of survival in heart transplant (HTx) recipients.\r\n\r\nMethods and Results: Between 2005 and 2006, 318 adult HTx candidates were enrolled in the Waiting for a New Heart Study, and 164 received transplantation. Patients were followed until February 2013. Psychosocial characteristics were assessed by questionnaires. Eurotransplant provided medical data at waitlisting, transplantation dates, and donor characteristics; hospitals reported medical data at HTx and date of death after HTx. During a median followâ€up of 70 months (<1"93 months postâ€HTx), 56 (38%) of 148 transplanted patients with complete data died. Depression scores were unrelated to social isolation, and neither correlated with disease severity. Higher depression scores increased the risk of dying (hazard ratio=1.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.01, 1.15, P=0.032), which was moderated by social isolation scores (significant interaction term; hazard ratio = 0.985, 95% confidence interval, 0.973, 0.998; P=0.022). These findings were maintained in multivariate models controlling for covariates (P values 0.020"0.039). Actuarial 1â€year/5â€year survival was best for patients with low depression who were not socially isolated at waitlisting (86% after 1 year, 79% after 5 years). Survival of those who were either depressed, or socially isolated or both, was lower, especially 5 years posttransplant (56%, 60%, and 62%, respectively).
Rezensiert wird das umfangreiche Buch von Matthias Steinle, das die wechselseitige Darstellung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik in Dokumentarfilmen analysiert. Die Materialauswahl umfasst mehr als 60 Filme, wobei der Begriff von Dokumentarfilm weit gefasst ist und auch Kino-Wochenschauen berücksichtigt werden,
The forward testing effect is an indirect benefit of retrieval practice. It refers to the finding that retrieval practice of previously studied information enhances learning and retention of subsequently studied other information in episodic memory tasks. Here, two experiments were conducted that investigated whether retrieval practice influences participants’ performance in other tasks, i.e., arithmetic tasks. Participants studied three lists of words in anticipation of a final recall test. In the testing condition, participants were immediately tested on lists 1 and 2 after study of each list, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2 after initial study. Before and after study of list 3, participants did an arithmetic task. Finally, participants were tested on list 3, list 2, and list 1. Different arithmetic tasks were used in the two experiments. Participants did a modular arithmetic task in Experiment 1a and a single-digit multiplication task in Experiment 1b. The results of both experiments showed a forward testing effect with interim testing of lists 1 and 2 enhancing list 3 recall in the list 3 recall test, but no effects of recall testing of lists 1 and 2 for participants’ performance in the arithmetic tasks. The findings are discussed with respect to cognitive load theory and current theories of the forward testing effect.
In order to discuss potential sustainability issues of expanding silage maize cultivation in Rhineland-Palatinate, spatially explicit monitoring is necessary. Publicly available statistical records are often not a sufficient basis for extensive research, especially on soil health, where risk factors like erosion and compaction depend on variables that are specific to every site, and hard to generalize for larger administrative aggregates. The focus of this study is to apply established classification algorithms to estimate maize abundance for each independent pixel, while at the same time accounting for their spatial relationship. Therefore, two ways to incorporate spatial autocorrelation of neighboring pixels are combined with three different classification models. The performance of each of these modeling approaches is analyzed and discussed. Finally, one prediction approach is applied to the imagery, and the overall predicted acreage is compared to publicly available data. We were able to show that Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and Random Forests (RF) were able to distinguish maize pixels reliably, with kappa values well above 0.9 in most cases. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) performed substantially worse. Furthermore, Regression Kriging (RK) as an approach to integrate spatial autocorrelation into the prediction model is not suitable in use cases with millions of sparsely clustered training pixels. Gaussian Blur is able to improve predictions slightly in these cases, but it is possible that this is only because it smoothes out impurities of the reference data. The overall prediction with RF classification combined with Gaussian Blur performed well, with out of bag error rates of 0.5% in 2009 and 1.3% in 2016. Despite the low error rates, there is a discrepancy between the predicted acreage and the official records, which is 20% in 2009 and 27% in 2016.
The global spread of the coronavirus pandemic has particularly dramatic consequences for the lives of migrants and refugees living in already marginalised and restricted conditions, whose ongoing crisis is at risk of being overlooked. But refugees are not only extremely vulnerable and at risk of infection, as several reports show, quickly develop their own protection measures like the production of hygienic products, the publication of their situation and calls for action and help. Therefore, this paper aims to research the effects of the coronavirus crisis on refugees in camp settings with a special ethnographic focus on how refugees actively deal with this crisis and if they, through already developed resilience, are capable of adapting to the restrictions as well as inventing strategies to cope with the difficult situation. To account for the variety of refugee camps as well as the different living conditions due to their locality, history and national asylum politics, we will look at three different locations, namely refugee asylum homes in Germany, hotspots on the Greek islands as well as one refugee camp in Kenya. The main questions will be how, under structurally and institutionally framed conditions of power and victimisation in refugee camps, forms of agency are established, made possible or limited. The goal is to show which strategies refugees apply to cope with the enhanced restrictions and exclusion, how they act to protect themselves and others from the virus and how they present and reflect their situation during the coronavirus pandemic. Finally, this discussion offers a new perspective to consider refugees not only as vulnerable victims, but also as actively engaged individuals.
Reconstructing invisible deviating events: A conformance checking approach for recurring events
(2022)
Conformance checking enables organizations to determine whether their executed processes are compliant with the intended process. However, if the processes contain recurring activities, state-of-the-art approaches unfortunately have difficulties calculating the conformance. The occurrence of complex temporal rules can further increase the complexity of the problem. Identifying this limitation, this paper presents a novel approach towards dealing with recurring activities in conformance checking. The core idea of the approach is to reconstruct the missing events in the event log using defined rules while incorporating specified temporal event characteristics. This approach then enables the use of native conformance checking algorithms. The paper illustrates the algorithmic approach and defines the required temporal event characteristics. Furthermore, the approach is applied and evaluated in a case study on an event log for melanoma surveillance.
Background: Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating, OMIM %114110) is a complex disorder with multifactorial causes. Emotional strains and social stress increase symptoms and lead to a vicious circle. Previously, we showed significantly higher depression scores, and normal cortisol awakening responses in patients with primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFH). Stress reactivity in response to a (virtual) Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-VR) has not been studied so far. Therefore, we measured sweat secretion, salivary cortisol and alpha amylase (sAA) concentrations, and subjective stress ratings in affected and non-affected subjects in response to a TSST-VR.
Method: In this pilot study, we conducted TSST-VRs and performed general linear models with repeated measurements for salivary cortisol and sAA levels, heart rate, axillary sweat and subjective stress ratings for two groups (diagnosed PFH (n = 11), healthy controls (n = 16)).
Results: PFH patients showed significantly heightened sweat secretion over time compared to controls (p = 0.006), with highest quantities during the TSST-VR. In both groups, sweating (p < 0.001), maximum cortisol levels (p = 0.002), feelings of stress (p < 0.001), and heart rate (p < 0.001) but not sAA (p = 0.068) increased significantly in response to the TSST-VR. However, no differences were detected in subjective ratings, cortisol concentrations and heart rate between PFH patients and controls (pall > 0.131).
Conclusion: Patients with diagnosed PFH showed stress-induced higher sweat secretion compared to healthy controls but did not differ in the stress reactivity with regard to endocrine or subjective markers. This pilot study is in need of replication to elucidate the role of the sympathetic nervous system as a potential pathway involved in the stress-induced emotional sweating of PFH patients.
Background: Psychotherapy is successful for the majority of patients , but not for every patient. Hence, further knowledge is needed on how treatments should be adapted for those who do not profit or deteriorate. In the last years prediction tools as well as feedback interventions were part of a trend to more personalized approaches in psychotherapy. Research on psychometric prediction and feedback into ongoing treatment has the potential to enhance treatment outcomes, especially for patients with an increased risk of treatment failure or drop-out.rnMethods/design: The research project investigates in a randomized controlled trial the effectiveness as well as moderating and mediating factors of psychometric feedback to therapists. In the intended study a total of 423 patients, who applied for a cognitive-behavioral therapy at the psychotherapy clinic of the University Trier and suffer from a depressive and/or an anxietyrndisorder (SCID interviews), will be included. The patients will be randomly assigned either to one therapist as well as to one of two intervention groups (CG, IG2). An additional intervention group (IG1) will be generated from an existing archival data set via propensity score matching. Patients of the control group (CG; n = 85) will be monitored concerning psychological impairment but therapists will not be provided with any feedback about the patients assessments. In both intervention groups (IG1: n = 169; IG2: n = 169) the therapists are provided with feedback about the patients self-evaluation in a computerized feedback portal. Therapists of the IG2 will additionally be provided with clinical support tools, which will be developed in thisrnproject, on the basis of existing systems. Therapists will also be provided with a personalized treatment recommendation based on similar patients (Nearest Neighbors) at the beginning of treatment. Besides the general effectiveness of feedback and the clinical support tools for negatively developing patients, further mediating and moderating variables on this feedback effectrnshould be examined: treatment length, frequency of feedback use, therapist effects, therapist- experience, attitude towards feedback as well as congruence of therapist-andpatient- evaluation concerning the progress. Additional procedures will be implemented to assess treatment adherence as well as the reliability of diagnosis and to include it into the analyses.rnDiscussion: The current trial tests a comprehensive feedback system which combines precision mental health predictions with routine outcome monitoring and feedback tools in routine outpatient psychotherapy. It also adds to previous feedback research a stricter design by investigating another repeated measurement CG as well as a stricter control of treatment integrity. It also includes a structured clinical interview (SCID) and controls for comorbidity (within depression and anxiety). This study also investigates moderators (attitudes towards, use of the feedback system, diagnoses) and mediators (therapists" awareness of negative change and treatment length) in one study.
Measurements of dust emissions and the modeling of dissipation dynamics and total values are related to great uncertainties. Agricultural activity, especially soil cultivation, may be an essential component to calculate and model local and regional dust dynamics and even connect to the global dust cycle. To budget total dust and to assess the impact of tillage, measurement of mobilized and transported dust is an essential but rare basis. In this study, a simple measurement concept with Modified Wilson and Cook samplers was applied for dust measurements on a small temporal and spatial scale on steep-slope vineyards in the Moselle area. Without mechanical impact, a mean horizontal flux of 0.01 g m2 min−1 was measured, while row tillage produced a mean horizontal flux of 5.92 g m2 min−1 of mobilized material and 4.18 g m2 min−1 emitted dust from site (=soil loss). Compared on this singular-event basis, emissions during tillage operations generated 99.89% of total emitted dust from the site under low mean wind velocities. The results also indicate a differing impact of specific cultivation operations, mulching, and tillage tools as well as the additional influence of environmental conditions, with highest emissions on dry soil and with additional wind impact. The dust source function is strongly associated with cultivation operations, implying highly dynamic but also regular and thus predictable and projectable emission peaks of total suspended particles. Detailed knowledge of the effects of mechanical impulses and reliable quantification of the local dust emission inventory are a basis for analysis of risk potential and choice of adequate management options.
We examined the long-term relationship of psychosocial risk and health behaviors on clinical events in patients awaiting heart transplantation (HTx). Psychosocial characteristics (e.g., depression), health behaviors (e.g., dietary habits, smoking), medical factors (e.g., creatinine), and demographics (e.g., age, sex) were collected at the time of listing in 318 patients (82% male, mean age = 53 years) enrolled in the Waiting for a New Heart Study. Clinical events were death/delisting due to deterioration, high-urgency status transplantation (HU-HTx), elective transplantation, and delisting due to clinical improvement. Within 7 years of follow-up, 92 patients died or were delisted due to deterioration, 121 received HU-HTx, 43 received elective transplantation, and 39 were delisted due to improvement. Adjusting for demographic and medical characteristics, the results indicated that frequent consumption of healthy foods (i.e., foods high in unsaturated fats) and being physically active increased the likelihood of delisting due improvement, while smoking and depressive symptoms were related to death/delisting due to clinical deterioration while awaiting HTx. In conclusion, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics are clearly associated with clinical outcomes in this population. Interventions that target psychosocial risk, smoking, dietary habits, and physical activity may be beneficial for patients with advanced heart failure waiting for a cardiac transplant.
Dysfunctional eating behavior is a major risk factor for developing all sorts of eating disorders. Food craving is a concept that may help to understand better why and how these and other eating disorders become chronic conditions through non homeastatically-driven mechanisms. As obesity affects people worldwide, cultural differences must be acknowledged to apply proper therapeutic strategies. In this work, we adapted the Food Craving Inventory (FCI) to the German population. We performed a factor analysis of an adaptation of the original FCI in a sample of 326 men and women. We could replicate the factor structure of the FCI on a German population.rnThe factor extraction procedure produced a factor solution that reproduces the fourfactors described in the original inventory, the FCI. Our instrument presents high internal consistency, as well as a significant correlation with measures of convergent and discriminant validity. The FCI-Deutsch (FCI-DE) is a valid instrument to assess craving for particular foods in Germany, and it could, therefore, prove useful in the clinical and research practice in the field of obesity and eating behaviors.
Properties Evaluation of Composite Materials Based on Gypsum Plaster and Posidonia Oceanica Fibers
(2023)
Estimating the amount of material without significant losses at the end of hybrid casting is a problem addressed in this study. To minimize manufacturing costs and improve the accuracy of results, a correction factor (CF) was used in the formula to estimate the volume percent of the material in order to reduce material losses during the sample manufacturing stage, allowing for greater confidence between the approved blending plan and the results obtained. In this context, three material mixing schemes of different sizes and shapes (gypsum plaster, sand (0/2), gravel (2/4), and Posidonia oceanica fibers (PO)) were created to verify the efficiency of CF and more precisely study the physico-mechanical effects on the samples. The results show that the use of a CF can reduce mixing loss to almost 0%. The optimal compressive strength of the sample (S1B) with the lowest mixing loss was 7.50 MPa. Under optimal conditions, the addition of PO improves mix volume percent correction (negligible), flexural strength (5.45%), density (18%), and porosity (3.70%) compared with S1B. On the other hand, the addition of PO thermo-chemical treatment by NaOH increases the compressive strength (3.97%) compared with PO due to the removal of impurities on the fiber surface, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. We then determined the optimal mixture ratio (PO divided by a mixture of plaster, sand, and gravel), which equals 0.0321 because Tunisian gypsum contains small amounts of bassanite and calcite, as shown by the X-ray diffraction results.
Academic self-concept (ASC) is comprised of individual perceptions of one- own academic ability. In a cross-sectional quasi-representative sample of 3,779 German elementary school children in grades 1 to 4, we investigated (a) the structure of ASC, (b) ASC profile formation, an aspect of differentiation that is reflected in lower correlations between domain-specific ASCs with increasing grade level, (c) the impact of (internal) dimensional comparisons of one- own ability in different school subjects for profile formation of ASC, and (d) the role played by differences in school grades between subjects for these dimensional comparisons. The nested Marsh/Shavelson model, with general ASC at the apex and math, writing, and reading ASC as specific factors nested under general ASC fitted the data at all grade levels. A first-order factor model with math, writing, reading, and general ASCs as correlated factors provided a good fit, too. ASC profile formation became apparent during the first two to three years of school. Dimensional comparisons across subjects contributed to ASC profile formation. School grades enhanced these comparisons, especially when achievement profiles were uneven. In part, findings depended on the assumed structural model of ASCs. Implications for further research are discussed with special regard to factors influencing and moderating dimensional comparisons.
Soil degradation due to erosion is a significant worldwide problem at different spatial (from pedon to watershed) and temporal scales. All stages and factors in the erosion process must be detected and evaluated to reduce this environmental issue and protect existing fertile soils and natural ecosystems. Laboratory studies using rainfall simulators allow single factors and interactive effects to be investigated under controlled conditions during extreme rainfall events. In this study, three main factors (rainfall intensity, inclination, and rainfall duration) were assessed to obtain empirical data for modeling water erosion during single rainfall events. Each factor was divided into three levels (− 1, 0, + 1), which were applied in different combinations using a rainfall simulator on beds (6 × 1 m) filled with soil from a study plot located in the arid Sistan region, Iran. The rainfall duration levels tested were 3, 5, and 7 min, the rainfall intensity levels were 30, 60, and 90 mm/h, and the inclination levels were 5, 15, and 25%. The results showed that the highest rainfall intensity tested (90 mm/h) for the longest duration (7 min) caused the highest runoff (62 mm3/s) and soil loss (1580 g/m2/h). Based on the empirical results, a quadratic function was the best mathematical model (R2 = 0.90) for predicting runoff (Q) and soil loss. Single-factor analysis revealed that rainfall intensity was more influential for runoff production than changes in time and inclination, while rainfall duration was the most influential single factor for soil loss. Modeling and three-dimensional depictions of the data revealed that sediment production was high and runoff production lower at the beginning of the experiment, but this trend was reversed over time as the soil became saturated. These results indicate that avoiding the initial stage of erosion is critical, so all soil protection measures should be taken to reduce the impact at this stage. The final stages of erosion appeared too complicated to be modeled, because different factors showed differing effects on erosion.
Das Judenschutzprivileg Karls d. Gr. setzte voraus, daß den Juden eine die Königsherrschaft bzw. den Staat stützende Funktion zugedacht war. Damit vollzog der Kaiser eine Wende um 1800 gegenüber den antiken Herrschern, die in den Juden eine Gefahr für ihren zentralisierten Einheitsstaat erblickt hatten. Unter dem Dach des von Kaiser Karl begründeten Judenschutzes lebte das traditionelle politische Motiv einer sich in zahlreichen Repressionen bis hin zu Verfolgungen und Vertreibungen äußernden Judenfeindschaft im nordalpinen Raum weiter, modifiziert infolge geänderter Voraussetzungen. Die Juden fanden sich hinfort in einem politischen Spannungsfeld zwischen Judenschutz und Anfeindung eingebunden und zwar innerhalb eines sich horizontal zunächst bipolar (Rivalität Kaiser/König - Papst), dann auch multipolar ausweitenden Herrschaftsbereiches mit zum Teil rivalitätsbedingten Übergriffen bis hin zu Verfolgungen.- Wegen der Beteiligung anderer Gewalten neben dem König an der Herrschaft über die Juden und damit an der Ausübung des Judenschutzes wurden die Juden oftmals Leidtragende separater materieller und politischer Konflikte, weil sie politisch als Stütze konkurrierender bzw. einander verfeindeter Herrschaftsträger wahrgenommen wurden, womit eine der Modifikationen des traditionellen Motivs faßbar wird - die Gefährdung eigener Herrschaftspositionen durch den politischen Widersacher. Folgt man dem Ritter und Ministerialen Johann von Rinberg als Leitfigur - 1298 wird er dann definitiv zur Hauptfigur -, erschließt sich ein neuer bisher in der Forschung vernachlässigter Täterkreis - die Rolle der Ministerialen bei Judenverfolgungen gerät in den Focus der Aufmerksamkeit und nicht der Mob, die blind wütende, die Juden mit oder ohne pseudoreligiösem Bezug kriminalisierende und lynchende Masse, sondern vielmehr die Frage nach den Drahtziehern bzw. Strippenziehern im Hintergrund, den Hintermännern der stereotyp wiederkehrenden Standardbeschuldigungen (Brunnen- vergiftung, Hostienfrevel, Ritualmord,...). Der im Rheingau gelegene Salhof Lorch entpuppte sich als das Zentrum ministerialischer Opposition unter Führung des Rheingrafen gegen den Ausbau der Landesherrschaft des Mainzer Erzbischofs. Hier in Lorch selbst veranlaßten die Ministerialen während eines "Krieges" gegen den Erzbischof Werner von Mainz ihre erste Judenverfolgung im Jahre 1274/5, worin auch die Familie der Rinbergs involviert war. In den Verhandlungen eines Schiedsgerichts wird die von den Ministerialen eingeschlagene Taktik erkennbar, ihre Verantwortung und Mitschuld zu verschleiern und die Schuld ausschließlich den eigentlichen Judenschlägern anzulasten, was freilich nicht ganz gelingt, da der Erzbischof auf vollem Schadenersatz bestand, den die ärmeren Judenschläger selbst nicht zu leisten vermochten. Mit dem Sieg des Erzbischofs 1279 in der Schlacht bei Gensingen gegen die Ministerialität unter Führung des Rheingrafen und seinem Sieg auch in der sich anschließenden "Sponheimer Fehde" des Jahres 1281 kam die Wende auch für die Truchsessenfamilie von Rinberg. Ihre und des Rheingrafen Burg Rheinberg im Wispertal wurde 1281 erobert und zerstört und das Truchsessenamt ihnen entzogen. Sigfrid von Rinberg und sein Sohn Johann gerieten nicht wie der Rheingraf und dessen Sohn in Gefangenschaft, sie konnten sich ihr durch die Flucht entziehen, unterwarfen sich nicht und wurden von nun an ausdrücklich als "Feinde" des Erzbischofs und der Mainzer Kirche bezeichnet. Der Rheingraf wurde aus dem Rheingau verdrängt und mußte sich verpflichten, keine konspirativen Kontakte zu diesen Feinden aufzunehmen bzw. zu pflegen, sie nicht zu beherbergen. Gleiches galt natürlich auch für die unterworfene Ministerialität. Indizien legen den Schluß nahe, daß sich Johann von Rinberg zwischen 1281 und 1292 in Reichweite des Salhofes Lorch aber dennoch an einem sicheren Ort aufhielt, in der Reichsstadt Oberwesel. Von hier aus ließen sich durch ihn als erklärtem Feind des Erzbischofs hervorragend konspirativ Verbindungen knüpfen und koordinieren. Die Ministerialenopposition lebte im Verborgenen wieder auf. Gesucht wurde nach Wegen, scheinlegal im Zusammenspiel mit dem verbündeten Mainzer Stadtrat gegen Positionen des Erzbischofs - hier gegen dessen Juden - vorzugehen. So kann es nicht verwundern, daß diesesmal der nächste Vorstoß gegen die Juden 1282/3 nicht von Lorch her sondern von Olm aus erfolgte durch den Ritter und Ministerialen Herbord Ring von Olm, der bezeichnenderweise enge Verbindungen zum Salhof Lorch unterhielt, der jetzt in Begleitung weiterer Ministerialen vor der Stadt Mainz erschien, um wegen der Ermordung angeblich seines Neffen und angeblich durch Juden der Stadt Mainz Einlaß zu begehren und eine ordentliche Gerichtsverhandlung zu verlangen. Das Komplott des Herbord im Zusammenspiel mit dem Mainzer Stadtrat, der danach trachtete, den Judenschutz und die Gerichtsbarkeit über die Juden zu gewinnen, wurde von Erzbischof Werner von Anfang an durchschaut. Eine "kleine", vom Stadtrat kontrollierte und beendete Judenverfolgung wurde wie schon 1281 zugelassen, um so das Unvermögen des Judenschutzes durch den Erzbischof offenkundig zu machen. 1287 transportierten Ministerialen den zu Oberwesel angeblich von dortigen Juden ermordeten "Guten Werner" per Schiff gen Mainz, um so das Schauspiel des Herbord von Olm aus dem Jahre 1282/3 zu wiederholen. Eine Koordination muß der Übernahme vorausgegangen sein, eingefädelt wurde der Fall sehr wahrscheinlich durch ihren externen Komplizen Johann von Rinberg, der sich hier in Oberwesel aufgehalten haben dürfte. Etwas Unvorhergesehenes durchkreuzte den Plan der Ministerialen und zwang sie zur vorzeitigen Anlandung in Bacharach. Von Standesgenossen des Salhofes Lorch gewarnt und an Land gewunken erfuhren sie, daß König Rudolf soeben in Mainz eingetroffen war, der hier die Mainzer Bürgerschaft wegen der vorausgegangenen Judenverfolgung des Jahres 1286 zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilte. Die inszenierte Verfolgungswelle des "Guten Werner" ließ sich indes hierdurch nicht aufhalten,die von den Ministerialen und speziell von Johann von Rinberg auf die Weinbau betreibende Bevölkerung der Rheingegend zugeschnittene Märtyrergeschichte des "Guten Werner" fand ihren Zuspruch. König Adolf nahm Johann von Rinberg als bewährten Feind des Mainzer Erzbischofs 1294 in seinen Dienst als Folge des Zerwürfnisses mit Erzbischof Gerhard. Johann wurde zum königlichen Vogt des Speyergaues ernannt. Zu Beginn des Thronstreites zwischen König Adolf von Nassau und Herzog Albrecht von Österreich und noch vor dem ersten Auftritt Johanns von Rinberg zu Röttingen als Judenverfolger namens Rindfleisch (20.04.) setzte in den Kreisen des königstreuen Adels Schwabens und auch Frankens eine gegen die Juden gerichtete Bewegung ein - von einem "heftigen Geschrei" gegen die dem Erzbischof von Mainz und damit einem der Hauptgegner König Adolfs unterstehenden Juden der Region ist die Rede. Konkretisiert wird das "Geschrei" in einem Fall,einer Standardbeschuldigung: Die Juden hätten den Sohn eines mächtigen Adligen erdrosselt. Die wahren Hintergründe erhellen sich am Verhalten eines dieser Adligen, des Kraft von Hohenlohe, Herrn von Weikersheim und auch Röttingens. Wegen des reichspolitischen Konflikts und der Gegnerschaft des Mainzer Erzbischofs als dem Herrn der Juden wittern sie die Möglichkeit, sich ihrer Schulden bei den Juden durch deren Vernichtung zu entledigen. Aber man ist sich des Risikos politischer Wechselfälle bewußt. - So erlangt der Erzbischof von Mainz nach dem Sieg über König Adolf vom neuen König Albrecht von Habsburg das Privileg, daß ihm die Schuldforderungen der getöteten Juden, welche keine Erben haben, zufallen sollen.- Risikobewußt und zögerlich verhält sich Kraft von Hohenlohe, der zunächst Rücksprache mit dem Bischof von Würzburg hält, um danach gegen die Juden seiner Herrschaft vorgehen zu können und sich so seiner Schulden zu entledigen, was in Weikersheim auch geschah, wohingegen er die Verfolgung in Röttingen Rindfleisch überließ. Der Adel hielt Ausschau nach einem erfolgversprechenden Exekutor, hinter dem man sich verstecken konnte. Man fand ihn in der Person des Speyerer Landvogtes Johann von Rinberg, eines allseits bekannten Feindes des Mainzer Erzbischofs und zugleich eines Judenfeindes, der mit Conrad Rindfleisch einen namentlich ausgewiesenen Judenverfolger zu seinem Stellvertreter ernannt hatte. "Iussu et consensu superiorum" verfolgte Johann von Rinberg die Juden, wie die "Historiae memorabiles" bezeugen, und zwar unter einer jetzt auch beim einfachen Volk, den "arme(n) lude(n)", zugkräftigen Parole: Die Juden hätten dem Heer König Adolfs vergiftetes Rindfleisch geliefert und seien die Verursacher der sich auf Landgebiete ausbreitenden Seuche.- Während der mit dem Schlachtentod König Adolfs in Göllheim endenden Kämpfe um die Krone brach im Heer des Königs eine Seuche aus, die sich auch auf Breisach und weitere Landgebiete ausweitete. Man schrieb dies dem Genuß verdorbenen Rindfleisches zu.Johann von Rinberg machte sich dies zunutze, setzte über den Rhein , begab sich in die königsnahe Landschaft Schwabens und Frankens, um hier gegen die Juden als angeblichen Verursachern der Seuche zu hetzen. Wegen seiner Parole gab man ihm den Namen "Rindfleisch". Begrüßt vom Adel der königsnahen Landschaften und mit Zulauf aus den ärmeren Bevölkerungskreisen zogen seine Scharen die Juden mordend über das Land. Vor Würzburg scheiterte er zunächst allerdings am Widerstand des dortigen Stadtrates. In den Speyergau zurückgekehrt, schloß er sich dem jetzt linksrheinisch operierenden Heer König Adolfs an, kämpfte in der Schlacht bei Göllheim, wurde gefangengenommen, dann aber von dem neuen König Albrecht I. von Habsburg vorzeitig unter Bedingungen entlassen, mit einer Sondermission betraut, die sich inzwischen verselbständigten Judenverfolgungen in Franken kraft seines Einflusses als "capitaneus" und "rex Rintfleisch" auf diese Scharen der Judenverfolger zu beenden. In Würzburg mit seiner Mannschaft angekommen, brach Johann von Rinberg seinen dem König geleisteten Eid, wurde rückfällig, ließ die Juden der Stadt unter Beihilfe einer Bürgeropposition ermorden und startete von hier aus eine neue Verfolgungswelle. Anschließend befreite er mit einem tollkühnen Handstreich den Sohn des getöteten Königs Adolf von Nassau aus der Gefangenschaft Erzbischof Gerhards von Mainz und begab sich daraufhin in Dienst und Schutz des Nassauer Grafenhauses und Erzbischof Dieters von Trier, der ihn zu seinen "Freunden" zählte. Die Identifizierung des berüchtigten Judenverfolgers Rindfleisch des Jahres 1298 setzte bei den Quellen an, die ihn als Edelmann mit Namen de Rinberch nennen. Es konnte geklärt werden, wieso man den Edelmann de Rinberch/Rinberg auch "Rindfleisch" nannte und zwar über Ermittlungen zum Reichslandvogt im Speyergau, Johann von Rinberg und dessen Stellvertreter mit Namen Conrad Rindfleisch angesichts einer sich in der Nachbarschaft und im Operationsgebiet des königlichen Heeres ausbreitenden Seuche, die man auf den Genuß des Rindfleisches zurückführte. Die im Quellenhorizont der Wende des 13. zum 14. Jahrhundert ermittelten Träger dieses Namens wurden überprüft mit dem Ergebnis, daß nur Johann von Rinberg dieser Judenverfolger gewesen sein konnte. Die Hypothese, es könne schließlich noch weitere Rinbergs gegeben haben, die als Täter in Frage kämen, disqualifiziert sich vor diesem Hintergrund als "argumentum ex silentio"! Zu seinem "Täterprofil" paßt sein Motivationshintergrund, sein engeres familiäres und weiteres soziales und politisches Umfeld mit der Anbindung von Judenverfolgungen an die Kämpfe der Ministerialen mit ihrem Landesherrn sowie weitere Ermittlungen - keine Hypothesen sondern Indizien: Vereinbarkeit der Itinerarien Rindfleischs und Johanns von Rinberg / der Name des Stellvertreters Johanns von Rinberg im Speyergau, Conrad Rindfleisch : keine Zufälligkeit sondern Vorbildfunktion / der Vorname des nach Koblenz verzogenen Rindfleisch : Johannes / Rinbergs Mission im Auftrag König Albrechts von Habsburg gegen die Scharen der Judenverfolger und sein Rückfall, seine Konversion : nur Johann von Rinberg kam in Königsnähe hierfür in Frage, zumal sein Name in der Kombination Rint-berg Zeugnis ablegt von der Kenntnis seiner Identität als Rintfleisch (Rintfleisch / Rinberg).
The process of land degradation needs to be understood at various spatial and temporal scales in order to protect ecosystem services and communities directly dependent on it. This is especially true for regions in sub-Saharan Africa, where socio economic and political factors exacerbate ecological degradation. This study identifies spatially explicit land change dynamics in the Copperbelt province of Zambia in a local context using satellite vegetation index time series derived from the MODIS sensor. Three sets of parameters, namely, monthly series, annual peaking magnitude, and annual mean growing season were developed for the period 2000 to 2019. Trend was estimated by applying harmonic regression on monthly series and linear least square regression on annually aggregated series. Estimated spatial trends were further used as a basis to map endemic land change processes. Our observations were as follows: (a) 15% of the study area dominant in the east showed positive trends, (b) 3% of the study area dominant in the west showed negative trends, (c) natural regeneration in mosaic landscapes (post shifting cultivation) and land management in forest reserves were chiefly responsible for positive trends, and (d) degradation over intact miombo woodland and cultivation areas contributed to negative trends. Additionally, lower productivity over areas with semi-permanent agriculture and shift of new encroachment into woodlands from east to west of Copperbelt was observed. Pivot agriculture was not a main driver in land change. Although overall greening trends prevailed across the study site, the risk of intact woodlands being exposed to various disturbances remains high. The outcome of this study can provide insights about natural and assisted landscape restoration specifically addressing the miombo ecoregion.
Phylogeographic analyses point to long-term survival on the spot in micro-endemic Lycian salamanders
(2020)
Lycian salamanders (genus Lyciasalamandra) constitute an exceptional case of microendemism of an amphibian species on the Asian Minor mainland. These viviparous salamanders are confined to karstic limestone formations along the southern Anatolian coast and some islands. We here study the genetic differentiation within and among 118 populations of all seven Lyciasalamandra species across the entire genus’ distribution. Based on circa 900 base pairs of fragments of the mitochondrial 16SrDNA and ATPase genes, we analysed the spatial haplotype distribution as well as the genetic structure and demographic history of populations. We used 253 geo-referenced populations and CHELSA climate data to infer species distribution models which we projected on climatic conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Within all but one species, distinct phyloclades were identified, which only in parts matched current taxonomy. Most haplotypes (78%) were private to single populations. Sometimes population genetic parameters showed contradicting results, although in several cases they indicated recent population expansion of phyloclades. Climatic suitability of localities currently inhabited by salamanders was significantly lower during the LGM compared to recent climate. All data indicated a strong degree of isolation among Lyciasalamandra populations, even within phyloclades. Given the sometimes high degree of haplotype differentiation between adjacent populations, they must have survived periods of deteriorated climates during the Quaternary on the spot. However, the alternative explanation of male biased dispersal combined with a pronounced female philopatry can only be excluded if independent nuclear data confirm this result.
Currently, new business models created in the sharing economy differ considerably and they differ in the formation of trust as well. If and how trust can be created is shown by a comparison of two examples which diverge in their founding philosophy. The chosen example of community-based economy, Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), no longer trusts the capitalist system and therefore distances itself and creates its own environment including a new business model. It is implemented within rather small groups where trust is created by personal relations and face-to-face communication. On the contrary, the example of a platform economy, the accommodation-provider company Airbnb, shows trust in the system and pushes technological innovations through the use of platform applications. It promotes trust and confidence in the progress of technology. For the conceptual analysis, the distinction between personal trust and system trust defined by Niklas Luhmann is adopted. The analysis describes two different modes of trust formation and how they push distrust or improve trust. Grounded on these analyses, assumptions on the process of trust formation within varying models of the sharing economy are formulated as well as a hypothesis about possible developments is introduced for further research.
Perseus kristallîner schilt
(1976)
We use a novel sea-ice lead climatology for the winters of 2002/03 to 2020/21 based on satellite observations with 1 km2 spatial resolution to identify predominant patterns in Arctic wintertime sea-ice leads. The causes for the observed spatial and temporal variabilities are investigated using ocean surface current velocities and eddy kinetic energies from an ocean model (Finite Element Sea Ice–Ice-Shelf–Ocean Model, FESOM) and winds from a regional climate model (CCLM) and ERA5 reanalysis, respectively. The presented investigation provides evidence for an influence of ocean bathymetry and associated currents on the mechanic weakening of sea ice and the accompanying occurrence of sea-ice leads with their characteristic spatial patterns. While the driving mechanisms for this observation are not yet understood in detail, the presented results can contribute to opening new hypotheses on ocean–sea-ice interactions. The individual contribution of ocean and atmosphere to regional lead dynamics is complex, and a deeper insight requires detailed mechanistic investigations in combination with considerations of coastal geometries. While the ocean influence on lead dynamics seems to act on a rather long-term scale (seasonal to interannual), the influence of wind appears to trigger sea-ice lead dynamics on shorter timescales of weeks to months and is largely controlled by individual events causing increased divergence. No significant pan-Arctic trends in wintertime leads can be observed.
Digitalization primarily takes place in and through organizations. Despite this prominent role, however, the importance of organizational structure-building processes in the digital transformation is still underexposed in discourse. The fact that ongoing digitalization is linked to an established phenomenon and its own logic, is regularly not addressed due to the attraction potential of the semantics of the digital revolution. Digital revolution and the reordering of societal relationships, though, manifest themselves primarily in processes of reorganization. Structural automation processes in the ongoing digital transformation are limiting the scope for action, necessitating forms of structural structurelessness in organizations that cultivate opportunities for chance. Since organizations realize their operations as a dual of structure and individual, and the principle of organization is therefore based on the complementarity of structural formality and unpredictable informality. The paper discusses the topicality of the classical form of modern organization in the digital age and reflects on approaches to a contemporary design of spaces of opportunity. The reflexive handling of future openness is the central task of management and leadership in order to enable variation and innovation in organizations.
Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über Open Source-basierte Bibliotheksverwaltungssysteme (Stand Mai 2005). Deren Entwicklungsstand und Leistungsfähigkeit wurden untersucht und bewertet. Ein wichtiger Vergleichspunkt sind die Kosten bei einem Einsatz kommerzieller Systeme (Vergleichsmaßstab ALEPH 500) und einem Einsatz von Open Source-basierten Systemen und deren Weiterentwicklung.
The parameterization of ocean/sea-ice/atmosphere interaction processes is a challenge for regional climate models (RCMs) of the Arctic, particularly for wintertime conditions, when small fractions of thin ice or open water cause strong modifications of the boundary layer. Thus, the treatment of sea ice and sub-grid flux parameterizations in RCMs is of crucial importance. However, verification data sets over sea ice for wintertime conditions are rare. In the present paper, data of the ship-based experiment Transarktika 2019 during the end of the Arctic winter for thick one-year ice conditions are presented. The data are used for the verification of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM). In addition, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data are used for the comparison of ice surface temperature (IST) simulations of the CCLM sea ice model. CCLM is used in a forecast mode (nested in ERA5) for the Norwegian and Barents Seas with 5 km resolution and is run with different configurations of the sea ice model and sub-grid flux parameterizations. The use of a new set of parameterizations yields improved results for the comparisons with in-situ data. Comparisons with MODIS IST allow for a verification over large areas and show also a good performance of CCLM. The comparison with twice-daily radiosonde ascents during Transarktika 2019, hourly microwave water vapor measurements of first 5 km in the atmosphere and hourly temperature profiler data show a very good representation of the temperature, humidity and wind structure of the whole troposphere for CCLM.
Weiße und Nicht-Weiße werden in den visuellen Medien unterschiedlich dargestellt. Unterschiede werden erzeugt durch Narrativik und Technik, insbesondere durch die in Hollywood entwickelte Lichtregie am Set. Weiße stellen üblicherweise die Norm dar. Die US-amerikanische Sitcom SEX AND THE CITY mit ihrem ausschließlich weißen Cast ist ein Beispiel für die Normierung von Whiteness. In der Episode "No Ifs, Ands or Buts" wird die normalerweise unsichtbare Whiteness dem Publikum durch den Auftritt von Afroamerikanern bewusst gemacht. Weiß wird schwarz sowohl ästhetisch, durch die Beleuchtungsdramaturgie, als auch narrativ, durch die Diskussionen über Rassismus, gegenüber gestellt.
Mental processes are filters which intervene in the literary presentation of nature. This article will take you on a journey through literary landscapes, starting from Joseph Furphy and end-ing with Gerald Murnane. It will try to show the development of Australian literary landscape depiction. The investigation of this extensive topic will show that the perception of the Aus-tralian landscape as foreign and threatening is a coded expression of the protagonists" crisis of identity due to their estrangement from European cultural roots. Only a feeling of being at home enables the characters to perceive landscapes in a positive way and allows the author to depict intimate and familiar views of nature. This topic will be investigated with a range of novels to reveal the development of this theme from the turn of the nineteenth century (the time of Furphy- novel Such is Life) up to the present (i.e. novels by Malouf, Foster, Hall, Murnane).
Background
In light of the current biodiversity crisis, DNA barcoding is developing into an essential tool to quantify state shifts in global ecosystems. Current barcoding protocols often rely on short amplicon sequences, which yield accurate identification of biological entities in a community but provide limited phylogenetic resolution across broad taxonomic scales. However, the phylogenetic structure of communities is an essential component of biodiversity. Consequently, a barcoding approach is required that unites robust taxonomic assignment power and high phylogenetic utility. A possible solution is offered by sequencing long ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplicons on the MinION platform (Oxford Nanopore Technologies).
Findings
Using a dataset of various animal and plant species, with a focus on arthropods, we assemble a pipeline for long rDNA barcode analysis and introduce a new software (MiniBar) to demultiplex dual indexed Nanopore reads. We find excellent phylogenetic and taxonomic resolution offered by long rDNA sequences across broad taxonomic scales. We highlight the simplicity of our approach by field barcoding with a miniaturized, mobile laboratory in a remote rainforest. We also test the utility of long rDNA amplicons for analysis of community diversity through metabarcoding and find that they recover highly skewed diversity estimates.
Conclusions
Sequencing dual indexed, long rDNA amplicons on the MinION platform is a straightforward, cost-effective, portable, and universal approach for eukaryote DNA barcoding. Although bulk community analyses using long-amplicon approaches may introduce biases, the long rDNA amplicons approach signifies a powerful tool for enabling the accurate recovery of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across biological communities.
Objective: Attunement is a novel measure of nonverbal synchrony reflecting the duration of the present moment shared by two interaction partners. This study examined its association with early change in outpatient psychotherapy.
Methods: Automated video analysis based on motion energy analysis (MEA) and cross-correlation of the movement time-series of patient and therapist was conducted to calculate movement synchrony for N = 161 outpatients. Movement-based attunement was defined as the range of connected time lags with significant synchrony. Latent change classes in the HSCL-11 were identified with growth mixture modeling (GMM) and predicted by pre-treatment covariates and attunement using multilevel multinomial regression.
Results: GMM identified four latent classes: high impairment, no change (Class 1); high impairment, early response (Class 2); moderate impairment (Class 3); and low impairment (Class 4). Class 2 showed the strongest attunement, the largest early response, and the best outcome. Stronger attunement was associated with a higher likelihood of membership in Class 2 (b = 0.313, p = .007), Class 3 (b = 0.251, p = .033), and Class 4 (b = 0.275, p = .043) compared to Class 1. For highly impaired patients, the probability of no early change (Class 1) decreased and the probability of early response (Class 2) increased as a function of attunement.
Conclusions: Among patients with high impairment, stronger patient-therapist attunement was associated with early response, which predicted a better treatment outcome. Video-based assessment of attunement might provide new information for therapists not available from self-report questionnaires and support therapists in their clinical decision-making.